Deck 26: East and West in the Grip of the Cold War

Question 1

Identify the following terms.
Winston Churchill's "iron curtain"

Answer 1

Answer not provided.

Question 2

Did the fear of nuclear annihilation and the incredible cost of the United States' military buildup of the 1980s help to make the Cold War too ghastly to contemplate and,simultaneously,too expensive for either side to continue? Give evidence in support of your answer.

Answer 2

Answer not provided.

Question 3

Identify the following terms.
George Kennan and "containment"

Answer 3

Answer not provided.

Question 4

Identify the following terms.
zones of occupation in Germany

Question 5

Identify the following terms.
Berlin Blockade and the Berlin Airlift

Question 6

What role did Germany in general,and Berlin in particular,play in the evolution of the Cold War? Include in the discussion historical,ideological,and geographical factors.

Question 7

Identify the following terms.
Truman Doctrine

Question 8

To what degree was the escalating U.S.-Soviet tension in Europe the result of excessively defensive fears in the minds of Truman and Stalin? Why? What other factors were also involved in the moves of the "superpowers" and their allies and clients?

Question 9

Identify the following terms.
the Marshall Plan/European Recovery Program

Question 10

Identify the following terms.
Yalta Conference

Question 11

What were the factors which led to the Chinese Communist victory over the Nationalists? Was Mao Zedong's triumph over Chiang inevitable? Why or why not? What were the Cold War implications of the Communist triumph?

Question 12

Was Churchill's phrase "the Iron Curtain" an accurate reflection of the actual state of relations between East and West in 1946? Why or why not? Did Churchill's words contribute to the polarization of East and West?

Question 13

What were the factors which led to the success of the Marshall Plan? Could such massive economic aid work equally well in other places and other times? Why or why not?

Question 14

According to the text,the outbreak of the Cold War was virtually inevitable,given the ambitions of the two superpowers and their ideological differences.Do you agree? How do you think the Cold War might have been avoided? Why did the Cold War briefly flare up again in the 1980s,and why did it come to a definitive end at the end of the decade?

Question 15

In assessing the end of the Cold War,who contributed the most to the fall of the Soviet Union,Ronald Reagan or Mikhail Gorbachev,and how?

Question 16

Was Afghanistan the Soviet Union's "Vietnam"? Why or why not?

Question 17

Identify the following terms.
Greek civil war

Question 18

How did the relationship between China and the Soviet Union evolve after 1948? What disagreements brought about an end to the Sino-Soviet alliance in 1961? Which factors appear to have been most important? How did a renewed U.S.-Sino relationship shape history after the mid-1970s?

Question 19

How did the wars in Korea and Vietnam relate to the Cold War and affect its course? In what way was the Cuban Missile Crisis a turning point in the Cold War?

Question 20

Why were the United States and the Soviet Union suspicious of each other after World War II,and what events between 1945 and 1949 heightened the tensions between the two nations? What events led to the era of coexistence in the 1960s,and to what degree did each side contribute to the reduction in international tensions?

Question 21

Identify the following terms.
Korean War

Question 22

Identify the following terms.
Nikita Khrushchev and "peaceful coexistence"

Question 23

Identify the following terms.
Warsaw Pact

Question 24

Identify the following terms.
Ho Chi Minh and the Vietminh Front

Question 25

Identify the following terms.
cultural exchange program

Question 26

Identify the following terms.
Douglas MacArthur and the Yalu River and Chinese "volunteers"

Question 27

Identify the following terms.
Khrushchev and "different roads to socialism"

Question 28

Identify the following terms.
Mao Zedong

Question 29

Identify the following terms.
Federal Republic of Germany and German Democratic Republic (GDR)

Question 30

Identify the following terms.
Indochina conflict(s)

Question 31

Identify the following terms.
Chinese Civil War

Question 32

Identify the following terms.
Taiwan

Question 33

Identify the following terms.
People's Liberation Army (PLA)and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

Question 34

Identify the following terms.
"soft on communism"

Question 35

Identify the following terms.
Geneva Conference,1954

Question 36

Identify the following terms.
Marshall mission to China

Question 37

Identify the following terms.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization/NATO

Question 38

Identify the following terms.
Chiang Kai-shek

Question 39

Identify the following terms.
Non-aligned Movement

Question 40

Identify the following terms.
Republic of Vietnam and Democratic Republic of Vietnam

Question 41

Identify the following terms.
Ronald Reagan and the "evil empire"

Question 42

Churchill's March 1946 speech stated that

A) British troops had preemptively seized the Iranian oil fields.
B) Britain was on the verge of financial collapse.
C) an "iron curtain" had "descended across the Continent."
D) Mao Zedong could not be trusted to keep the peace.
E) war with the Soviet Union would take place shortly.

Question 43

Josip Tito

A) had attended Peking University with Mao Zedong.
B) devised a decentralized variety of Communism, different from "Stalinism."
C) was defeated in his attempt to become Prime Minister of Yugoslavia as the result of American campaigning against socialist or Communist leaders.
D) was part of the government-in-exile during the war.
E) was an ally of Joseph Stalin in the latter's attempt to crush the Serbs.

Question 44

Identify the following terms.

-Nicarauga,the Sandinistas,and the Contras

Question 45

Identify the following terms.
"Vietnam syndrome"

Question 46

Identify the following terms.
Richard Nixon's visit to China

Question 47

Identify the following terms.
the Brezhnev Doctrine

Question 48

Identify the following terms.
John Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis and the "hotline"

Question 49

Identify the following terms.
Afghanistan,the "Soviet Vietnam"

Question 50

Identify the following terms.
the Strategic Defense Initiative/"Star Wars"

Question 51

Identify the following terms.
Fidel Castro and the "Bay of Pigs"

Question 52

Identify the following terms.
Lyndon Johnson and the Vietnam War

Question 53

All except which of the following developments occurred at the Yalta Conference held in 1945?

A) The Allies agreed to a process of free elections in the liberated nations of Europe.
B) Roosevelt reassured Stalin that the Soviet Union's legitimate territorial and security concerns would be met.
C) The establishment of the United Nations was agreed to by the Allies.
D) The leaders of the three Allied nations were deeply divided over the future of Japan.
E) The three Allied leaders were seemingly in broad agreement about the immediate future.

Question 54

Identify the following terms.
"equivalence"

Question 55

Identify the following terms.
the Viet Cong

Question 56

Identify the following terms.
ABM Treaty/SALT I

Question 57

Identify the following terms.
the Third World

Question 58

Identify the following terms.
détente

Question 59

Identify the following terms.
Berlin Wall

Question 60

The eastern European nation that defied Stalin's attempt to occupy it after the war was

A) Vichy under Petain.
B) Finland under Ulbricht.
C) Poland under Yaruzelski.
D) Yugoslavia under Tito.
E) Germany under Petain.

Question 61

Tibet

A) had been controlled by Russia from the mid-1800s until 1953, when it was given its independence.
B) was occupied by China in 1950.
C) was feared by Britain because of its militantly aggressive actions in Kashmir and the Punjab in the 1940s.
D) was the only Sunni Muslim society in the region.
E) staged an unsuccessful, Comintern-inspired revolution in 1953.

Question 62

What foreign policy strategy did George Kennan advocate in a 1947 Foreign Affairs article?

A) passive aggression
B) synergetic harmonization
C) containment
D) empiricism
E) isolationism

Question 63

All of the following are true about the Berlin Airlift except

A) it was accompanied by a publicly stated American threat to use atomic weapons on Moscow if Soviet planes attacked allied aircraft.
B) it was a result of Stalin's effort to prevent the creation of a separate West German state.
C) it resulted in an increase of tension between the superpowers.
D) it provided Berlin with daily supplies.
E) it did not block the separation of Germany into two states in 1949.

Question 64

Which events made Stalin uneasy about the United States' intentions between 1945 and 1950?

A) The provision of American economic and military aid to the Ukraine.
B) The stationing of United States ground forces in Finland and Iraq.
C) Plans to merge the American, British and French occupation zones in Germany into a West German republic.
D) The ban on Soviet participation in the European Recovery Program.
E) The American threat to use atomic weapons the Middle East.

Question 65

The treaty of 1949 between the United States,Canada,Belgium,Luxembourg,France,Britain,the Netherlands,Italy,Denmark,Norway,Portugal,and Iceland created the military alliance known as

A) the Warsaw Pact.
B) NATO.
C) COMECON.
D) SEATO.
E) CENTO.

Question 66

The views of the United States government during the Korean War

A) remained contradictory, as the president wanted to attack China directly while General MacArthur urged extreme caution in order not inadvertently to start a nuclear war.
B) caused it to send over 1,500,000 troops to Korea, refusing to use Japanese troops.
C) changed dramatically, as it entered the war in a "police" role but, by 1952, was preparing to use tactical nuclear weapons.
D) came to the widely accepted conclusion that the United Nations did not have a legitimate role.
E) caused it to decide to isolate China from contact with other powers, forcing China to rely on the Soviet Union for support after 1950.

Question 67

Soviet reactions to the Marshall Plan included

A) military occupation of Finland and Denmark.
B) direct participation in its aid benefits.
C) the creation of a program of competitive financial aid to East Asia.
D) the view that the plan was an effort by the United States at imperialist domination of Europe.
E) a new policy of international cooperation.

Question 68

The Truman Doctrine

A) involved direct Soviet economic aid to Greece and Turkey.
B) stated that the United States would provide aid for any nation that was being threatened by Communist subversion.
C) was the basis for substantial United States aid to India and Iran.
D) tolerated a limited expansion of Communist control over areas of the Middle East.
E) was to be a non-political attempt to advance free governments in North Africa.

Question 69

The European Recovery Program was better known as the

A) Five Point Program.
B) Stillman Plan.
C) Acheson Plan.
D) European Community.
E) Marshall Plan.

Question 70

The original objective of the Allied division of Korea in 1945 was to

A) protect American and Japanese troops in Manchuria.
B) create two independent, separate nations on the peninsula.
C) create a Communist north and an anti-Communist south.
D) establish a reunified, independent nation on the peninsula after reestablishing order.
E) establish a permanent Soviet-American presence on the Korean peninsula.

Question 71

Factors weakening Chiang Kai-shek during the Civil War included

A) middle class indifference toward his regime because of its refusal to provide them with lucrative government jobs.
B) peasant enthusiasm to Mao's promises to give land to the peasants.
C) the refusal of the United States to give even limited military support to the Nationalist armies.
D) the fact that 85,000 former Japanese occupation troops were fighting in his army and elite Japanese units formed his bodyguard.
E) Chiang's alliance with Japan during World War II.

Question 72

Between the mid-1930s and the end of World War II,

A) Chiang Kai-shek finally obtained a firm grip on all but northwest China, and implemented a "crash program" of modernization, which won peasant support.
B) the Chinese Communists steadily increased their power in the north until, by 1945, between twenty and thirty million people were under their control.
C) Japan made peace with Chiang in 1940, joining him in a war against Mao's Communists.
D) Mao Zedong married Chiang's daughter, which reunited China until the late 1950s.
E) the Chinese Communist party changed its focus from organizing peasants to winning over the middle-class city dwellers and the large bankers in Shanghai.

Question 73

Before mid-1948,the United States had

A) broken with its foreign policy traditions by pledging large amounts of economic aid to assist nations threatened by Fascism.
B) sent over 200,000 soldiers to Vietnam and Malaya to back French and British troops against Communist movements.
C) sent General Marshall to China to arrange a Guomindong-Communist coalition.
D) withdrawn completely from any involvement in Europe's affairs.
E) announced that it had destroyed all of its nuclear weapons.

Question 74

In reviewing the origins of the Cold War,the text

A) remarked on the unusual nature of intense competition between two societies so heavily influenced by Western civilization.
B) supports the view of many revisionist historians that United States policies drove Stalin to adopt a hostile view of the West.
C) states that both nations were working within a framework conditioned by the past, from their different historical perspectives and their irreconcilable political ambitions.
D) proposes the Cold War actually originated in East Asia.
E) blames the British Labour government for manipulating America into an anti-Soviet policy.

Question 75

The Chinese Civil War

A) lasted for fourteen years, from its beginning with the capture of Bao Dai by the Guomindang in 1936 until the victory of the People's Liberation Army in 1950.
B) became a factor in United States domestic politics after Mao's victory over the Nationalists.
C) ended in a truce brokered by General Marshall, who created a coalition government in China.
D) was lost, according to the Truman administration, because of the incapacity of Sun Yat-sen's government and army.
E) ended with Mao's capture of Taiwan.

Question 76

Soviet actions to balance Western initiatives,and unite,protect and develop its zone of influence in Europe included

A) the secret treaty with France, made in 1949 and publicized only in 1959, to share military alliance information in times of international stress caused by America.
B) the creation of the Warsaw Pact, which created a trade zone in eastern Europe.
C) the creation of the German Federal Republic in 1949.
D) the development of the Warsaw Pact as a military balance to NATO.
E) a treaty with Turkey and Greece guaranteeing their boundaries against attacks by Yugoslavia.

Question 77

The first threat of a U.S.-Soviet confrontation took place in

A) Estonia
B) Cuba
C) Yugoslavia
D) Czechoslovakia
E) Iran

Question 78

The Korean War

A) was fought by a United Nations force composed mainly of South Korean and United States troops against North Korean forces and, after late 1950, Chinese "volunteers."
B) began only five months after the Soviet and American governments had established a new, unified government there and withdrawn their armies of occupation.
C) was caused by domestic disagreements between Korean factions in the south.
D) involved large numbers of Chinese troops after United Nations air forces bombed Manchuria.
E) was finally won when 250,000 American troops captured the North Korean capital after a four-month siege.

Question 79

Which island was increasingly seen by United States as a crucial element in American defense strategy in the Pacific during the winter of 1949-1950?

A) Oahu
B) Hong Kong
C) Taiwan
D) Sakhalin
E) Hainan.

Question 80

United States foreign policy during the Korean War period

A) was unable to get formal United Nations support for South Korea when invaded in June 1950.
B) reluctantly supported the modified and limited return of 30,000 Japanese troops to the Korean peninsula to help rebuff North Korean forces.
C) became more determined to block Western contact with the Chinese government.
D) provided support for the invasion of the Chinese mainland by Nationalist forces from Taiwan.
E) saw the creation of an alliance with Soviet Russia to restrain Mao Zedong's ambitions.