Deck 2: The Many Ecologies of Infancy

Question 1

What roles do older siblings play for their younger siblings? How do younger siblings learn from their older siblings?

Answer 1

$\bullet$ Older siblings tend to engage in more dominant, assertive, and directing behaviors than their younger siblings
$\bullet$ Infants are interested in what their siblings are doing; they follow them around and attempt to imitate and/or explore the toys just abandoned by the older children.
$\bullet$ Older siblings spend at least some time teaching object-related and social skills to their younger siblings
$\bullet$ Older siblings may influence the cognitive and social skills of infants through combinations of teaching and modeling

Question 2

What are the developmental stages through which infant-peer relationships progress in the first two years?

Answer 2

1) In the first year, social interaction between infants is not frequent, and when it does occur it is not sustained for very long
2) Between 12 and 18 months of age, infants become aware of their feelings and begin to realize that others have feelings as well, leading to increases in empathy and prosocial behavior
3) By 2 years of age, infants observe their peers' negative emotions carefully and attempt to respond appropriately

Question 3

How are typical twin studies conducted? What can we learn from them?

Answer 3

Typical twin studies involve comparing the extent to which certain characteristics are shared by (1) monozygotic twins reared together or apart or (2) monozygotic and dizygotic twins. These studies tell us about heritability.

Question 4

What are the four major domains of parenting? Give an example of a parenting activity for each domain.

Question 5

Tom works full-time as a sales manager while his wife Sally stays home with their 4-month-old daughter Abigail. In what way can Tom influence Abigail's development?

A) The traits that Tom passed on to Abigail through his genes can influence her development.
B) Tom can influence Abigail's development by providing financial support for both her and Sally.
C) Tom can influence Abigail's development by providing emotional support for Sally.
D) All of the above.

Question 6

What is the most common reason for single parenthood?

A) Parents get divorced.
B) Unmarried woman has a child.
C) One parent dies.
D) A person adopts a child.

Question 7

What are some of the stressors that parents face and that influence the quality of their parenting?

A) Financial hardships.
B) Lack of emotional support.
C) Infant characteristics.
D) All of the above.

Question 8

What are some of the effects of exposure to domestic violence in infancy?

A) There are no long-term effects because infants do not remember much about their early years.
B) Experiences of domestic violence increase a child's distress response to conflict later in life.
C) Experiences of domestic violence decrease a child's distress response to conflict later in life.
D) There are no long-term effects as long as the infant is not involved in any violent acts directly.

Question 9

What is epigenesis?

A) The developmental process whereby each successive stage of development builds on foundations laid down by preceding stages.
B) The developmental process by which genes affect development.
C) The developmental process by which the environment affects development.
D) None of the above.

Question 10

What is considered to be one of the most dramatic changes to a family that alters the roles of all family members?

A) Arrival of a new child.
B) Move to a new house.
C) Oldest child starting school.
D) Death of a grandparent.

Question 11

Which of the following statements is true about sibling relationships?

A) Different-sex siblings get along better
B) Attention from older sibling makes young sibling more sociable
C) Sociability of younger sibling influences amount of attention from older sibling.
D) Interactions between infants and preschool-aged siblings increase over time

Question 12

18-month-old Sarah plays with a doll by herself. 20-month-old Taylor comes over, takes the doll from her and runs away. This is a sign of

A) Taylor's less mature social development.
B) Sarah's predisposition to become an introverted adult.
C) Both girls' early social competence.
D) All of the above.

Question 13

21-month-old Charlie is standing on the playground watching two other children his age play with a ball. Charlie's father could foster his son's peer relationship by

A) Encouraging Charlie to go over and join the children.
B) Taking the ball from the children and giving it to Charlie so he can play with them.
C) Giving Charlie some candy that he can share with the other children.
D) Nothing-If Charlie only wants to watch, there is nothing his father can do.

Question 14

What is the main reason for an increase in the occurrence of nonparental care for infants?

A) Nonparental care fosters infants' early interaction with other adults.
B) Parents' need or desire to work.
C) Nonparental care fosters infants' early peer interactions.
D) Parents' need or desire to have some time for themselves.

Question 15

What was the most common type of nonparental care for children between 0 and 4 years in 2010?

A) Daycare centers.
B) In-home day cares.
C) With another relative.
D) At home with a non-relative (e.g., nanny).

Question 16

Which one is not a process measure of child care context?

A) Language-reasoning experiences.
B) Caregivers' interactional competence with the children.
C) Breadth and diversity of the learning curriculum.
D) Quality of toys and furniture.

Question 17

Terry and his mother are securely attached to each other. However, his mother has to return to work and Terry is about to start daycare. According to research by Ahnert and colleagues, what is most likely to happen?

A) Terry will not show any signs of stress when his mother leaves.
B) Terry will show signs of stress when his mother leaves.
C) Terry's mother will be more stressed out than he is.
D) Both Terry and his mother will not show any signs of stress.

Question 18

Which of the following statements is true about children's relationships with their non-parental caregivers?

A) Children are more likely to form a secure attachment the longer they are in the same facility.
B) The quality of the relationship is better if the child is young.
C) The quality of the relationship is better if the child is old.
D) Children who are securely attached to their mother will create only insecure attachments to their non-parental caregivers.

Question 19

Ashley is growing up in a family with low socio-economic status and attends a high-quality Head Start program. Beth is growing up in a family with high socio-economic status and attends a high-quality daycare. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true about the girls' cognitive development?

A) Ashley's cognitive development will not benefit from her daycare experiences.
B) Beth's cognitive development will benefit from her daycare experiences.
C) Both girls' cognitive development will benefit from their experiences similarly.
D) The girls' cognitive development might benefit differently from their experiences.

Question 20

Which of the following set of factors indexes a child's socioeconomic status?

A) Parents' income, education, and occupation.
B) Father's income, education, and his parents' socioeconomic status.
C) Mother's education, occupation, and her parents' socioeconomic status.
D) Parents' education, income, and number of children.

Question 21

Sean grows up in a high-income family. Which of the following traits are his parents least likely to instill in him?

A) Self-reliance.
B) Independence.
C) Conformity.
D) Curiosity.

Question 22

Which of the following statements is true about how culture influences parenting?

A) Mothers who have a tendency to worry a lot are less satisfied with their parenting in individualist cultures than mothers in collectivist cultures.
B) Mothers who have a tendency to be authoritative are less likely to be satisfied with their parenting in collectivist cultures than mothers in individualist cultures.
C) Mothers in individualist cultures know more about child development than mothers in collectivist cultures.
D) Mothers in collectivist cultures know more about child development than mothers in individualist cultures.

Question 23

Leroy is Hopi and started to walk at 19 months. What is the most likely explanation for his late onset of this motor milestone?

A) Hopi have a different genetic make-up that has been associated with delayed motor milestones.
B) Hopi often use cradle boards to constrict their infants which might delay their motor development.
C) Hopi do not allow their infants to walk to allow their muscles and bones to become stronger.
D) Leroy's father was a late walker himself and his son inherited this trait.

Question 24

Which of the following statements is not true about kibbutz mothers and the metaplot?

A) Kibbutz mothers provided more social stimulation than the metaplot.
B) The metaplot provided more social stimulation than kibbutz mothers.
C) Kibbutz mothers and the metaplot have complementary childcare responsibilities.
D) Kibbutz mothers and the metaplot have formal social rules regarding their childrearing duties.

Question 25

When Mila, a Japanese 18-month-old, tries to reach a book on a shelf that is too high up, her parents are most likely to do the following:

A) Discourage her from getting the book because it is not meant for her.
B) Encourage her to ask for help and they will get it for her.
C) Encourage her to get a stool to climb up and reach the book.
D) Nothing, because they want to see how she will solve the problem on her own.

Question 26

When Hiroto, a Japanese 18-month-old whose parents have been living in the US for more than 8 years, finds himself in the same situation as Mila (see question 21), his parents are most likely to do the following:

A) Discourage him from getting the book because he cannot read yet.
B) Encourage him to ask for help and they will get it for him.
C) Encourage him to get a stool to climb up and reach the book.
D) Discourage him from getting the book because he would only rip out pages.

Question 27

In the study by Tamis-LeMonda and Kahana-Kalman (2009), what were the biggest concerns of African American and Dominican immigrant mothers regarding their US-born infants?

A) Having more resources and raising their children in a better environment.
B) Their children's future education.
C) Their children's emotional well-being.
D) Having more knowledge about child development.

Question 28

What is not one of the reasons for doing cross-cultural developmental research?

A) People's curiosity about other cultures.
B) The attempt to understand development better by looking at the widest spectrum of human variation.
C) The attempt to understand the universality of psychological constructs across development.
D) People's desire to figure out in which culture children develop the best.

Question 29

Which of the following factors is assessed when rating the quality of daycare settings using the ITERS-R?

A) Space and furnishing.
B) Income and education of the parents that enroll their children.
C) Opportunities for professional growth of the staff.
D) Personal care routines.

Question 30

What are the developmental advantages and disadvantages of children whose parents have them when they are young (e.g. teens or early twenties) compared to when they are old (e.g. late thirties)? Why is it difficult to research this question?

Question 31

What are the difficulties in evaluating the developmental impact of different nonparental child care settings?