Deck 3: Argument Theories, Models, and Definitions

Question 1

At its core, argumentation emphasizes:

A) Advocacy
B) Proof
C) Conflict
D) Rhetoric
E) Reason giving

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Which type of argument represents a type of interaction, or the process of arguing back and forth?

A) Syllogism
B) Argument1
C) Argument2
D) Enthymeme
E) Deduction

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The Toulmin model of argument is a/an ____________ model of argument.

A) Monological
B) Dialectical
C) Rhetorical
D) Syllogistic
E) Enthymematic

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which element of the Toulmin model is usually unstated or implicit?

A) Claim
B) Grounds
C) Warrant
D) Qualifier
E) Premise

Question 5

Which part of an argument follows words or phrases such as, "it follows that…," or, "which proves that…," or, "So…"?

A) Claim
B) Grounds
C) Warrant
D) Qualifier

Question 6

Which of the following is a "clue" word for identifying an argumentative claim?

A) Because
B) Since
C) Therefore
D) Reason
E) Probably

Question 7

The proof, or support, for an argument is represented by which element of the Toulmin model?

A) Claim
B) Grounds
C) Warrant
D) Backing
E) Rebuttal

Question 8

"The dog scratched at the door, hence she wants inside." The claim in this argument is:

A) The dog is hungry
B) The dog scratched at the door
C) The dog wants inside
D) Scratching is a sign the dog wants inside
E) The dog always scratches on the door when it wants inside

Question 9

"Nadine has six children, so she is probably Catholic or Mormon." What is the claim in this argument?

A) Nadine has six children
B) She is probably Catholic or Mormon
C) A large family is not a reliable sign of one's religion
D) In general, Catholics and Mormons tend to have large families

Question 10

What is the warrant in the above argument?

A) Nadine has six children
B) She is probably Catholic or Mormon
C) A large family is not a reliable sign of one's religion
D) In general, Catholics and Mormons tend to have large families

Question 11

"Mixed-breed dogs, or 'mutts,' are healthier than purebred dogs because purebred dogs often have a lot of inbreeding." The claim in this argument is"

A) Mixed-breed dogs are healthier than 'mutts.'
B) Purebred dogs often have a lot of inbreeding.
C) Cause-effect reasoning: Genetic diversity causes mixed-breed dogs to be healthier than purebred dogs.
D) People who own "mutts" tend to take better care of their dogs than people who own purebreds.
E) Mixed-breed dogs are healthier than purebred dogs.

Question 12

The warrant in the preceding argument is:

A) Purebred dogs often have a lot of inbreeding.
B) Cause-effect reasoning: Genetic diversity causes mixed-breed dogs to be healthier than purebred dogs.
C) People who own "mutts" tend to take better care of their dogs than people who own purebreds.
D) "Mutts" live longer because they are happy just to be alive, whereas purebred dogs may take life for granted.

Question 13

If one person interrupted another during an argument and said, "What is your proof?" the person would be asking about the:

A) Claim
B) Grounds
C) Warrant
D) Qualifier
E) Backing

Question 14

Words such as "might," "could, "perhaps," or "in all likelihood" represent which element of the Toulmin model?

A) Claim
B) Grounds
C) Warrant
D) Qualifier
E) Backing

Question 15

Davina wants to get a navel ring, but she knows her mother will object. She decides to frame the argument so it will appeal to her mother. "A naval piercing is better than a tattoo because it is removable. And it isn't visible, like facial piercing in a workplace." Davina's strategy best illustrates:

A) Toulmin model
B) Perelman's new rhetoric
C) Pragma-dialectics
D) Deduction
E) Narrative perspective

Question 16

Silas: "Last night, my late Aunt Pearl appeared to me as a ghost. She was wearing the same red dress she had on at my birthday party." Morton: "I find that hard to believe. Even if a person's spirit can cross over to another plane of existence, how can their clothes go along? And why wasn't she wearing the outfit she was buried in?" Morton's response best illustrates which model or theory of argument?

A) Toulmin model
B) Dialectical model
C) Perelman's new rhetoric
D) Pragma-dialectics
E) Narrative perspective

Question 17

This model or theory of argument says that argument seeks an "adherence of minds," by tailoring arguments to the audience's point of view.

A) Toulmin model
B) Dialectical model
C) Perelman's new rhetoric
D) Pragma-dialectics

Question 18

Which model or theory seeks to gain adherence by finding communion, or common ground, with listeners?

A) Toulmin model
B) Dialectical model
C) Perelman's new rhetoric
D) Pragma-dialectics
E) Narrative perspective

Question 19

Which model or theory of argument relies on criteria such as probability, fidelity, and coherence to evaluate an argument?

A) Toulmin model
B) Dialectical model
C) Perelman's new rhetoric
D) Pragma-dialectics
E) Narrative perspective

Question 20

Which model or theory of argument employs a standpoint rule, starting point rule, and relevance rule to evaluate argument?

A) Toulmin model
B) Dialectical model
C) Perelman's new rhetoric
D) Pragma-dialectics
E) Narrative perspective

Question 21

Which of the following best describes the authors' view of argument?

A) Arguments may not include emotional appeals, such as pity, guilt, or fear.
B) Arguments must include reasoning, even if the reasoning is not very good.
C) Arguments must include reasons, and the reasons must be valid.
D) Arguments must be presented as enthymemes.
E) Arguments must be presented as stories.

Question 22

All spiders have eight legs. A brown recluse (Loxosceles reclusa) is a spider. Therefore, a brown recluse has eight legs. The above argument best illustrates:

A) An enthymeme
B) An argument2
C) A syllogism
D) The Toulmin model
E) A fallacy

Question 23

In Perelman's view, the goal of all argument is:

A) To discover truth
B) To change beliefs, attitudes, or behavior
C) To gain the adherence of minds
D) To reach a mutually satisfactory conclusion

Question 24

Words like "probably," "possibly," or "might" are represented by which element of the Toulmin model?

A) Claim
B) Grounds
C) Warrant
D) Qualifier
E) Backing

Question 25

Willy is visiting Babbs' apartment one day and makes the following remark about Babbs' Boston fern: "I think you are overwatering your Boston fern. The fronds are turning yellow at the base." What are the grounds in Willy's argument?

A) Yellow fronds are a reliable sign of overwatering.
B) The fronds are turning yellow at the base.
C) Willy's judgment about indoor plants can be trusted.
D) Babbs should cut down on watering.

Question 26

A little girl tells her mother, "Today is Wednesday, so I want to buy lunch at the school cafeteria today." The most likely warrant in this argument is:

A) The cafeteria lunch is cheaper on Wednesday than on other days.
B) The little girl can't find her lunch pail.
C) The Wednesday menu features something the little girl likes to eat
D) Wednesday is the little girl's favorite day of the week.
E) Her mother is a very bad cook.

Question 27

A dental hygienist tells a patient, "Your gumline is receding. You need to start flossing more regularly or you will need root canal surgery." The claim in this argument is:

A) Your gumline is receding
B) You need to start flossing more regularly
C) You will need root canal surgery
D) Lack of flossing (cause) is responsible for the receding gumline (effect)

Question 28

In Perelman's view, the goal of all argument is:

A) To discover truth
B) To gain adherence
C) To change beliefs, attitudes, or behavior
D) To reach a mutually satisfactory conclusion

Question 29

When the term "argument" is used to refer to a type of interaction in which two people are engaged, it is referred to as an:

A) Argument1
B) Argument2
C) Argument0
D) Argument^x
E) Argument^z

Question 30

Explain the difference between argument1 and argument2, and provide an example of each.

Question 31

Select one of pragma-dialectic's "ten commandments" of arguing. Explain why that rule is needed and provide an example of a real or hypothetical argument that violates the rule.

Question 32

What roles do narrative fidelity and narrative probability play in the narrative perspective of argument?

Question 33

In what way(s) are enthymemes participatory in nature? Provide an example of an enthymeme that illustrates your answer.

Question 34

Select one specific theory or model of argument covered in this section and identify two limitations of the theory or model.