Deck 6: Individual Differences

Question 1

What was the main stated aim of Rosenhan's study?

A)Who spends more time with psychiatric in-patients, doctors or nurses?
B)Are doctors more likely to make a Type 1 or a Type 2 error when diagnosing mental illness?
C)Can doctors diagnose schizophrenia accurately?
D)Which do doctors prefer to diagnose - schizophrenia or depression?
E)Is abnormality a characteristic of a person, or is it something perceived because of the context in which the person is seen?

Answer 1

E

Question 2

In Rosenhan's study the longest time a pseudo-patient spent in psychiatric hospital was:

A)5 days
B)19 days
C)41 days
D)34 days
E)52 days

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Which of the following has the correct details of the procedure for Rosenhan's Study 1?

A)12 pseudo-patients, 12 hospitals, 8 US states
B)None of the above
C)8 pseudo-patients, 8 hospitals in 5 US states
D)8 pseudo-patients, 12 hospitals in 5 US states
E)7 pseudo-patients, 8 hospitals, 8 US states

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Rosenhan's Study 1 involves participant observation. Which of the following is not true of participant observation?

A)Because observers are immersed in the situation, their data is likely to be valid
B)It can be difficult for observers because they have to 'give up' their normal lives and be someone else for the duration of the study
C)Observers can get too involved and lose their objectivity
D)It gives lots of rich, detailed data
E)It generally produces more quantitative data than qualitative data

Question 5

Which of the following is an ethical issue in Rosenhan's Study 2?

A)Hospital staff and patients unknowingly became part of a study
B)Participant observers were deprived of their normal freedom and privileges
C)Hospital staff were deceived into thinking that pseudo-patients were real patients
D)Participant observers did not have the right to withdraw
E)Hospital staff were deceived into thinking that real patients might be pseudopatients

Question 6

In Rosenhan's Study 1, who was most likely to recognise that the pseudopatients were normal?

A)Doctors
B)Genuine patients
C)Orderlies
D)Psychiatrists
E)Nurses

Question 7

In Rosenhan's study, when pseudopatients approached medical staff and asked them a question, what was a typical response? The medical staff:

A)Stopped, answered and chatted, maintaining eye contact
B)Gave brief answer without pausing and made no eye contact
C)Paused and chatted
D)Paused and gave a brief answer
E)Paused and said to ask someone else

Question 8

What was the first event that made Thigpen and Cleckley think that Eve White was not as straightforward as they had at first believed?

A)She had a blackout
B)The arrival of a letter containing two kinds of handwriting
C)She developed a strange relationship with her daughter
D)Eve White was experiencing headaches
E)She had an estranged relationship with her husband

Question 9

When Eve Black was 'out', Eve White:

A)Was totally unaware and had no recollection of Eve Black's actions
B)Was aware of her actions and had access to Eve Black's memory
C)Was aware of her actions but they could only be recalled during hypnosis
D)Was sometimes aware of Eve Black's options and sometimes not
E)Was aware of her actions, but had no access to Eve Black's memory

Question 10

The results of Eve's IQ testing gave the following scores:

A)Eve White 114, Eve Black 100
B)Eve White 100, Eve Black 114
C)Eve White 110 , Eve Black 104
D)Eve White 104, Eve Black 110
E)Eve White 110, Eve Black 114

Question 11

The results of Eve's projective tests gave the following results:

A)Eve Black regressive, Eve White repressive
B)Eve Black aggressive, Eve White repressive
C)Eve Black regressive, Eve White aggressive
D)Eve Black repressive, Eve White aggressive
E)Eve Black repressive, Eve White regressive

Question 12

The result of Eve's EEG indicated the following patterns of brain waves:

A)Eve White very tense, Eve Black and Jane slightly tense
B)Eve White borderline normal/psychopathic, Eve Black and Jane normal
C)None of the answers
D)Jane very tense, Eve White and Eve Black slightly tense
E)Eve Black borderline normal/psychopathic, Eve White and Jane normal

Question 13

Which of the following is the most objective and solid evidence recorded in Thigpen and Cleckley's study for the existence of three separate personalities in Eve?

A)Projective tests
B)IQ tests
C)Eve Black's accounts
D)Eve White's accounts
E)EEG recordings

Question 14

In Griffith's gambling study, who were the participants?

A)60 regular gamblers and 60 nonregular gamblers
B)40 regular gamblers and 30 nonregular gamblers
C)30 regular gamblers and 30 nonregular gamblers
D)60 regular gamblers only
E)40 regular gamblers and 40 nonregular gamblers

Question 15

Why might it not matter that Griffith's sample consisted of more males than females?

A)In real life, the majority of regular fruit machine gamblers are male, so it is representative of the target population
B)There are no differences in gambling skill between males and females
C)More males than females volunteered to take part in the study
D)None of these answers
E)There are no cognitive differences between males and females

Question 16

One limitation of the Thinking Aloud methodology is:

A)Participants cannot verbalise all of their thoughts e.g. very automatic or subconscious thoughts and therefore data is incomplete
B)Making participants verbalise their thoughts may interfere with the task that they are doing.
C)All of these
D)It produces qualitative data which is difficult to analyse objectively
E)It does not explain behaviour, merely produces descriptions of it

Question 17

Normative decision theory is unlikely to provide a good explanation of gambling because:

A)People do not make decisions when they are gambling, they are just on 'autopilot'
B)It is concerned with irrational decisions
C)The theory would not predict people would gamble in the first place because the odds are against them
D)All of these answers
E)The theory is relatively new and needs further refining

Question 18

What were two features of the procedure which Griffiths used in order to increase the ecological validity?

A)The study used a fruit machine specially designed for the study and participants could keep any winnings
B)The study took place in a natural setting and participants bet their own money
C)The participants did not know they were being studied and bet their own money
D)None of these answers
E)The study took place in a natural setting and participants could keep any winnings

Question 19

An example of the 'personification' heuristic in gambling is:

A)The fruit machine is in a bad mood'
B)I lost because I wasn't concentrating'
C)I need an orange to win'
D)My luck's in today'
E)I don't know what's going on now'

Question 20

Which of the following was found in Griffiths' study?

A)RGs who broke even after 60 gambles were more likely to carry on until they lost all their money
B)All of the answers
C)A number of RGs stopped speaking for up to 30 seconds
D)RGs thought winning was due to an equal amount of skill and chance, while NRGs thought it was due to mainly chance
E)RGs produced more irrational verbalisations than NRGs