Deck 7: Psychological Needs and Motives

Question 1

Needs can be described in reference to deficits that occur in the

A) body or brain or mind
B) brain only
C) body only
D) mind only

Answer 1

A

Question 2

As sleep deprivation increases, what happens to the duration of sleep latency and the duration of recovery sleep?

A) Sleep latency increases and recovery sleep decreases
B) Sleep latency decreases and recovery sleep increases
C) Sleep latency increases and recovery sleep increases also
D) Sleep latency decreases and recovery sleep decreases also

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Needs motivate behavior that

A) are unrelated to or irrelevant for satisfying a particular need
B) increases the need
C) decreases the need
D) keeps the need constant

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What characteristic applies to a physiological need, that does not apply or does not pertain to a psychological need? A physiological need, but not a psychological need

A) motivates behavior that will satisfy the need.
B) is felt as unpleasant
C) is subject to redintegration.
D) is a deviation from a physical or bodily set point.

Question 5

According to Hull's drive theory, drive results from

A) deprivation of an essential substance or behavior.
B) energized behavior.
C) an unfulfilled psychological need.
D) an attractive incentive.

Question 6

Redintegration refers to

A) incentive deprivation producing a physiological need, e.g., the need for iron.
B) a stimulus activates a psychological need, e.g., a textbook activates a need to achieve.
C) activation of avoidance behavior, e.g., do not speed to avoid getting a ticket.
D) a process by which a psychological need is satisfied, e.g., open email to satisfy curiosity.

Question 7

What does a psychological need motivate a person to do? A psychological need motivates a person to

A) find an incentive that will provide need satisfaction.
B) behave in order to achieve need satisfaction.
C) either answer b or answer c or both
D) concentrate on bringing the need into consciousness.

Question 8

What two processes are involved in the two-process model of psychological needs?

A) cue induction and arousal processes
B) need reduction and need production processes
C) negative reinforcement and incentive processes
D) negative and positive reinforcement processes

Question 9

Chronic psychological needs that vary among people are known as ____________ while psychological needs that come and go temporarily within an individual are known as _________.

A) trait needs---state needs
B) trait needs---trait needs
C) state needs---state needs
D) state needs---trait needs

Question 10

Behaviors that gratify a particular need are judged to be the most satisfying behaviors. This description emphasize what characteristics of psychological needs? They characterize needs as

A) explicit motives
B) implicit motives
C) physiological needs
D) incentives

Question 11

Students reported that the reason for them to get on Facebook

A) was to further increase their feelings of connectedness to other individuals.
B) was to decrease their feelings of being disconnected from other individuals.
C) both answers a and b were given as reasons
D) was not apparent to them; they had no clue.

Question 12

On a scale of 1-10, how important is it for you to earn an A in this course? This question emphasizes what characteristics of psychological needs? The question characterizes needs as

A) incentives
B) physiological needs
C) implicit motives
D) explicit motives

Question 13

The text provides a picture that resembles the TAT of two women in lab coats. A psychologist uses this picture to measure the need to achieve in individuals. With this procedure, the psychologist has

A) operationally defined the need to achieve.
B) measured the behavior that is necessary to satisfy the need to achieve.
C) identified aspects of subjective well-being that are related to the need to achieve.
D) located the need to achieve in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Question 14

What are the consequences of not satisfying one's psychological needs?

A) The person becomes totally unmotivated to satisfy their psychological needs.
B) Psychological ill-health and poor subjective well-being result.
C) The major psychological needs become unbalanced.
D) The motivation to satisfy psychological needs decreases.

Question 15

The text provides a picture that resembles the TAT of two women in lab coats. What factor determines the amount of achievement imagery that will be evoked by this TAT-like picture? The factor consists of

A) the strength of a person's achievement motive
B) the instigating force for achievement motivation in the TAT-like card
C) the combination of answers a and b
D) the location of the motive on Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Question 16

One person has a very messy apartment while another person has a very neat apartment. What procedure(s) is (are) necessary to use a need for order to explain the difference in the messiness of their apartments? The procedure involves

A) showing the location of the need for order on Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
B) devising a rating scale for measuring the need for order.
C) showing that scores from a need-for-order scale correlate with messiness/neatness of an apartment.
D) answers b and c are both necessary

Question 17

What is the relationship between a psychological need and motivated behavior? As psychological need strength increases,

A) motivation to satisfy that need increases also.
B) it is not possible to predict what will happen to behavior.
C) motivation to satisfy that need remains constant (not change).
D) motivation to satisfy that need decreases.

Question 18

Which statement regarding Maslow's hierarchy of needs is true?

A) There are different hierarchies of needs; each depends on the personality of the person.
B) Needs at the bottom of the hierarchy tend to be satisfied first.
C) Needs at the top of the hierarchy tend to be satisfied first.
D) Affiliation & Belonging needs are the ultimate needs at the top of the hierarchy.

Question 19

What needs are located at the top of Maslow's revised hierarchy of needs? These needs consist of

A) cognition, closure, and competence
B) affiliation & belonging
C) self-actualization, reproduction, meaning, and pursuit of happiness
D) achievement, autonomy, power, and self-esteem

Question 20

What psychological needs are an essential part of self-determination theory

A) iron and sleep
B) self-actualization and drive
C) safety and self-protection
D) affiliation, autonomy, and competence

Question 21

According to self-determination theory, motivation is most effective and well-being is greatest when what conditions occur?

A) Motivation comes from within the person.
B) Motivation is imposed from outside the person.
C) When motive satisfaction follows Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
D) When cultural motives are satisfied before physiological motives.

Question 22

What statement best describes the need for competence?

A) I have intimate contact with others who care about me.
B) I feel capable, effective, and qualified.
C) I choose my own goals and do what I want.
D) I consider myself worthy and as good as anyone else.

Question 23

What statement best describes the need for autonomy?

A) I have intimate contact with others who care about me.
B) I feel capable, effective, and qualified.
C) I choose my own goals and do what I want.
D) I consider myself worthy and as good as anyone else.

Question 24

According to Darwin, the need to affiliate and to belong

A) is learned
B) is present in Eastern cultures, but not Western cultures.
C) is not present in all cultures.
D) resulted from natural selection

Question 25

What is (are) a consequence(s) of social rejection? Social rejection

A) lowers self-esteem + feel a loss of control in the situation + feel bad + become motivated to reconnect
B) lowers self-esteem + feel a loss of control in the situation + feel bad
C) lowers self-esteem + feel a loss of control in the situation.
D) lowers self-esteem.

Question 26

A person has been made to feel socially rejected. As a result , the person will

A) develop a heightened sensitivity to all sensations that s/he feels.
B) be more accurate in recognizing sincere smiles that indicate social inclusion.
C) be less accurate in recognizing sincere smiles that indicate social inclusion.
D) not be motivated in the future to be included in a group.

Question 27

Based on William James' formula for self-esteem, individuals can raise their self-esteem by

A) increasing their number of successes.
B) decreasing the number of pretensions (endeavors).
C) either b or c will work
D) developing many positive future selves.

Question 28

A student changes her hairstyle and wardrobe. She also studies harder in order to raise her grade point average. She engages in these behaviors because

A) she has a high need for cognition
B) she has high achievement motivation.
C) her boy/girl friend told her to do so.
D) these activities are in her domains of high contingent self-worth.

Question 29

Using Contingent Self-Worth Items, an individual scores very low in the appearance domain and high in the academic competence domain. Next, the person receives feedback that he has no taste in fashion. How would this feedback affect his self-esteem? It would

A) have little influence on the person's self-esteem
B) definitely lower the person's self-esteem
C) definitely raise the person's self-esteem
D) definitely raise the person's contingent self-worth in the domain of academic competence

Question 30

Self-serving bias, selective self-memory, overclaiming are used for what?

A) satisfy the need for autonomy
B) protect or enhance one's self-esteem
C) raise one's domain of contingent self-worth
D) satisfy the need for competence

Question 31

Self-esteem has declined resulting from failure to achieve a valued goal. What happens next?

A) Self-esteem will remain low but constant
B) Self-esteem will continue to decline more and more
C) Self-esteem will eventually return to its normal level
D) Self-esteem will rebound to above its normal level

Question 32

What type of individual is least likely to pursue an important or difficult goal?

A) A person who has a high internal or external standard of excellence.
B) A person who is very persistent.
C) A person for whom the motive for success is stronger than the motive to avoid failure, i.e., Ms > Maf
D) A person for whom the motive to avoid failure is stronger than the motive for success, i.e., Maf > Ms

Question 33

What type of individual is likely to be more persistent at a task? For example, who is more persistent at school work and earns a higher GPA? Individuals who have

A) a high motive to achieve (Ms)
B) a high need for power
C) a high need for closure
D) a high motive to avoid failure (Maf)

Question 34

The phrase seize and freeze is associated with what psychological need?

A) need for power
B) need for closure
C) need for cognition
D) need for meaning

Question 35

What type of individual would most enjoy perusing or studying a website that had a high amount of verbal complexity, which requires scrolling to read all of the information? This would be an individual who had a high

A) need for power.
B) need for closure.
C) need for cognition.
D) need for meaning.

Question 36

Satisfying the __________ results in students being satisfied with their university courses. Satisfying this need will also benefit their GPA. What psychological need does this?

A) need for meaning
B) need for closure
C) need for power
D) need for cognition

Question 37

The phrase get ahead versus get along is a contest between what two motives? It is between the

A) power motive versus affiliation (belonging) motive
B) need for cognition versus need for autonomy
C) fear of failure motive versus power motive
D) affiliation (belonging) motive versus achievement motive

Question 38

Regarding career development of women with a high need for power, these women

A) were equally satisfied in careers whether or not they could satisfy their power need.
B) had greater satisfaction in careers that allowed them to exercise interpersonal power.
C) had less satisfaction in careers that forced them to exercise interpersonal power.
D) made slow career progress because their power motive interfered with their job performance.

Question 39

What is counterfactual thinking? This type of thinking involves

A) trying to solve a problem immediately; not consider alternative solutions.
B) relying on one's first impulse to make a decision.
C) considering situations that contrast sharply with one's current social situation.
D) satisfying one's curiosity.

Question 40

What type of motivation occurs when an unexpected event has happened? The event is difficult for individuals to comprehend, since it disrupts their view of the world and society. The affected individuals most likely will

A) think about the situation in order to satisfy their curiosity.
B) try to regain control of the situation.
C) seize and freeze the situation.
D) search for meaning in order to make sense of the situation

Question 41

How and why do psychological needs motivate behavior?

Question 42

What is the difference between an implicit motive and an explicit motive?

Question 43

What does it mean that psychological needs or motives can be both permanent and temporary?

Question 44

By what process do psychologists demonstrate the existence of a psychological need or motive and then demonstrate that the need motivates behavior?

Question 45

What is the relationship between need intensity and
a. psychological well-being
b. the intensity or frequency of behavior that satisfies a need?

Question 46

a. Describe Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
b. List all of the tiers of the hierarchy.
c. What different proposals have been made for the top tier of the hierarchy?

Question 47

a. What is self-determination theory?
b. What are the major needs in self-determination theory? Describe each of these needs.

Question 48

List and describe some of the psychological needs described in this chapter.

Question 49

Select any two needs and describe how a high degree of each need can cause conflict within an individual.

Question 50

a. Describe what factors cause a person's level of self-esteem to rise or fall and why that is also dependent on the domain of the person's contingency of self-worth?
b. How does self-esteem motivate behavior?