Deck 5: Behavior, Arousal, and Affective Valence

Question 1

What does being aroused imply?

A) A person is energized or activated to accomplish a task.
B) A person is experiencing torpor.
C) A person is preparing for a nap.
D) A person is performing a task efficiently.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The disposition to become anxious when giving a speech is known as __________ while actually being anxious when speaking in public is known as __________.

A) trait anxiety, trait anxiety
B) trait anxiety, state anxiety
C) state anxiety, state anxiety
D) state anxiety, trait anxiety

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Energetic arousal and tense arousal are examples of

A) brain arousal
B) physiological arousal
C) psychological arousal
D) trait anxiety

Answer 3

C

Question 4

While giving a speech in class, a student's heart begins to pound and her palms start to sweat. These physiological reactions were activated by her _____________ nervous system.

A) psychological
B) dopamine
C) energetic
D) sympathetic

Question 5

Energetic arousal is to tense arousal as

A) effects of exercise is to anxiety about an exam.
B) being robbed is to playing tennis.
C) 8 o'clock class is to a 2 o'clock class.
D) being surprised is to dancing.

Question 6

At what time of day is energetic arousal highest?

A) early morning
B) mid-day
C) evening
D) late at night

Question 7

What functional property or functional properties does a stimulus have? A stimulus has a(n)

A) cue function
B) arousing function
C) cue function and arousing function
D) collative function

Question 8

What are collative variables?

A) Collative variables are environmental stimuli like music and time of day.
B) Collative variables refer to a person's tendency to be aroused.
C) Collative variables determine the type of response that will occur to a stimulus.
D) Collative variables refer to features like novelty, incongruity, and complexity.

Question 9

According to the inverted-U (upside down-U) curve and depending on the person's current level of arousal,

A) either increasing or decreasing arousal can improve performance on a task.
B) only decreasing arousal can improve performance on a task.
C) only increasing arousal can improve performance on a task.
D) only by keeping arousal constant will performance change.

Question 10

Which variable is not part of the Yerkes-Dodson Law?

A) task difficulty
B) affective valence
C) performance on a task
D) arousal

Question 11

According the Yerkes-Dodson Law, the arousal level for best performance at a task

A) does not depend on or is not associated with a person's level of arousal.
B) depends on whether it is a motor task or cognitive task.
C) changes with the complexity of the task.
D) depends on whether a person is paid to perform the task.

Question 12

You are auditioning for a position in a rock band. You have practiced a difficult guitar tune endlessly. Based on your private rehearsals, you no longer consider the tune difficult to play; but very easy to play. According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, at what level of arousal will your performance be best during the audition?

A) no arousal whatsoever
B) low level of arousal
C) moderate level of arousal
D) high level of arousal

Question 13

Your friend is auditioning for a position in a rock band. She, however, has not practiced much and still considers the tune very difficult to play. According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, at what level of arousal will her performance be best during the audition?

A) low level of arousal
B) moderate level of arousal
C) high level of arousal
D) no arousal whatsoever

Question 14

The zone of optimal functioning refers to what aspect of performance? The zone of optimal functioning

A) refers to the level of arousal where performance remains constant.
B) refers to each athlete's arousal level where she performs best.
C) indicates the level of arousal where athletic performance drops suddenly.
D) is the area where arousal determines a person's hedonic feelings.

Question 15

The cusp catastrophe model represents the arousal-performance relationship. The performance relationship is based on

A) physiological arousal only
B) cognitive arousal only
C) physiological arousal and cognitive arousal
D) the total absence of arousal

Question 16

What does catastrophe refer to in the cusp catastrophe model? Catastrophe refers to a

A) rapid boost in performance efficiency at a certain level of arousal.
B) gradual increase in performance efficiency as arousal increases.
C) gradual decline in performance efficiency as arousal increases.
D) dramatic drop in performance efficiency at a certain level of arousal.

Question 17

What was the survival value of tonic immobility during evolution?

A) The prey animal "plays dead" as a way to escape an attack by a predator.
B) The prey animal develops the inability to escape from the predator.
C) It is a drink given to people in the Spring to boost their energy level.
D) The predator persists long and hard in pursuit of its prey in order to kill and eat it.

Question 18

What are the consequences of math anxiety?

A) Student pursue STEM majors.
B) Students avoid STEM majors.
C) Math anxiety increases math aptitude.
D) There are no effects of math anxiety.

Question 19

According to processing efficiency theory, what are the effects of anxiety on problem-solving performance?

A) Anxiety magnifies the intensity of incorrect responses causing poor problem solving.
B) Anxiety causes a person to concentrate harder during a problem solving task.
C) Anxiety as worry takes up the working memory space needed for problem solving.
D) Anxiety produces tonic immobility.

Question 20

Processing efficiency theory is concerned with

A) the size of working memory for letters and words
B) how a person's emotional feelings influences problem solving
C) Yerkes-Dodson Law
D) the size of working memory for numbers

Question 21

What basic process is described by attentional control theory?

A) Person's ability to inhibit (stop) paying attention to extraneous stimuli.
B) Size of an individual's working memory capacity.
C) The hedonic valence of a stimulus.
D) The degree of trait anxiety a person is experiencing when solving a problem.

Question 22

What does the Quiet Eye refer to? The Quiet Eye refers to

A) a person's ability to fall asleep during mid-day.
B) a person's ability to remain focused on a target.
C) a person's ability to remember critical detail from a complex stimulus.
D) a person's ability to remain calm during high physiological arousal.

Question 23

The __________ describes the arousal-performance relationship and the __________ describes the optimal level of stimulation theory.

A) inverted-U, regular-U
B) regular-U, regular-U
C) inverted-U, inverted-U
D) regular-U, inverted-U

Question 24

Children perform better in school when school start-times are later in the day. The reason is that later in the day

A) the students' arousal level is lower
B) the students had time to eat breakfast and have more mental energy
C) the students were more melancholic, which helps in paying attention
D) the students' arousal is closer to their preferred level of arousal

Question 25

Based on optimal level of stimulation theory, positive affective valence is associated with _______________ and negative affective valence is associated with_______________?

A) intermediate arousal---very low or very high arousal.
B) very low or very high arousal---intermediate arousal.
C) very low arousal---very high arousal.
D) very high arousal---very low arousal.

Question 26

What has happened to a person who experiences benign masochism?

A) Stimuli originally above the optimal level of stimulation are now below the optimal level.
B) Negative or painful stimuli are enjoyed when experienced at low intensity.
C) Stimuli once considered complex are now considered simple.
D) The person enjoys stimuli (music, jokes) less and less.

Question 27

Music can trigger a feeling of melancholia. Where does this feeling come from? It comes from listening

A) to poorly performed music.
B) to a symphony.
C) to sad music.
D) to happy music.

Question 28

What is the tragedy paradox?

A) The contradiction between a pleasant experience and enjoying that experience.
B) The inconsistency between what a person expects and what s/he experiences.
C) Pleasure is defined by feelings people willfully experience.
D) People enjoy sad music even though is makes them feel sad.

Question 29

According to optimal level of stimulation theory, what level of stimulus complexity is perceived as most pleasant or as most enjoyable?

A) intermediate stimulus complexity
B) high stimulus complexity
C) low stimulus complexity
D) when the stimulus is not detectable

Question 30

A person is presented several times with very simple and very complex stimuli (e.g., music, art). How will the liking ratings of these stimuli change as a result. Liking for simple stimuli _______________ and for complex stimuli _______________.

A) increases---increases.
B) decreases---increases.
C) increases---decreases.
D) decreases-decreases.

Question 31

Rather than seeing the same movie again, a person prefers to see a different or new movie because

A) seeing the new movie would be a novel experience
B) seeing the same movie again would be boring
C) answers a and b are both possible explanations
D) seeing the same movie contributes to one's quiet eye

Question 32

The experience with the same stimulus (movie, museum, painting) can be enjoyed again

A) provided these were visual experiences only; not auditory experiences
B) provided these were auditory experiences only; not visual experiences
C) much more than before, provided the experience is repeated immediately
D) provided that the person considers the experience from a new perspective

Question 33

What is the function of the musical grammar processor?

A) It prevents a person from habituating to her favorite piece of music.
B) It allows musicians to visualize the notes they are playing.
C) It is responsible for producing musical sensory specific satiety.
D) It has an excellent memory for music that a person has heard before.

Question 34

What is the contribution of processing fluency for behavior?

A) It determines whether trait anxiety transforms into state anxiety.
B) It contributes to the enjoyment of a stimulus,e.g., music or art.
C) It describes how the efficiency of behavior depends on the time of day
D) It describes how the effectiveness or usefulness of behavior depends on experience.

Question 35

What is not a reason that people provide for listening to music?

A) mood regulation, altering mood, relax, arousal
B) self-awareness, think about self, emotions, life's meanings
C) to distract self from focusing on achieving a task or goal
D) relatedness to other people

Question 36

People tap their feet, clap their hands, nod their heads, or dance to what?

A) to strobe lights
B) to the loudness of music
C) to the chill that music produces
D) to the groove of music

Question 37

What type of situation or event produces a chill? A chill occurs

A) when hearing a particular piece of music
B) upon seeing a beautiful scene,e.g., sunset.
C) when going out in hot weather with your coat on
D) when your romantic partner calls your name.

Question 38

What does the brain do that results in the pleasure of listening to music? The brain

A) becomes energized and aroused
B) accurately predicts musical notes as they occur.
C) makes unresolved prediction errors regarding musical notes as they occur
D) experiences fond memories

Question 39

To what does psychological distance refer?

A) temporal distance to goal completion
B) size of the prediction error in anticipating musical notes
C) subjective impression of nearness/farness of an event in the punchline of a joke
D) degree of personal space in which a person is comfortable

Question 40

What final condition must be met in order to smile, laugh, and appreciate a joke? The listener must

A) detect the unresolvable incongruity between the joke's expected ending and punch line.
B) be able to control the level of arousal that the punch line produces.
C) be in a social setting with other people present when the joke is told.
D) assimilate the punch line into an alternative schema that resides in the joke stem.

Question 41

Describe the two categories of arousal-that is, arousal as a determiner of behavior and arousal as a consequence of behavior; provide an example of each.

Question 42

a. Describe the general relationship between arousal and performance.
b. Describe the Yerkes-Dodson Law.

Question 43

a. Describe optimal level of stimulation theory.
b. Describe the difference in behaviors that is the domain of the optimal level of stimulation theory versus the Yerkes-Dodson law.

Question 44

Describe how processing efficiency theory and attentional control theory explain the detrimental effects arousal (anxiety) can have on behavior?

Question 45

a. Describe the relationship between arousal level of a stimulus based on its collative variables (novelty, complexity and incongruity)?
b. Repeated stimulus exposure to the same stimulus change the liking of that stimulus, e.g., listening to the same tune, watching the same movie, or wearing the same blouse/shirt changes the liking of it. Explain what these changes are and why they occur.

Question 46

a. What is benign masochism?
b. Why are benign masochism and listening to sad music a problem for the claim that all motivation is based on hedonism?

Question 47

The resolution of incongruities is necessary for the enjoyment of music and humor. Describe the incongruity-resolution process using humor and music as an illustration.