Deck 3: Addictions and Addictive Behaviors

Question 1

What characterizes substance use disorder? The disorder is characterized by the following except?

A) develop an intolerance for drugs.
B) impaired self-control regarding drug use.
C) social impairment from using drugs.
D) risky use of drugs.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In general, psychoactive drugs refer to chemical substances that

A) treat symptoms of depression.
B) alter behavior and mood.
C) activate a person's immune system.
D) treat hallucinations that occur in schizophrenia.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In regards to addictive behaviors, what does relapse mean? Relapse means

A) the ability of a psychoactive drug to remove negative withdrawal symptoms.
B) the conflict between addictive behaviors and family, social demands, or work activities.
C) the resumption of drug use following a period of abstinence.
D) the ability to tolerate more and more drugs without ill effects.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What psychoactive drug is the most commonly used drug?

A) vaping
B) nicotine
C) marijuana
D) alcohol

Question 5

One sign of drug tolerance in addicted individuals is that over time

A) they increase their drug dosage.
B) they enjoy their drug-induced euphoria more and more.
C) they experience milder and milder withdrawal symptoms.
D) their reaction to a drug becomes stronger.

Question 6

What are the characteristics of the withdrawal syndrome? The withdrawal syndrome

A) consists of a drug-like effect characterized by pleasant feelings.
B) consists of a drug-opposite effect characterized by unpleasant feelings.
C) has a level of euphoria that is too intense to enjoy.
D) is associated with a weak level of craving.

Question 7

In regards to psychoactive drugs, craving refers to

A) a longing to rid one's self of drug withdrawal symptoms.
B) a longing for the high or euphoric feeling that a drug provides.
C) a mixture of answers a and b.
D) rapid changes between feelings of anxiety and dread.

Question 8

According to the field of behavioral genetics, what factor(s) contribute(s) to drug addiction? Behavioral genetics implies that drug addiction results

A) only from weak will-power to abstain from drug use.
B) only from a genetic disposition to enjoy and use drugs.
C) only from an environment that puts an individual at risk for drug use.
D) both a genetic disposition for drug use plus an at-risk environment for drug use.

Question 9

Assume that a particular person is addicted to drugs. What other person is most likely to be addicted to drugs also? This other person will be one, who is a(n)

A) identical twin and who lives in an environment at risk for drug use.
B) identical twin and who lives in an environment safe from drug use.
C) cousin and who lives in an environment at risk for drug use.
D) cousin and who lives in an environment safe from drug use.

Question 10

Social control predicts __________ drug use while social triggers predict __________ drug use.

A) increased---decreased
B) decreased---increased
C) decreased---decreased
D) increased---increased

Question 11

Why are individuals high in impulsiveness more likely to become addicted to psychoactive drugs? These individuals

A) are surrounded by stimuli that promote drug cravings.
B) do not expect psychoactive drugs to provide much pleasure.
C) have a low awareness of the negative consequences of taking drugs.
D) have a high-level of self-control.

Question 12

What personality trait(s) contribute to drug use?

A) sensation seeking, composure seeking
B) autonomy striving
C) salience seeking
D) experience seeking, novelty seeking,

Question 13

Taking drugs to reduce withdrawal symptoms is to taking drugs to feel good as

A) negative reinforcement is to positive reinforcement
B) positive reinforcement is to positive reinforcement
C) negative reinforcement is to negative reinforcement
D) positive reinforcement is to negative reinforcement

Question 14

Addicted individuals make errors in affective forecasting, In the case of addicted individuals, they

A) underestimate the hedonic experience a drug will produce.
B) underestimate the level of craving that will result from drug abstinence.
C) underestimate the amount of social conflict that results from drug use.
D) overestimate their increase in autonomy over drug use.

Question 15

What is the role of avoidance motivation in the affective model of negative reinforcement regarding drug use?

A) to reduce experienced negative feelings that result from drug withdrawal
B) to anticipate the pleasurable feelings that will result from drug use
C) to prevent anticipated negative feelings that result from drug withdrawal
D) to prevent feeling better, regardless how a person feels at the moment

Question 16

In opponent process theory, the initial drug-reaction to cocaine is associated with positive feelings. What type of feelings is the opponent process associated with?

A) positive feelings also.
B) neutral feelings.
C) unpredictable; it could be either positive or negative feelings.
D) negative feelings.

Question 17

Which statement is true regarding psychoactive drugs as reinforcers?

A) Drugs have their major pleasurable effects when they reach the brain.
B) Drugs are addicting only because they reduce withdrawal symptoms.
C) Humans are born with a craving for drugs.
D) Drugs produce their pleasure at the sense organs; through their touch, taste and smell sensations

Question 18

How do psychoactive drugs produce their euphoric effects in the brain? The drugs

A) stimulate neurons in the hypothalamus.
B) migrate to neurons in the brain's reward circuits.
C) reduce the brain's tension.
D) excite all of the neurons in the brain.

Question 19

According to incentive sensitization theory of addiction, what changes occur in addicted individuals over time?

A) They become totally motivated to experience the euphoria a drug provides.
B) They crave drugs more because their withdrawal symptoms increased.
C) They want and seek drugs more but enjoy the drug's hedonic effects less.
D) They become enthusiastic about life in general.

Question 20

What do nicotine and alcohol consumption have in common? Nicotine and alcohol

A) both remove social inhibitions, which results in increased pleasure.
B) both produce pleasurable effects on the sense organs (tongue, lungs), not the brain.
C) are positively reinforcing, not negatively reinforcing.
D) increase the release of dopamine in the reward circuit of the brain.

Question 21

What effect does naltrexone have on the urge to drink alcohol and on the reinforcing effects of alcohol?

A) Naltrexone reduces the pleasurable effects of alcohol.
B) Naltrexone enhances the pleasurable effects of alcohol.
C) Naltrexone produces nausea if a person drinks alcohol.
D) Naltrexone has no effect on the pleasurable effects of alcohol.

Question 22

A person's cognitive control over his/her use of drugs deteriorates as drug use progresses. This reduction in cognitive control occurs in what brain area?

A) ventral tegmental area
B) pre-frontal cortex
C) core
D) nucleus accumbens

Question 23

What characteristic strongly indicates that a person is addicted to a psychoactive drug?

A) The person does not experience withdrawal symptoms when stopping drug use.
B) Priming procedures no longer increase drug cravings.
C) The person loses his/her self-control over drug use.
D) The person enjoys the euphoria a drug produces more and more.

Question 24

What does transcranial magnetic stimulation of the pre-frontal cortex do? This stimulation

A) increases drug cravings.
B) has no effect on drug cravings.
C) increases drug withdrawal symptoms.
D) decreases drug cravings.

Question 25

"I'll bet you can't eat just one" refers to the fact that if you eat one bite of a particular substance you get the overwhelming desire to eat more of it. This increase in desire for more, after eating the first one, is known as

A) priming.
B) a compensatory response.
C) a conditioned drug stimulus.
D) withdrawal.

Question 26

Looking at a piece of wrapped chocolate increases a person's craving or desire to eat that piece of chocolate. The sight of the piece of wrapped chocolate is an example of

A) an unconditioned stimulus
B) a conditioned stimulus
C) a euphoric stimulus
D) negative reinforcement

Question 27

What effects can be produced by stimuli that are associated with drug use? Most likely, these stimuli can

A) evoke a drug-withdrawal response.
B) evoke a drug-like response.
C) evoke either a drug-withdrawal response or a drug-like response
D) evoke a desire to quit using drugs

Question 28

In one experiment, smokers were shown photos of specific or general situations in which they smoked or did not smoke. The smokers rated their urge to smoke when shown the photos. Ratings of their smoking urges

A) were not influenced by the photos.
B) increased to photos of situations in which smoking did not occur.
C) decreased to photos of situations in which smoking occurred.
D) increased to photos of situations in which smoking occurred.

Question 29

How do psychoactive drugs negatively reinforce drug use, such as when a person is stressed or in a negative mood?

A) Drug use alleviates the stress and negative mood.
B) Drugs increase an addicted individual's sense of autonomy.
C) Drug use increase a person's cognitive control over whether to use drugs.
D) Drug use increases feelings of pleasure.

Question 30

A relapse for drug use occurs in addicted individuals, who are stressed, anxious, or in a negative mood. This relapse occurs because

A) these negative feelings cause a person to lose his/her self-control over drug use.
B) the pleasure from psychoactive drugs is now greater.
C) these negative feelings make a person ignore the negative consequences of drug use.
D) these negative feelings are felt more intensely as a result drug use.

Question 31

What are the essentials of motivation for change to stop using of psychoactive drugs? The essentials are

A) contemplate and act on change
B) act, contemplate, plan, prepare, think through, feedback, and maintain change
C) contemplate, prepare, act, and maintain change
D) prepare, and act on change

Question 32

How can a person's thinking or cognitions influence his/her drug use?

A) People realize that they have totally lost all of their self-control for abstaining from drugs.
B) Thinking about drugs automatically leads to drug use.
C) Thinking and cognition has no effect, whatsoever, on a person's craving for psychoactive drugs.
D) Through thinking and cognition individuals can avoid exposure to drugs and associated stimuli.

Question 33

How can the urge for Internet gaming be increased in individuals addicted to Internet gaming?

A) Show them photographs of Internet games.
B) Show them photographs of animals in the wild.
C) Tell them their excessive gaming causes their coursework to suffer.
D) Allow them to play as much as they want.

Question 34

Why can strenuous exercise be considered a positive addiction?

A) Exercise is positively reinforcing and not negatively reinforcing.
B) Exercise produces positive health consequences.
C) Exercise positively influences a person's social life.
D) Exercise never influences a person negatively.

Question 35

What do gambling, Internet gaming, and strenuous exercise have in common?

A) When done to excess, they interfere with a person's social, work, and academic life.
B) They all affect the brain's pleasure circuit.
C) Answers a and b
D) Their use or participation is illicit or illegal.

Question 36

What addictive behaviors can be primed?

A) using psychoactive drugs
B) gambling
C) Internet gaming
D) all of these can be primed

Question 37

Following completion of a strenuous exercise session, e.g., running, you feel a sense of exhilaration, pleasure, and well-being. Your feelings were most likely

A) resulted from the release of endorphin and opioids in the brain's pleasure circuit.
B) related to the effects of naltrexone on the brain's pleasure circuit.
C) linked to the process of restoring homeostasis.
D) linked to the dominance of wanting over liking according to incentive-sensitization theory.

Question 38

Why is there an increase in compulsive Internet Gaming and compulsive Internet use over the last few decades?

A) There are few, if any, negative social consequences for these activities
B) More opportunities exist to engage in these activities than in previous decades.
C) Compulsively doing those activities is now socially acceptable.
D) These activities no longer harm the individual doing them.

Question 39

Which of the following is not a characteristic of addictive gambling?

A) The pleasure of gambling is linked to dopamine in the pleasure circuit of the brain.
B) Stress, boredom, and loneliness contribute to the urge to gamble.
C) Gambling problems are unassociated with or disconnected from alcohol use and drug use.
D) Gambling advertisements and thoughts of winning increase the urge to gamble.

Question 40

All of the following are characteristic of Internet addiction except

A) withdrawal if a computer is unavailable for Internet use.
B) increased tolerance of length of time spent on the Internet.
C) excessive use of the Internet.
D) increased depression when using the Internet.

Question 41

How do psychoactive drugs differ from natural incentives like food?

Question 42

Not every individual is susceptible to abusing drugs. Some individuals never try drugs, some try but quit, while others try and become addicted. What factors determine whether an individual experiments with drugs and then may become addicted to drugs?

Question 43

a. What is priming for drug use?
b. What two types of priming promote drug use?
c. How does stress increase drug use?

Question 44

What are the differences between biological (brain) theories and psychological theories of drug addiction or dependence?

Question 45

What is a positive reinforcer for taking a psychoactive drug and what is a negative reinforcer for taking a psychoactive drug?

Question 46

a. What is motivation for change?
b. What are some of the steps individuals can take according to the theory of motivation for change that would help them reduce their drug addiction or their drug dependency?

Question 47

A number of behaviors have been considered addictive. What are these behaviors and why are they considered addictive?