Deck 12: Emotions As Motives

Question 1

Nearly 370 years ago the philosopher Descartes linked emotions to motivation. How?

A) An emotion prepares the mind and body to achieve the intent of an emotion
B) Emotions agitated a person into unfocused action.
C) An emotion notifies the mind that some unspecified action must be taken.
D) An emotion floods the mind with affective experiences.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

During the appraisal of an emotion event, the appraisal process

A) begins with a stage of heightened awareness followed by agitation.
B) initially examines stimuli for any negative valence, followed by positive valence.
C) relies on the cortex to evaluate negative stimuli and the amygdala to evaluate positive stimuli.
D) occurs totally unconsciously

Answer 2

B

Question 3

A person is shown in array of stimulus pictures on a computer screen. Among the pictures is a snake and a gun. Which stimulus will be looked at first?

A) snake
B) gun
C) either snake or gun equally
D) neither but some other picture

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A person is shown in array of pictures on a computer screen. Among the pictures is a spider and a kitten. Which animal will be looked at first?

A) either the kitten or spider equally
B) neither but some other picture
C) kitten
D) spider

Question 5

Approach and avoidances responses can occur to positive and negative emotion stimuli. What relationship between the stimuli and speed of responses is correct?

A) Avoidance responses occur faster to negative emotion stimuli.
B) Avoidance responses occur faster to positive emotion stimuli.
C) Approach responses occur faster to negative emotion stimuli.
D) Escape responses occur faster to positive emotion stimuli.

Question 6

Appraisal of an emotion situation occurs along different dimensions. Research shows that

A) the dimensions people use, depends on the country they live in.
B) people tend use the same dimensions all over the world.
C) appraisal dimensions are not useful in determining what emotions will occur.
D) there is only dimension; it determines whether the emotion is negative or positive.

Question 7

Why are appraisal dimensions necessary for understanding emotions? Appraisal dimensions explain why

A) the same emotion stimulus results in the same emotion in everyone.
B) different emotion stimuli result in different emotions in people.
C) the same emotion stimulus results in different emotions in people.
D) behavior motivates emotions.

Question 8

Two people are exposed to the same emotion-inducing event. What predictions can be made about the emotion that each person will experience? Each person will experience

A) the same emotion, if each person appraised the event differently.
B) the same emotion, if each person appraised the event the same way.
C) a different emotion, if each appraised the event differently.
D) either answer b or c is possible

Question 9

The amygdala is used during the

A) initial processing phase of emotion stimuli
B) cognitive appraisal of emotion stimuli.
C) formation of facial expressions of emotion.
D) an action that meets the aim of an emotion.

Question 10

What have psychologists discovered about emotion stimuli using a procedure known as subliminal priming? Psychologists have discovered that

A) conscious awareness of an emotion stimulus is necessary for an emotion to occur
B) a stimulus presented below conscious awareness can induce an emotion.
C) facial expressions of emotion correspond with the affect a person feels.
D) affect can occur without physiological arousal.

Question 11

Negatively evaluated stimuli are to positively evaluated stimuli as

A) unaware responses are to aware responses.
B) avoidance responses are to escape responses.
C) avoidance responses are to approach responses.
D) approach responses are to avoidance responses.

Question 12

What is the relationship between affect and facial expressions?

A) Affect is usually out of synchrony with facial expressions
B) Affect correlates with facial expressions
C) Affect causes facial expressions .
D) Either answer b or answer c is a possibility

Question 13

What is the conclusion from examining facial expressions linked to emotion in blind individuals compared to sighted individuals?

A) Blind individuals do not have the opportunity to learn to fine tune their facial expressions.
B) Facial expressions of blind and sighted individuals are equal, especially for voluntary expressions.
C) Only after practice and coaching do blind individuals show facial expressions of emotion.
D) Blind individuals do not show any facial expressions linked to emotion.

Question 14

What is the most easily recognized facial expression of emotion that is portrayed in both blind and sighted individuals?

A) anger
B) joy, happy
C) sadness
D) fear

Question 15

You conduct an emotion-recognition experiment with students from different countries who are attending your university. What are the results of your experiment? These students were

A) unable to accurately recognize emotions; chance-level recognition.
B) able to recognize emotions provided the emotion stimuli were also shown.
C) able to recognize emotions even without the emotion stimuli being shown.
D) only able to recognize positive emotions but not negative emotions.

Question 16

Facial expressions linked to emotion are innate. What is the evidence for this statement?

A) Facial expressions are universal.
B) Facial expressions occur in very young infants.
C) Facial expressions occur in individuals who are both blind and deaf.
D) All the above statements described the evidence.

Question 17

_______________ maintains the face is a dial of what is inside the person while _______________ maintains that the face is a way of manipulating other people.

A) readout hypothesis---behavioral ecology hypothesis
B) behavioral ecology hypothesis---read out hypothesis
C) readout hypothesis---efference hypothesis
D) efference hypothesis---behavioral ecology hypothesis

Question 18

Emotion recognition experiments show that people from different countries or cultures are not 100% accurate in recognizing a facial expression of emotion. This lack of 100% accuracy is because

A) facial expression of emotion are not expressed in some countries or cultures; people show blank faces.
B) facial expressions of emotion are influenced by dialect, which differs by country or culture.
C) facial expressions differ greatly among countries to the same extent that languages differ,e.g., Chinese vs English.
D) people are simply unable to interpret or lack the skill to interpret facial expressions of emotion.

Question 19

A person who shows an angry face is signaling "stay away from me, I am warning you". This interpretation of the facial expression is in accord with the

A) appraisal-dimension hypothesis.
B) innateness hypothesis.
C) behavioral ecology hypothesis.
D) readout hypothesis.

Question 20

A person reacts to you with a face indicating fear. According to the behavioral ecology hypothesis, this person

A) is afraid to see you.
B) is surprised to see you.
C) is rewarding you for spending time with him/her.
D) is prepared to avoid or escape from you.

Question 21

Your friend greets you with smile on his face. According to the readout hypothesis, your friend

A) is happy to see you.
B) is trying to get you to do a favor for him/her.
C) is rewarding you for spending time with him/her.
D) is surprised to see you.

Question 22

In order to receive help, which facial expression should you portray? To receive help, the best face to exhibit would be

A) a smiley face
B) tears on your face
C) a fear face
D) an angry face

Question 23

Why do people exhibit social facial vasodilation? According to the readout hypothesis, people exhibit social facial vasodilation because they

A) want to deflect or escape the scrutiny or attention of other people.
B) want people to tease them.
C) are embarrassed or ashamed.
D) want to draw attention to themselves as punishment for a social transgression (wrongdoing).

Question 24

What is the function of display rules? The function of display rules is to

A) determine what affective feelings a person should experience in a situation.
B) indicate what body parts are okay for piercings and tattoos.
C) dictate what behaviors are reinforced and punished in different situations.
D) control or govern how a person should display his/her facial expressions of emotion.

Question 25

Which of the following is labeled a self-conscious emotion that regulates or controls a person's interactions with others?

A) guilt
B) anger
C) happy
D) surprise

Question 26

What does it mean that emotions are motives? As motives, emotions

A) push people to experience the affect that is synonymous with an emotion.
B) push people into action to achieve the aim or goal of an emotion.
C) push people to follow social rules for how they should act.
D) push people into general action with no specific aim.

Question 27

What does affective realism describe?

A) People objectively perceive their emotional environment.
B) People cannot determine what stimuli are real and what are imagined.
C) People's emotional feelings influences what they perceive
D) People perceive what they want to perceive

Question 28

Stimuli are presented below a person's level of conscious awareness, These stimuli

A) interfere with the memory of what happened before the emotion stimulus occurred.
B) fail to have any influence on a person's emotional feelings.
C) block emotional feelings from developing.
D) can influence emotional feelings

Question 29

What is the relationship between decision making and emotions?

A) Anticipated emotions help determine a person's decisions.
B) Emotions stop after decisions are made.
C) The anticipated outcome of a decision does not affect a person's emotions.
D) Emotions do not depend on or are not affected by a person's actual decisions

Question 30

What is the appraisal tendency hypothesis? According to it,

A) a person's tendency to act determines his/her behavior.
B) negative emotions influence a person's evaluation of a situation.
C) negative emotions motivate escape behavior.
D) positive emotions erase or eliminate the effects of negative emotions.

Question 31

What does it mean that emotions affect cognitive activity? It means that emotions

A) cause us to act or behave in a certain way.
B) determine our facial expressions.
C) influence our thinking.
D) cause us to experience subjective affect.

Question 32

Compared to negative emotions, positive emotions serve mostly as

A) motives for avoidance behavior.
B) a way of distorting a person's thinking.
C) negative incentives.
D) positive incentives.

Question 33

What are the differences between very happy people and much less happy people?

A) The differences are due to social wealth.
B) The differences are due to chance.
C) The differences are due to their beliefs.
D) The differences are due to their geography.

Question 34

If a person is experiencing subjective well-being, then that person

A) is physically healthy.
B) is satisfied with life and experiences more positive affect than negative affect.
C) has a balance of positive and negative affective experiences.
D) has a lot of wealth or money.

Question 35

What characteristic is associated with the set-point level of happiness? The set-point

A) is associated equally with all of the big-five personality traits.
B) is totally the result of a person's experiences.
C) is slightly above neutral; on average people are a little bit happy
D) is slightly below neutral; on average people are a little bit unhappy

Question 36

You are running on the hedonic treadmill. What are you doing?

A) I am running on a real tread mill in the gym in order to become physically fit.
B) I am trying to gain material possessions in order to become happier and I am succeeding at it.
C) I am striving to increase my happiness but actually becoming less happy in the process.
D) I am striving to increase my happiness but my happiness only remains stationary.

Question 37

People buy things in order to become happy. However, people always return to their set-point level of happiness. Why do people return to their set point level of happiness?

A) People habituate to the things that make them happy.
B) People return voluntarily because they are most comfortable at their set-point level of happiness.
C) People no longer pay attention to the things that made them happy.
D) Negative events offset the positive stimuli that made people happy.

Question 38

What describes people's pursuit of happiness? People strive

A) to become as happy as possible.
B) to become happy, but in moderation
C) to avoid becoming unhappy; to reach a neutral point
D) to despair

Question 39

What is the relationship between happiness and achievement behavior?

A) Achieving a goal reduces happiness.
B) Being happy makes a person unproductive; not achievement oriented
C) Being happy promotes achievement behavior.
D) Achievement behavior is independent or unassociated with prior happiness.

Question 40

What is a downside of happiness? A downside of happiness is

A) that people do not know what type of happiness to pursue, since all have equal utility.
B) not possible; there is no downside.
C) that happiness can only occur in moderation.
D) that the pursuit of happiness can lead to disappointment if not achieved.

Question 41

Why is it possible that to the same event, people can experience different emotions? Also, why is it possible that to different events, people can experience the same emotions?

Question 42

How does level of awareness, the amygdala versus the cortex, and negative versus positive emotion stimuli affect the appraisal process?

Question 43

What does it mean to claim that "emotions are motives?"

Question 44

How do emotions affect people's perception and decisions? Involve the affective realism hypothesis and the appraisal tendency hypothesis in your answer.

Question 45

a. What is the evidence that facial expressions and other signs of emotion are innate (not taught)?
b. Is there any evidence that learning might also play a role in the facial expression of emotion?

Question 46

What is the function of facial expressions according to the readout hypothesis and the behavioral ecology hypothesis?

Question 47

a. What is the set-point of happiness? Is it set at zero (neutral)? Are there instances where the set point has changed?
b. What is the hedonic treadmill?