Deck 7: Sampling Approaches and Considerations

Question 1

A _____ involves collecting data from all members of a population.

A) census
B) sample
C) questionnaire
D) non-probability sample
E) probability sample

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Calvin has defined the target population of a study to be human resource managers in small manufacturing firms (i.e., under $1 million in sales). He wants to collect data from all members of the target population. Calvin wants to collect a _____.

A) sample
B) census
C) questionnaire
D) non-probability sample
E) probability sample

Answer 2

B

Question 3

A ______ is a relatively small subset of the population, and it is drawn using either probability or non-probability procedures.

A) census
B) group
C) sub-census
D) sample
E) subgroup

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Hattie has defined the target population of a study to be marketing managers in large manufacturing firms (i.e., over $100 million in sales). She doesn't want to collect data from all members of the target population, just a subset of them that is representative of the target population. She wants to collect a _____.

A) sample
B) census
C) questionnaire
D) non-probability sample
E) sub-census

Question 5

The sampling design process involves answering all of the following questions EXCEPT _____.

A) Should a sample or a census be used?
B) If a sample is used, then which approach is best?
C) How large a sample is necessary?
D) How large is the population?
E) All of the above are questions involved in the sampling design process.

Question 6

The group of knowledgeable people about a particular topic is referred to as _____.

A) experts
B) employees
C) respondents
D) a census
E) the population

Question 7

Another term for population is _____.

A) sample
B) universe
C) unit
D) element
E) census

Question 8

All of the following are reasons for collecting a sample instead of conducting a complete census EXCEPT _____.

A) contacting the entire population generally would be costly and time consuming
B) it is often difficult, if not impossible, to locate all the elements
C) use of the elements may destroy them
D) properly selected samples provide information that is sufficiently accurate
E) there is never any reason to have to conduct a census

Question 9

A sample is considered to be _____of the population from which it is drawn if it mirrors characteristics of the population thereby minimizing the errors associated with sampling.

A) representative
B) of sufficient size
C) probabilistic
D) non-probabilistic
E) random

Question 10

A researcher has been commissioned to examine why employee turnover is so high in a company. After determining that most of the turnover is among employees in the Southeast, the researcher defined those employees as the target population. Once the target population has been defined by the researcher, what is the next step in the sampling process?

A) choose the sampling frame
B) implement the sampling plan
C) select the sampling method
D) design the questionnaire
E) conduct the interviews

Question 11

The _____ is the complete group of objects or elements relevant to the research project. They are relevant because they possess the information the research project is designed to collect.

A) sample
B) target population
C) sampling frame
D) sampling unit
E) census

Question 12

Elements or objects available for selection during the sampling process are known as the _____. They can be people, households, census tracts, businesses, or any logical unit relevant to the study's objective.

A) sample
B) sampling frame
C) sampling unit
D) respondent
E) subject

Question 13

A researcher is examining the effect election outcomes have on company stock prices. Companies represent the _____.

A) decision points
B) representatives
C) sampling frame
D) subjects
E) sampling unit

Question 14

The _____ provides a working definition of the target population. It is a comprehensive list of the elements from which the sample is drawn.

A) sample
B) sampling frame
C) sampling unit
D) respondent
E) subject

Question 15

The Yellow Pages listing of veterinarians, the telephone directory listing of individuals, a company's internal database listing its employees and/or customers, electronic directories available on the Internet, or a university's registration list are all examples of a _____.

A) sample
B) sampling frame
C) sampling unit
D) respondent
E) subject

Question 16

All of the following are ways in which a sampling frame is flawed EXCEPT _____.

A) it may not be up to date
B) it may include elements that do not belong to the target population
C) it may not include elements that do not belong to the target population
D) it may not include elements that do belong to the target population
E) it may have been compiled from multiple lists and contain duplicate elements as a result of the manner in which the list was constructed

Question 17

What are the two broad categories into which traditional sampling methods can be divided?

A) sampling frame and sampling unit
B) simple and complex
C) probability and convenience
D) probability and random
E) probability and nonprobability

Question 18

In which type of sampling method are sampling methods selected randomly and the probability of being selected is determined ahead of time by the researchers?

A) probability sampling
B) nonprobability sampling
C) snowball sampling
D) proportional sampling
E) quota sampling

Question 19

June wants to collect a sample based on the premise that each element of the target population has a known, but not necessarily equal, probability of being selected. She wants a sample that is representative of the target population. June should use a _____ method to select her sample.

A) census
B) probability
C) non-probability
D) convenience
E) judgment f. quota

Question 20

Which of the following is a type a probability sampling method?

A) simple random
B) convenience
C) judgment
D) snowball/referral
E) quota

Question 21

Which of the following is a type of non-probability sampling method?

A) simple random
B) systematic
C) stratified
D) quota
E) cluster

Question 22

All of the following are types of nonprobability sampling methods EXCEPT _____.

A) convenience
B) judgment
C) snowball/referral
D) quota
E) cluster

Question 23

In drawing a _____sample, the selection of elements is based on some random procedure that gives elements a known and non-zero chance of being selected, thereby minimizing selection bias.

A) non-probability
B) probability
C) quota
D) judgment
E) population

Question 24

Which type of sampling method assigns each element of the target population an equal probability of being selected?

A) simple random
B) convenience
C) judgment
D) quota
E) snowball

Question 25

When selecting citizens for jury duty, a local municipality randomly draws names from the registered voter database. Each voter has a 20 percent chance of being called up. What type of sampling method does this represent?

A) quota sampling
B) simple random sampling
C) systematic sampling
D) randomized sampling
E) eSampling

Question 26

____ sampling is a process that involves randomly selecting an initial starting point on a list, and thereafter every n^th element in the sampling frame is selected.

A) Simple random
B) Systematic
C) Stratified
D) Proportionately Stratified
E) Cluster

Question 27

Which of the following is the number of population elements between each unit selected when using systematic sampling?

A) sampling interval
B) sampling proportion
C) sampling quota
D) ratio scale
E) adjusted sample

Question 28

Ramón wants to draw a systematic sample from a population of 5,000. He wants a sample size of 50. In this case, the sampling interval is _____.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 50
D) 100
E) 200

Question 29

The ____ sampling approach to drawing a sample from the target population requires the researcher to partition the target population into relatively homogeneous subgroups that are distinct and non-overlapping.

A) simple random
B) systematic
C) stratified
D) cluster
E) snowball

Question 30

Stratified samples are selected in the two following ways: _____.

A) probability and non-probability
B) snowball and referral
C) single and multi-stage
D) proportionately and disproportionately
E) quota and random

Question 31

In ____, the overall sample size will be the total of all the elements from each of the strata, and the number of elements chosen from each strata is proportionate to the size of a particular strata relative to the overall sample size.

A) proportionately stratified sampling
B) disproportionately stratified sampling
C) equally stratified sampling
D) cluster stratified sampling
E) quota stratified sampling

Question 32

With this type of stratified sampling, the sample size from each stratum is determined independently without considering the size of the stratum relative to the target population size. The more important a particular stratum is considered, the higher will be the proportion of the sample elements selected from the stratum.

A) probability stratified
B) non-probability stratified
C) proportionately stratified
D) disproportionately stratified
E) non-proportionately stratified

Question 33

______ sampling is appropriate when there are subgroups in the population that are naturally formed and relatively homogeneous. Any one of these groups can be viewed as a population or sub-population in its own right.

A) Stratified
B) Proportionately stratified
C) Disproportionately
D) Grouping
E) Cluster

Question 34

If a population is made up of homogeneous groups, such as ethnic groups, which type of sampling method is appropriate?

A) subculture sampling
B) cluster sampling
C) proportionate sampling
D) disproportionate sampling
E) segmented sampling

Question 35

Which type of sampling involves a sequence of stages?

A) multidimensional sampling
B) sequential sampling
C) stepwise sampling
D) multistage cluster sampling
E) stratified sampling

Question 36

In _____ sampling, the selection of elements for the sample is not necessarily made with the aim of being statistically representative of the population. Thus, not every element in the population has a chance of being selected into the sample and the error associated with the sample is not known.

A) probability
B) nonprobability
C) stratified
D) cluster
E) disproportionately stratified

Question 37

Which sampling method involves selecting sample elements that are most readily available to participate in the study and can provide the information required?

A) convenience sample
B) quota sample
C) proximity sample
D) primary sample
E) nonscientific sample

Question 38

Ken is conducting a survey about consumers' awareness of laser eye surgery to correct near- and far-sightedness. He stands outside a local discount store and approaches individuals wearing glasses. What sampling method is Ken using?

A) simple random
B) systematic
C) clustering
D) convenience
E) quota

Question 39

Which type of sample involves selecting elements in the sample bases on the researcher deciding which elements should be included in the sample?

A) simple random sample
B) cluster sample
C) judgment sample
D) quota sample
E) biased sample

Question 40

A judgment sample is sometimes referred to as a _____ sample.

A) quota
B) purposive
C) multistage
D) referral
E) bias

Question 41

In which type of sampling method is the objective for the total sample to have proportional representation of the strata of the target population, and selection of elements is done on a convenience basis?

A) stratified sampling
B) proportionately stratified sampling
C) disproportionately stratified sampling
D) cluster sampling
E) quota sampling

Question 42

A researcher studying the effect of brands appearing in movies on consumers' attitudes has determined that there should be twice as many sampling elements in the 18-25 age group as there are in the other age groups because this group is the most frequent moviegoers. Which type of sampling method is this researcher using?

A) simple random sampling
B) cluster sampling
C) quota sampling
D) biased sampling
E) multistage sampling

Question 43

Which type of sampling involved selecting initial respondents typically using probability methods but then have them help identify other respondents in the target population?

A) quota sampling
B) network sampling
C) dyadic sampling
D) snowball sampling
E) viral sampling

Question 44

A snowball sample is also called a(n) _____ sample.

A) referral
B) quota
C) network
D) extended
E) viral

Question 45

Kim randomly selects ten people to participate in her study. To increase her sample size, Kim asks each respondent to refer her to two other individuals that are similar to the original respondent. She then asks those individuals for two more individuals that are similar to them. Kim is using a _____ sample.

A) random
B) snowball
C) quota
D) stratified
E) cluster

Question 46

Which is NOT a decision that must be made when statistical formulas are used to determine the sample size?

A) the degree of confidence
B) the specified level of precision
C) the population size
D) the amount of variability
E) all of the above are decisions that must be made when statistical formulas are used to determine sample size

Question 47

What does the researcher need to know to apply a statistical formula for the calculation of the appropriate sample size?

A) degree of confidence, variability, and population size
B) population size, desired precision, and variability
C) degree of confidence, population size, and desired precision
D) degree of confidence, variability, and desired precision
E) degree of confidence, variability, desired precision, and population size

Question 48

A sample is not a reasonably large portion of the population.

Question 49

A sampling unit is the complete group of objects or elements relevant to the research project.

Question 50

In nonprobability sampling, elements are selected randomly and the selection probabilities are preset by the researcher.

Question 51

Systematic sampling is a process that involves randomly selecting an initial starting point on a list and thereafter every nth element from the sampling frame is selected.

Question 52

Stratified sampling requires a researcher to partition the sampling frame into subgroups that are mixed and overlapping.

Question 53

Cluster sampling puts the target population into different groups called clusters.

Question 54

Multistage cluster sampling does not actually involve a sequence of stages.

Question 55

An example of the use of a convenience sample would be a professor interviewing students at a university.

Question 56

Quota sampling is not similar to stratified random sampling.

Question 57

Explain the difference between a census and a sample and discuss why a sample may be preferred over a census.

Question 58

List the five steps in the sampling process.

Question 59

Compare and contrast probability and non-probability sampling and list the methods used in each type.

Question 60

Explain why a sample of 500 is equally useful in understanding the opinions of a target population of 15 million as it is for one of 100,000. Is this true for populations of 1,000? Explain.

Question 61

Name and describe the five probabilistic sampling designs.

Question 62

Explain the stratified sampling approach and the difference between proportionally and disproportionately stratified sampling. Give an example of when each would be used.

Question 63

What considerations need to be taken into account when determining the appropriate efficient sample size, and how does a researcher determine the appropriate sample size?