Deck 13: Testing Hypotheses in Quantitative Research

Question 1

_____ statistics helps us to make judgments about the population from a sample.

A) Inferential
B) Alternative
C) Directional
D) Null
E) Descriptive

Answer 1

A

Question 2

_____ are the characteristics computed from the sample.

A) Population parameters
B) Univariate statistics
C) Nonparametric statistics
D) Sample statistics
E) Parametric statistics

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Characteristics of the population are known as _____.

A) population parameters
B) univariate statistics
C) nonparametric statistics
D) sample statistics
E) parametric statistics

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The _____ hypothesis concerns a population parameter, not a sample statistic.

A) null
B) alternative
C) zero
D) common
E) nondirectional

Question 5

A hypothesis stated as "No relationship exists between employee tenure and satisfaction" is best described as the _____ hypothesis.

A) common
B) base
C) null
D) alternative
E) sample

Question 6

The _____ hypothesis is what business researchers think is correct.

A) null
B) alternative
C) common
D) directional
E) nondirectional

Question 7

A hypothesis stated as "A relationship exists between mortgage interest rates and home sales" is best described as the _____ hypothesis.

A) null
B) directional
C) alternative
D) common
E) expected

Question 8

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding null and alternative hypotheses?

A) A null hypothesis concerns a population parameter, not a sample statistic.
B) In business research the null hypothesis is developed so that by accepting it we accept what we think is correct.
C) The null hypothesis usually states that no relationship exists between variables of interest.
D) The alternative hypothesis usually states that a relationship exists between variables of interest.
E) If the null hypothesis is rejected, then the alternative hypothesis is accepted.

Question 9

Type I error is referred to as _____.

A) $\alpha$
B) $\beta$
C) ?²
D) $\chi$
E) $\pi$

Question 10

The level of significance ( $\alpha$ ) is _____.

A) always equal to 0.05
B) always equal to 0.01
C) the probability of making an error by rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true
D) the probability of making an error by accepting the null hypothesis when it is actually false
E) the ability to reject the null hypothesis when in fact the null hypothesis is false

Question 11

Harold wants to limit the probability of making a Type I error to 5%. He should ____.

A) use an $\alpha$ = 0.95
B) use a $\beta$ = 0.95
C) use an $\alpha$ = 0.05
D) use a $\beta$ = 0.05
E) collect a large sample

Question 12

Which type of error occurs when, based on the sample results, the null hypothesis is not rejected when it is, in fact, false?

A) Type 0
B) Type I
C) Type II
D) Type III
E) Type IV

Question 13

Type II error is referred to as _____.

A) $\alpha$
B) $\beta$
C) ?²
D) $\chi$
E) $\pi$

Question 14

Which of the following represents the ability of a test to reject the null hypothesis when in fact the null hypothesis is false?

A) alpha
B) beta
C) statistical significance of the test
D) statistical power of the test
E) statistical direction of the test

Question 15

The statistical power of a test can be described as _____.

A) $\alpha$
B) (1- $\alpha$ )
C) $\beta$
D) (1- $\beta$ )
E) ?²

Question 16

The choice of a particular statistic technique depends on _____.

A) the number of variables and the scale of measurement
B) $\alpha$ and $\beta$
C) the chi square statistic
D) the population parameter
E) the population parameter and the sample size

Question 17

A researcher conducted a study examining top of mind awareness of brands after respondents watched a pilot television program with advertisements. After watching the program, respondents were asked to list the first brand that came to mind for several product categories, which included the ones advertised as well as many more not advertised. Answers were coded "1" if respondents listed a brand that was advertised and "0" for all other brands. Which measure of central tendency is most appropriate for this data?

A) mean
B) median
C) mode
D) chi square
E) t

Question 18

If a researcher has nominal data, which of the following can be calculated or statistical test performed?

A) mean
B) t test
C) ANOVA
D) standard deviation
E) none of these choices

Question 19

If a researcher has ordinal data, which of the following can be calculated or statistical test performed?

A) mean
B) t test
C) ANOVA
D) percentiles or quartiles
E) all of these choices

Question 20

If a researcher has ratio data, which of the following can be calculated or statistical test performed?

A) mean
B) t test
C) ANOVA
D) standard deviation
E) all of these choices

Question 21

When the data are measured using an interval or ratio scale and the sample size is large, _____ statistics are appropriate. It is also assumed the sample data are collected from populations with normal (bell-shaped) distributions.

A) parametric
B) nonparametric
C) chi-square
D) ANOVA
E) MANOVA

Question 22

When data are measured using an ordinal or nominal scale it is generally not appropriate to make the assumption that the distribution is normal and therefore _____ statistics should be used.

A) parametric
B) nonparametric
C) multivariate
D) univariate
E) bivariate

Question 23

Which is TRUE regarding univariate tests?

A) Univariate tests of significance can test many variables at the same time.
B) Univariate tests of significance are used to test hypotheses when the researcher wishes to test a proposition about a sample characteristic against a known or given standard.
C) Univariate tests of significance are the most complex types of tests.
D) Univariate tests of significance are used when more than one group is involved.
E) The chi square statistic is a univariate test of significance.

Question 24

The null hypothesis that the mean of a variable is not difference from some standard can be tested using which test?

A) ANOVA
B) one-sample t test
C) chi square
D) F ratio
E) β test

Question 25

When more than one group is involved, which type of tests must be used?

A) β statistical tests
B) univariate statistical tests
C) dual statistical tests
D) multiplicative statistical tests
E) bivariate statistical tests

Question 26

A(n) _____ is a frequency distribution of responses on two or more sets of variables.

A) chi-square test
B) bivariate test
C) cross-tabulation
D) ANOVA
E) t test

Question 27

Which statistic can be used to test whether the frequencies of two nominally scaled variables are related?

A) alpha
B) beta
C) chi-square
D) ANOVA
E) multivariate

Question 28

Jenny is examining whether there are differences between males and females and the type of work category, either part-time or full-time. It would be appropriate for Jenny to use to use the _____ statistic to examine this.

A) alpha
B) beta
C) chi-square
D) ANOVA
E) multivariate

Question 29

A _____ refers to the intersection of a row and a column of a cross tabulation table that represents a specific combination of two variables.

A) cell
B) sample statistic
C) population parameter
D) chi square statistic
E) bivariate

Question 30

In a cross tabulation table, the _____ counts are the actual number of responses from the sample in each cell.

A) univariate
B) bivariate
C) observed
D) expected
E) real

Question 31

In a cross tabulation table, the _____ counts are the number of responses we expect to get in each cell.

A) univariate
B) bivariate
C) observed
D) expected
E) population

Question 32

Kay interviews a sample of females and males. She wants to compare the amount of beer consumed per week by females with the average amount consumed by males. Kay is using a(n) _____ sample.

A) related
B) parametric
C) nonparametric
D) independent
E) group

Question 33

Which type of sample uses data from the same group and compares two variables, such as comparing the average number of soft drinks consumed each day for a group of females with the average number of cups of coffee consumed each day for the same group of females?

A) related
B) parametric
C) nonparametric
D) independent
E) group

Question 34

When sample size is small (i.e., n = 30), which distribution is appropriate?

A) β distribution
B) N distribution
C) t distribution
D) v distribution
E) Z distribution

Question 35

The term "one-way ANOVA" is used when _____.

A) a directional hypothesis is being tested
B) univariate statistics are appropriate
C) no follow-up tests will be performed
D) there is one independent variable
E) there is one treatment level for the independent variable

Question 36

Barry wants to examine the relationship between customer satisfaction, which is measured using a ratio scale, and customers' frequency of patronage, which is categorical data indicating 3 levels of patronage: occasional, frequent, very frequent. He believes that patronage will significantly influence satisfaction. What type of statistical analysis would be most appropriate for Barry to use?

A) chi-square test
B) ANOVA
C) MANOVA
D) multivariate
E) none of the above

Question 37

Categorical independent variables in ANOVA are referred to as _____.

A) cells
B) factors
C) F values
D) observed counts
E) expected counts

Question 38

When several independent variables are included in an ANOVA analysis, this is referred to as _____.

A) multivariate ANOVA
B) one-way ANOVA
C) N-way ANOVA
D) X-way ANOVA
E) MANOVA

Question 39

Which test is used to asses the differences between group means when using ANOVA?

A) A test
B) B test
C) F test
D) t test
E) Z test

Question 40

The F distribution is the ratio of two forms of variance and can be calculated as follows:

A) variance between groups/variance within groups
B) variance within groups/variance between groups
C) variance among groups/total variance
D) variance between groups/total variance
E) variance within groups/total variance

Question 41

Which of the following is TRUE regarding ANOVA?

A) It enables the researcher to conclude that statistical differences are present, and it identifies where the differences are.
B) The independent variable must be metric data, and the dependent variable is nonmetric data.
C) Both the independent and dependent variables are nonmetric data.
D) The chi-square statistic is used to test for significant differences between groups.
E) While it enables the researcher to conclude that statistical differences are present somewhere between the group means, it does not identify where the differences are.

Question 42

Which of the following examines the effect (if any) of two or more nonmetric independent variables on a single metric dependent variable?

A) one-way ANOVA
B) one-way MANOVA
C) N-way MANOVA
D) Chi square statistic
E) factorial design

Question 43

Which is NOT a null hypothesis tested simultaneously by a two-way ANOVA?

A) the effect of variable one on the dependent variable
B) the effect of variable two on the dependent variable
C) the combined effect of variables one and two on the dependent variable
D) the confidence interval estimates of differences between several means
E) all of the above are null hypotheses are tested simultaneously by a two-way ANOVA

Question 44

What is the difference between MANOVA and ANOVA?

A) MANOVA examines group differences across multiple metric dependent variables at the same time, whereas ANOVA examines group differences for only a single metric dependent variable.
B) MANOVA has several independent variables while ANOVA only has one.
C) MANOVA examines group differences across multiple nonmetric dependent variables at the same time, whereas ANOVA uses metric dependent variables.
D) MANOVA indicates where differences are, whereas ANOVA can only indicate that differences in group means exist.
E) MANOVA is a multivariate statistic, whereas ANOVA is a univariate statistic.

Question 45

Inferential statistics are used to help make judgements about a population based on a sample.

Question 46

Sample statistics are those that are taken at random. .

Question 47

A null hypothesis concerns a sample statistic not a population parameter.

Question 48

A Type I error is referred to as an alpha ( $\alpha$ ) and occurs when sample results lead to rejection of the null hypothesis when it is true. .

Question 49

Nominal data is a name or label that is used to enable the researcher to place respondents into categories. .

Question 50

Ordinal data does not allow participant responses to be ordered in a hierarchical pattern.

Question 51

Parametrical statistical procedures are appropriate when data is measured using an interval or ratio scale and the sample size is small.

Question 52

Cross tabulation is a frequency distribution of responses on two or more sets of variables. .

Question 53

The chi square (χ²) statistical test cannot be used to test whether the frequencies of two nominally scaled variables are related.

Question 54

Two means can be compared by using the t Test.

Question 55

One-way ANOVA means that there only one independent variable. .

Question 56

A factorial design examines the effect (if any) of two or more nonmetric independent variables on single metric dependent variable. .

Question 57

MANOVA means minimized analysis of variance and is similar to ANOVA.

Question 58

What is the difference between sample statistics and population parameters?

Question 59

List the factors influencing the choice of a particular statistical technique.

Question 60

A researcher is examining whether ACT scores from various high schools are statistically different from the national average. What statistical test is appropriate? Explain.

Question 61

A researcher has data regarding gender and employee tenure. Employee tenure was measured with a "yes or no" question, with "yes" meaning the employee is still with the company and "no" meaning the employee left within 5 years of initial employment. Which statistical test is appropriate to examine whether or not gender is a significant variable regarding employee tenure? Explain this statistical test.

Question 62

What is the difference between a one-way ANOVA, a two-way ANOVA, and an N-way ANOVA?

Question 63

What is the difference between ANOVA and MANOVA?