Deck 1: Biological Rhythms and Sleep

Question 1

Mignot's (1998) twin study showed a MZ concordance rate for human narcolepsy of:

A) 20-25%
B) 25-31%
C) 0.5-5%
D) 33-39%
E) 15-20%

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Biological rhythms that last longer than a day are called:

A) Infradian rhythms
B) Clockwork rhythms
C) Circadian rhythms
D) Cyclical rhythms
E) Homeostatic rhythms

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Biological rhythms that last less than a day are called:

A) Clockwork rhythms
B) Ultradian rhythms
C) Infradian rhythms
D) Circadian rhythms
E) Cyclical rhythms

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The theory that the sleep-waking cycle is endogenous assumes that it is controlled by:

A) Fatigue factors
B) Environmental factors
C) Psychological factors
D) External biological pacemakers
E) Internal biological pacemakers

Question 5

The main pacemaker for endogenous rhythms appears to be the:

A) Suprachiasmatic nucleus
B) Superior colliculus
C) Thalamus
D) Hippocampus
E) Cerebellum

Question 6

An event that is external, but which partially controls biological rhythms, is called a:

A) Zeitstein
B) Zeitgeist
C) Zeitgeber
D) Zeitelement
E) Zeitof

Question 7

It is accepted that there is a temporal relationship between the sleep-wake cycle and:

A) Serotonin
B) Melatonin
C) Thyroxine
D) Adenosine
E) Cryprochrome

Question 8

Blake (1967) found that there was a clear reduction in task performance at around which time of day?

A) Post-lunch
B) Early morning
C) Midday
D) Early evening
E) Late afternoon

Question 9

Hormones are produced by:

A) Endocrine glands
B) The suprachiasmatic nucleus
C) The hippocampus
D) Pheromones
E) The brain stem

Question 10

The synchronisation in menstrual cycles observed in women who spend much time together is thought to be due to the influence of:

A) Serotonin
B) Melatonin
C) Hormones
D) Pheromones
E) Zeitgebers

Question 11

Pheromones are biochemical substances that are released into the:

A) Urine
B) Bloodstream
C) Air
D) Brain
E) Spinal cord

Question 12

It now seems clear that Lam et al.'s (2006) research supports which therapy to cure SAD?

A) Phototherapy
B) Cognitive therapy
C) Hypnotic analgesia
D) Melatonin therapy
E) Dream therapy

Question 13

Biological rhythms that last for around one year before repeating are known as:

A) Clockwork rhythms
B) Circadian rhythms
C) Circannual rhythms
D) Infradian rhythms
E) Cyclical rhythms

Question 14

Which type of work is most disruptive in terms of causing harmful effects through major changes to circadian rhythms?

A) Rapidly rotating shiftwork
B) Permanent daywork
C) Permanent nightwork
D) Slowly rotating shiftwork
E) Non-rotating shiftwork

Question 15

In which stage of sleep do the EEG waves become slower and larger, but with short bursts of high-frequency sleep spindles?

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 3
D) Stage 4
E) Stage 5

Question 16

In which stage of sleep does REM sleep occur?

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 3
D) Stage 4
E) Stage 5

Question 17

REM sleep is sometimes referred to as:

A) Alpha sleep
B) Hypnogogic sleep
C) Paradoxical sleep
D) Slow-wave sleep
E) Light sleep

Question 18

What is the effect of release of the hormone melatonin, and under which conditions is it released?

A) It makes a person feel awake, and is released when light levels are high
B) It makes a person feel sleepy, and is released when light levels are high
C) It makes a person feel awake, and is released when light levels are low
D) It makes a person feel sleepy, and is released when light levels are low
E) It makes a person feel awake, and is released when a person wakes up

Question 19

Sleep deprivation has the most effect on performance of tasks that are:

A) Performed at teatime
B) Monotonous
C) Complex
D) Performed in the afternoon
E) Short

Question 20

Which of the following is a feature of sleep-deprivation psychosis?

A) Increased difficulties in coping with the environment
B) Loss of a sense of personal identity
C) A sense of depersonalisation
D) Increased difficulties in coping with other people
E) All of these

Question 21

Which of the following neurotransmitters has NOT been implicated in the physiology of sleep?

A) Dopamine
B) Serotonin
C) Noradrenaline
D) Acetylcholine
E) None of these

Question 22

Restoration theories assume that the function of sleep includes:

A) Coping with poor night vision
B) Protecting animals from predators
C) Replenishing neurochemicals and healing body tissue
D) Keeping animals immobile
E) All of these

Question 23

The idea that sleep is an adaptive means of conserving energy forms the basis of which theory?

A) Reverse-learning theory
B) Evolutionary theory
C) Activation-synthesis theory
D) Hibernation theory
E) Wish-fulfilment theory

Question 24

Lifespan changes in sleep patterns show:

A) An increase in REM sleep with age
B) A standard increase in sleep with age
C) Normal human variation at any age
D) A fixed, standard amount of sleep at each age
E) A sudden decrease in sleep in school-age children

Question 25

Insomnia has two forms called:

A) Primary and tertiary insomnia
B) Mild and severe insomnia
C) Primary and secondary insomnia
D) Temporary and permanent insomnia
E) Mild and chronic insomnia

Question 26

The personality trait linked with insomnia is:

A) Intuition
B) Harm avoidance
C) Introversion
D) Sensation-seeking
E) Judgemental

Question 27

Obstructive sleep apnoea is caused by:

A) Air only being able to move out of the lungs
B) Air only being able to move into the lungs
C) The nasal passages being blocked
D) Air temporarily being unable to move into or out of the lungs
E) The tongue being badly swollen

Question 28

Somnambulism research suggests causes could be:

A) Sleep-disordered breathing
B) Restless legs syndrome
C) Maladaptive genes
D) Fatigue and previous lack of sleep
E) All of the above

Question 29

Somnambulism, or sleepwalking, occurs mainly during:

A) Stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep
B) Stage 4 NREM sleep
C) Stage 3 NREM sleep
D) REM sleep
E) All slow wave sleep stages