Deck 3: Sex

Question 1

The idea of "using someone as a mere means" is centrally relevant to which of the following moral theories?

A) consequentialism
B) Kantianism
C) utilitarianism
D) natural law theory

Answer 1

B

Question 2

According to the Humanity formulation of Kant's principle, we must treat persons

A) never as a means.
B) never as a mere means.
C) in ways that produce the most good for everyone concerned.
D) in ways that serve one's own best interests.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

On Kant's view, it is morally permissible to:

A) masturbate.
B) engage in prostitution.
C) engage in consensual sexual activity outside of marriage.
D) None of the above.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Kant argues that because sexual attraction involves seeing another person as the object of one's appetites,

A) moral relationship with that person becomes impaired.
B) all sexual relations are thereby immoral.
C) it is impossible to treat people in light of their humanity in all circumstances.
D) there is a universal law of attraction.

Question 5

Kant argues that marriage allows spouses to treat each other not as mere means when engaging in sexual activity because

A) God demands that all sexual activity occur in the context of marriage.
B) this will ultimately produce the most happiness for the greatest number of persons.
C) in marriage two persons equally and reciprocally transfer their whole person to the other.
D) the universal law formulation of the categorical imperative requires that each of us be married.

Question 6

Kant's humanity formulation of the categorical imperative makes it impermissible for us to, he argues,

A) sell one of our teeth.
B) engage in prostitution.
C) both A and B
D) Neither A nor B

Question 7

Against Kant's view of sexual objectification, Papadaki argues that

A) it is not clear how sexual use sacrifices humanity.
B) Kant is wrong to think about the wrong of sexual objectification in terms of humanity.
C) sexual objectification actually enhances humanity.
D) Papadaki actually agrees with Kant's view

Question 8

According to Nussbaum, treating someone as an object is

A) sufficient for sexual objectification.
B) necessary for sexual objectification.
C) not necessary for sexual objectification.
D) all of the above.

Question 9

Papadaki argues that

A) sexual objectification is not always wrong.
B) sexual objectification involves the total reduction of a person to an object.
C) sexual objectification is not explainable in Kantian terms.
D) sexual objectification involves the denial of a person's humanity.

Question 10

Papadaki argues that the narrow view of sexual objectification

A) is correct.
B) fails to account for cases where there can be unintentional disregard of a person's humanity.
C) fails to account for cases of benign or positive objectification.
D) none of the above.

Question 11

Dworkin and MacKinnon argue that

A) pornography is morally pernicious because it involves sexual objectification.
B) pornography involves positive or benign sexual objectification.
C) pornography is not sexually objectifying.
D) pornography should be made illegal on Kantian grounds.

Question 12

Papadaki thinks that in cases where partners in a relationship mutually deny each other's humanity that

A) sexual objectification occurs.
B) sexual objectification does not occur.
C) there is no straightforward answer to the question of whether or not sexual objectification occurs.
D) the context of the relationship will determine whether or not sexual objectification occurred.

Question 13

Corvino considers the following argument: Homosexuals are "born that way"; therefore, homosexual activity is good and natural. Corvino claims that this argument is unsound. Why?

A) It ignores the possibility that homosexuality is a lifestyle choice.
B) It assumes that all innate desires are good ones.
C) It is equivalent to recognizing that homosexuality is unusual.
D) None of the above

Question 14

Which of the following does Corvino take to be a problematic "hidden assumption" of harm arguments against homosexuality?

A) If a practice is riskier than the alternatives, then that practice is moral, prudent, or otherwise to be pursued.
B) If a practice is risker than the alternatives, then that practice is immoral, imprudent, or otherwise to be avoided.
C) If a practice is safer than the alternatives, then that practice is immoral, imprudent, or otherwise to be avoided.
D) none of the above

Question 15

In Corvino's reading of Aquinas, "unnatural" sexual acts are those that are

A) deliberately pro-creative.
B) non-consensual.
C) deliberately non-procreative.
D) uncommonly practiced among adults.

Question 16

The two kinds of anti-homosexuality arguments to which Corvino responds are

A) naturalness arguments and arguments from fidelity.
B) harm arguments and arguments from divine command.
C) unnaturalness arguments and harm arguments.
D) naturalness arguments and economic arguments.

Question 17

Corvino thinks that even on the assumption that homosexuality is riskier than celibacy or heterosexuality, it will follow that homosexuality should "always and everywhere be discouraged by reasonable people" only if

A) the risks are worth it.
B) the risks are not worth it.
C) homosexuality is far riskier than celibacy or heterosexuality.
D) none of the above

Question 18

According to Corvino, the "unnaturalness" charge can carry moral weight only if those who level it can do two things:

A) (i) explain the harms of anal sex and (ii) establish that all homosexuals will inevitably suffer those harms.
B) (i) specify exactly what they mean by "unnaturalness" and (ii) explain why unnaturalness (so defined) matters morally.
C) (i) establish that one's sexual orientation is a matter of choice and (ii) that people who choose homosexuality have an intrinsic desire for self-harm.
D) (i) explain the value of naturalness and (ii) why nothing "unnatural" can be of value.

Question 19

McGregor argues that the serious of rape is not explained by lack of consent alone, but rather,

A) by what consent ranges over: sex, sexuality, and our bodies.
B) by the use of physical violence against our bodies.
C) by the reinforcement of bad norms of conduct about sex and sexuality.
D) none of the above

Question 20

McGrecgor, following Hampton, argues that the harm of rape involves

A) moral injury.
B) moral morbidity.
C) moral accident.
D) moral delusion.

Question 21

On McGregor's view, our rights carve out

A) what we are free to do.
B) the domain of our community.
C) the domain of our personal identity.
D) all of the above.

Question 22

The idea of moral injury involves

A) the natural law idea of the doctrine of double effect.
B) the Rossian idea of prima facie duties.
C) the utilitarian idea of greatest good for the greatest number.
D) the Kantian idea of the equal dignity of all persons.

Question 23

According to McGregor, the expressive harm of rape

A) needs to be intentionally inflicted.
B) does not need to be intentionally inflicted.
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above.

Question 24

More than communicating to an individual, McGregor argues that rape

A) reinforces a corrupt legal system.
B) expresses contempt for the democratic system of government.
C) expresses the inferiority of women as a group to the wider community.
D) reinforces gender roles.

Question 25

According to West, which of the following reasons for a women to engage in sex with her male partner may cause her harm?

A) She or her children are economically dependent on her male partner, and so she reasons that she better have sex with him and keep him happy.
B) Her refusal will result in her partner's being in a foul mood which is more burdensome than having undesired sex.
C) Her refusal might result in a violent outburst.
D) All of the above.

Question 26

On West's account, women who engage in undesired sex because of actual or felt dependence on their partner may experience injury to their sense of autonomy because

A) they have neglected to take whatever steps would lead to their self-sustenance.
B) they are dominated by their partners insofar as they are not free to do as they please.
C) they are actually coerced into having sex.
D) none of the above.

Question 27

West posits that one reason that these harms go unnoticed in the U.S. is that people in the U.S.

A) are less sensitive to threats from coercion.
B) are in general more sexist than other places.
C) tend to equate what is legal with what is good or harmless.
D) West actually thinks that people in the U.S. disproportionately recognize these harms.

Question 28

West argues that feminist legal theory has inadvertently led to the under-acknowledgement of the harms of consensual sex because

A) it posits that all sex is rape.
B) by suggesting that the harm of rape is that it is nonconsensual, it implies that all consensual sex is good.
C) by suggesting that the harm of rape has nothing to do with the victim's gender, it implies that women are not especially harmed by nonconsensual sex.
D) all of the above.

Question 29

West worries that liberal theory in academia has inadvertently led to the under-acknowledgement of the harms of consensual sex because

A) it is implicitly sexist.
B) it promotes individualism and valorizes individual choice.
C) it is too left-wing to support a sound gender-based critique of our sex practices.
D) it promotes communitarian thinking to the detriment of individualism.

Question 30

West argues that feminist rhetoric has

A) obscures the harms of noncoerced, consensual sex by implying that because what is coerced is bad what is noncoerced is good.
B) obscures the harms of rape by equating all sex with nonconsensual sex.
C) by not acknowledging a distinction between what is good and what noncoerced, has led to the acknowledgement of the harms of consensual sex.
D) All of the above

Question 31

Kant argues that some sexual acts are morally permissible.

Question 32

On Kant's view, we can never treat a person as a means.

Question 33

According to Kant, sexual acts within marriage are morally permissible because each party to the marriage has given his or her whole person to the other, and so does not use them as a mere means.

Question 34

Kant argues that some sexual acts are immoral because they are contrary to our animal nature.

Question 35

According to Corvino, there is an inherent connection between the origin of homosexual orientation and the moral value of homosexual activity.

Question 36

According to Corvino, if a practice is risker than the alternatives, it follows that that practice is immoral, imprudent, or otherwise to be avoided.

Question 37

Corvino defends a tight connection between the origin of homosexual orientation and the moral value of homosexual activity.

Question 38

Corvino thinks that all innate desires are good ones.

Question 39

Kant's conception of sexual objectification has nothing in common with the views of MacKinnon and Dworkin.

Question 40

According to Nussbaum, there can be neutral sexual objectification.

Question 41

Papadaki thinks that there is something to Kant's view about human sexual ethics, even though she disagrees with him.

Question 42

Papadaki argues that objectification occurs when someone is treated as an object in a way that denies or ignores or does not fully acknowledge someone's humanity.

Question 43

McGregor thinks that the harm of rape only consists in its nonconsensual nature.

Question 44

McGregor denies Hampton's view of moral injury by defending a subjective account of moral injury.

Question 45

According to McGregor's view, rape constitutes a moral injury against all women.

Question 46

On McGregor's view, rape communicates the message that women are inferior to men and is an object to be used by them for sexual pleasure.

Question 47

West argues that since non-consensual sex is always morally bad, consensual sex is always morally good.

Question 48

According to West, feminist rhetoric helps reveal the harms of consensual sex.

Question 49

One of the harms of consensual sex, according to West, is injury to self-possession.

Question 50

Since women who are harmed during consensual sex experience injury to-among other things- their autonomy and self-assertion, West argues that these women may lack a sense of self needed to experience these harms as such.

Question 51

Kant understands sexual attraction as an inclination of one person towards another's _________.

Question 52

The humanity formulation of Kant's categorical imperative says to act that you use humanity, which is in your own person or in the person of any other, always at the same time as an end, never as a _________means.

Question 53

Kant argues that no sexual acts outside of _________ are morally permissible.

Question 54

According to Kant, homosexual acts are contrary to our _________ nature.

Question 55

On Kant's view, concubinage fails to meet the standard of the humanity formulation of the categorical imperative because it is contrary to _________.

Question 56

Corvino considers various possible meanings of "_________" to determine whether they apply to homosexual conduct and to evaluate their moral significance.

Question 57

Corvino focuses on two types of arguments against homosexuality, those that focus on its being harmful and those that focus on its being _________.

Question 58

Corvino thinks it's a mistake to assume a tight connection between the origin of homosexual orientation and the _________ of homosexual activity.

Question 59

MacKinnon and Dworkin argue that the sexual objectification of women stems from _________
inequality.

Question 60

According to Papadaki, Nussbaum has a _________ view of sexual objectification.

Question 61

Papadaki argues that MacKinnon and Dworkin's arguments against pornography seem _________ in light of their pessimistic description of reality.

Question 62

On Papadaki's view, it is possible to objectify someone without _________ to objectify them, that is, without willfully adopting an attitude of disregard to another's humanity.

Question 63

Sexual objectification on Papadaki's view is always _________.

Question 64

McGregor argues that the lack of _________ explains part of the wrong of rape, but not all of it.

Question 65

Jean Hampton's notion of moral injury is _________; it communicates a message to the victim.

Question 66

According to McGregor, moral injury explains the emotional response that women have to the harm of rape, that they are indignant and _________.

Question 67

Moral injury does not _________ degrade a person's humanity. On the Kantian view, this cannot
be done.

Question 68

According to the _________ theory of value, no one is worse off after a voluntary exchange; West worries that this makes it hard to see the harms of consensual sex.

Question 69

One kind of harm that might be experienced by women engaging in heterosexual sex is injury to her sense of _________, insofar as she may lie to her partner about her own pleasure.

Question 70

West worries that the dominance of _________ theory in academia further obscures the harms of consensual sex.