Deck 22: The Exchange of Enlightenments: Eighteenth-Century Thought

Question 1

The greatest barrier to the introduction of Western learning in Japan was

A) a lack of interest.
B) the language barrier.
C) resistance to any foreign ideas.
D) the exclusion of Christianity.

Answer 1

the language barrier.

Question 2

The Baron de Montesquieu developed an influential theory that Western governments tended

A) to lean towards liberty and eastern governments towards tyranny.
B) to be tyrannical, and eastern governments were rational and strong.
C) to be based on Christian ethics and morals and thus better than governments in the non-Christian East.
D) to be despotic and tyrannical, and eastern governments were no better.

Answer 2

to lean towards liberty and eastern governments towards tyranny.

Question 3

In Korea,not only was practical learning from the West of great interest,but

A) Catholicism was actively promoted by some intellectuals.
B) Ishida Baigan became a strong advocate for including commoners in his classes.
C) an observatory was established by the French in the royal palace.
D) the study of Western books on anatomy took over the medical profession.

Answer 3

Catholicism was actively promoted by some intellectuals.

Question 4

The common economic policy of governments during the eighteenth century was

A) to accumulate cash.
B) to engage in free trade.
C) to deregulate prices.
D) to use their empires to develop competitive markets.

Question 5

The experiments of Pierre de Maupertuis revealed that

A) people could survive in severely cold climates.
B) the earth is a perfect sphere.
C) the earth is shaped like a football.
D) the earth is squashed at its poles.

Question 6

The Chinese convinced the Jesuits to develop new military technology for them in 1673 by

A) giving them large sums of money.
B) threatening to expel all Christians.
C) threatening to kill the Jesuits.
D) permitting them to convert more people in areas previously off limits.

Question 7

The French philosopher and satirist Voltaire was attracted to Confucianism because he

A) found it full of material that he could ridicule in his satirical writing.
B) felt that it pointed to an alternative to absolute monarchy.
C) regarded it as an alternative to organized religion.
D) believed that it promoted universal education equally for all.

Question 8

The emphasis of the Encyclopedia of Denis Diderot was on

A) the collection of knowledge in place of religious belief.
B) the creation of a system of metaphysics.
C) practical knowledge.
D) theoretical knowledge.

Question 9

Echoes of new ideas from the West about women's rights can be found in the work of the poet Ho Xuang Huong of

A) China.
B) Japan.
C) Korea.
D) Vietnam.

Question 10

The religious revival of the eighteenth century for most people focused on

A) a scientific and reasoned approach to faith.
B) a return to organized religions that had dealt with previous issues of corruption effectively.
C) an emphasis on feelings and enthusiasm.
D) studying the scriptures themselves.

Question 11

The concept of "enlightened despotism" developed by Francois Quesnay held that

A) it was just propaganda for tyrannical government and would be harmful to good government.
B) a well-governed society should be a mixture of democratic and aristocratic values.
C) the people would be helped by a despotic, authoritarian, though enlightened government.
D) the head of the government should be trained to be a philosopher.

Question 12

The eighteenth-century European view of Japan,about which there was little first-hand information,tended to be

A) much more favorable and idealized than the view of China.
B) seen as an example of "oriental despotism" by all.
C) seen as a land of mystery about which there was no clear opinion.
D) about the same as the view of China.

Question 13

During the Enlightenment,the country with the largest number of educated and literate people was

A) Britain.
B) China.
C) France.
D) India.

Question 14

Most of the Enlightenment thinkers believed that human beings were

A) basically good.
B) basically evil.
C) always motivated by self interest.
D) incapable of progress.

Question 15

The ultimate reason for the failure of Lord Macartney's 1793 mission to China was that

A) the British had nothing the Chinese really needed.
B) the British had brought inadequate gifts.
C) Macartney failed to bow to the emperor.
D) the British seemed uncivilized.

Question 16

In 1750,the French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau denied that

A) it was his purpose to see nature in all her variety and splendor.
B) the arts and sciences have benefited mankind.
C) society creates a bond between people under a common will.
D) man is born free and everywhere he is in chains.

Question 17

As a part of the anticlerical movement that swept over eighteenth century Europe,

A) church lands in Spain were seized.
B) Portugal expelled the Jesuit order.
C) the ruler of England became the head of the Church.
D) the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved.

Question 18

The early French feminist Marie-Olympe De Gouges was executed in 1793 because of her

A) defense of the king and queen.
B) arguments that women were equal to men.
C) attacks on the church.
D) attacks on men for the oppression of women.

Question 19

In answer to the question of why evil exists in the world,the German philosopher Gottfried Leibniz argued that

A) evil is a product of ignorance.
B) evil is an illusion.
C) good and evil are inseparable.
D) good and evil are a matter of opinion.

Question 20

New intellectual developments in Japan came about largely

A) from the reading of Western books.
B) in reaction against Confucianism.
C) because of the reintroduction of Christian texts by the Dutch.
D) because of new ideas about Buddhism that came from Korea.

Question 21

Which of Napoleon's political and military actions did not endure after his defeat and exile?

A) the Code Napoleon
B) the separation of Church and State in France
C) the imposition of French ideas and leaders on Spain
D) the defense of the nation by an army of citizens

Question 22

How did Europeans view China,India,and the Ottoman Empire? What were the positive aspects of these views,and how did these views change over the course of the eighteenth century?

Question 23

One of the impacts of British rule on India was the development of Western scientific learning that created

A) a culture of dependence that did not allow room for native Indian scientists.
B) a few Indian scientists, but they were only allowed to publish in English.
C) Indian scientists who published in Indian languages.
D) scientific institution mostly run by Jesuits.

Question 24

During his reign Maximillian Robespierre attempted all of the following EXCEPT:

A) to curtail the power of aristocrats
B) to implement principles of religious liberty
C) to use terror to execute people who threatened the "virtue" of the Revolution
D) to promote discussion of the different views of political parties

Question 25

In what ways did Western ideas begin to change Asian concepts of society and social practice? What impacts beyond technology did the Enlightenment have on the East?

Question 26

What role did Chinese philosophy and government play in Enlightenment debates over state and society?

Question 27

When a Polynesian named Omai was brought to England in 1774,he was treated

A) like a freak and an animal.
B) as a wild man and kept in a cage.
C) with praise as naturally graceful and depicted as dignified.
D) contempt by the elite of society.

Question 28

The Marquis de Sade took the ideas of Rousseau to an extreme by saying that

A) morality was not a part of nature.
B) no instincts or acts are immoral because all are natural.
C) he was beyond good and evil.
D) nature could be subordinated to the human will.

Question 29

Two of the most important developments that arose from the voyages of Captain James Cook were

A) improvement of hygiene and nutrition for his men and the discovery of the Northwest passage.
B) use of the latest technology for determining longitude and the exploration of the California coast.
C) discovery of the Northwest passage and the mapping of the Pacific Ocean.
D) the mapping of the Pacific Ocean and exploding the myth of Terra Australis.

Question 30

One of the most lasting contributions of Napoleon Bonaparte's rule is

A) his conception of the role of the military.
B) his law code.
C) his redrawing of the map of Europe.
D) his concept of abolishing aristocracy and subordinating the church to the state.

Question 31

One aspect that surprised much of the world and many Americans was that the United States

A) became successful economically.
B) did not become a monarchy.
C) did not choose to rejoin Britain.
D) did not become a military dictatorship.

Question 32

The one matter upon which there was agreement among the contributors to Denis Diderot's Encyclopedia concerned

A) organized religion.
B) astrology.
C) political philosophy.
D) nature.

Question 33

How accurate were European views of other cultures? Did they see only what suited them,whether good or bad? What sources would one need to answer this question completely?

Question 34

What Western ideas were generally sought after in Asian countries? Why were those ideas important,but not others?

Question 35

Austria and Prussia invaded France in 1792 largely because they

A) wished to support the Catholic Church.
B) planned to annex large areas of France for themselves.
C) were afraid that France would sign a treaty with Russia against them.
D) feared the export of revolution to their own countries.

Question 36

In Lahontan's work,he uses an imaginary Huron named Adario to

A) discuss problems with translations of the Bible and the merits of free love.
B) relate stories about the world of the Huron.
C) provide his readers with a more accurate view of Native Americans.
D) merely as a character in a play.

Question 37

The Ottoman Empire was not seen by European observers as being

A) tolerant in matters of religion.
B) technologically advanced.
C) treating minorities well.
D) having respect for laws, customs, and property rights.

Question 38

After the execution of the French royal family in August 1792,most of the people executed in the name of the revolution were

A) nobles.
B) clergy.
C) peasants and workers.
D) intellectuals.

Question 39

The main reason that King Louis XVI of France called the Estates General into session in 1789 was

A) war with England.
B) a financial crisis.
C) as a result of Enlightenment ideas.
D) because of the church.

Question 40

As the British colonized Australia,they commonly treated the native Aborigines

A) as "noble savages" whose lives they idealized.
B) as subhuman, not even bothering to make treaties with them and even hunting them like animals.
C) as somewhat "civilized" and worth making treaties with, even if they didn't always keep them.
D) as curiosities, but because almost all died, they had little opportunity to interact with them.

Question 41

What was the common Enlightenment view of the church? Why did most Enlightenment thinkers hold this view?

Question 42

How did the scientific discoveries of Captain James Cook and others affect the development of the romantic movement?

Question 43

How do individuals like the Marquis de Sade and Napoleon illustrate the excesses of the Enlightenment?

Question 44

How did Enlightenment views of the nature of humankind and of religion affect their views of other cultures?

Question 45

To what extent did Napoleon's domestic policies and foreign wars mark a continuation and extension of fundamental principles established during the French revolution? Your answer should include foreign and domestic examples and it should consider the differing experiences of men and women during this period.

Question 46

What was the lasting impact of the French Revolution and Napoleon's rule on the social and economic structure of Continental Europe?
In Perspective

Question 47

Which had a more lasting global impact,outcomes of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars or the fundamental ideas and principles upon which these wars were based? Your answer should include examples from areas outside of Europe.

Question 48

Was Napoleon a ruler who symbolized the Enlightenment or who undermined its ideals?

Question 49

Did Asian intellectuals have an accurate perception of the West,or did they see only what they wanted to see?

Question 50

How did the outcomes of the French and American revolutions embody the twin possibilities of the Enlightenment?

Question 51

How did the romantic movement affect religion,art,literature,and philosophy?

Question 52

What impact did Enlightenment ideas have in China and in India?

Question 53

What effect did the Enlightenment view of the goodness of humankind have on considerations of economic practice and social equality?

Question 54

What is romanticism,and how is it both an outgrowth of and a reaction to Enlightenment thought,especially about religion?

Question 55

What were the major causes of the French Revolution,and why did it take the course that it did?