Deck 12: Hate Crime Victimization

Question 1

What is a "trigger event"?

Answer 1

A "trigger event" refers to a specific occurrence that initiates a process or causes a particular action to take place. In different contexts, trigger events can have various meanings and implications:

1. **Marketing and Sales**: In the context of sales and marketing, a trigger event might be an action or change in a company's status that indicates a potential sales opportunity. For example, a business might identify a trigger event such as a company receiving funding, launching a new product, or experiencing a change in leadership. These events can signal that the company may be open to purchasing new services or products.

2. **Project Management**: In project management, a trigger event could be a milestone or a specific condition that, when met, initiates the next phase of a project. For instance, the completion of a project's design phase might be the trigger event that allows for the beginning of the development phase.

3. **Finance**: In finance, a trigger event might refer to a condition or threshold being reached that activates a certain financial action. For example, a stock option might have a trigger event that, when the stock reaches a certain price, the option can be exercised.

4. **Psychology**: In psychological terms, a trigger event is an occurrence that evokes a strong emotional response, often due to past trauma or significant experiences. This could be anything from a specific date, a smell, a place, or a phrase that causes an individual to relive past emotions or trauma.

5. **Technology and Software**: In software, a trigger event can be an action or set of conditions that cause a certain function to execute. For example, in database management, a trigger might be set up to automatically create a backup when a certain amount of data is entered or at a specific time.

6. **Legal**: In legal contracts, a trigger event might be a condition that, once met, allows for certain clauses to take effect. This could include breach of contract conditions, or events that activate a termination clause or a renegotiation of terms.

7. **Emergency Response**: In the context of emergency services, a trigger event is an incident that activates a response plan. For example, the detection of a fire in a building would be the trigger event for the fire alarm system and emergency evacuation procedures.

Understanding the nature of trigger events in the relevant context is crucial for appropriate planning, response, and capitalization on opportunities or mitigation of risks.

Question 2

What is the significance, with respect to hate crime victimization, when a trigger event, moral panic, and potent interest groups come together or intersect?

Answer 2

No Answer

Question 3

Hate crime legislative provisions address bias-motivated violence. What groups of people do these provisions typically protect?

Answer 3

No Answer

Question 4

Why have some states legislated against cross-burning and wearing masks or hoods in public?

Question 5

How is the federal Civil Rights Act applicable to hate crime?

Question 6

Which federal agency is in charge of compiling reports of hate crime incidents that take place throughout the nation?

Question 7

What is a "sentencing enhancement," and how does it fit in with hate crime?

Question 8

What happened in the U.S. Supreme Court case of Wisconsin v. Mitchell (1993)?

Question 9

What issues were involved in the U.S. Supreme Court case of Virginia v. Black (2003)?

Question 10

Why have some legislative bodies addressed "the hangman's noose" as a hate symbol?

Question 11

According to the FBI, what is the most common form of hate crime? The least?

Question 12

According to the FBI, what trends are there in hate crime incidents throughout the country?

Question 13

Official data sources are haunted by the dark figure of crime. How does the National Crime Victimization Survey overcome this obstacle?

Question 14

What does the NCVS convey about hate crime victimization trends?

Question 15

Explain the decision process contained in Box 12.1 of your textbook as it pertains to hate crime victimization.

Question 16

What is a "third-party watch group," and what do they do with respect to hate crime victimization?

Question 17

What is a "false zero," and how does this problem affect tallies of hate crime incidents?

Question 18

What two strategies has law enforcement pursued with respect to hate crime activity?

Question 19

Use Box 12.4 of your textbook to gain a better understanding of key indicators that might help reveal whether an incident might be a hate crime.

Question 20

How have prosecution efforts responded to hate crime activity?

Question 21

Use Box 12.5 of your textbook to gain a fuller understanding of how prosecutors evaluate whether to file hate crime charges in a case.

Question 22

Prosecutors generally have two strategies in mind when they enter the courtroom: decrease the complexity of a case and minimize the risk of losing the case. How do hate crimes represent an obstacle to those goals?

Question 23

Talk about the Arrendi case and its outcome on judges' sentencing practices.

Question 24

Usually, several distinctive elements must be come together or intersect before a meaningful collective response to a problem is generated. Which of the following is NOT one of those elements?

A) trigger event
B) media coverage
C) moral panic
D) powerful interest groups
E) all of the above elements must be present or intersect

Question 25

Generally speaking, hate or bias crimes target victims because of what kinds of traits or characteristics?

A) socioeconomic status and political affiliation
B) educational background and type of school they attended
C) race, ethnicity, religion, or sexual orientation
D) current location and time of day
E) subversive beliefs that it is necessary to overthrow the government

Question 26

The U.S. government considers hate crimes to be which of the following?

A) a federal civil rights act violation
B) a violation of the 14th Amendment (due process) of the U.S. Constitution
C) similar to hazing or bullying behaviors
D) a violation of international treaty agreements
E) none of the above items is applicable

Question 27

Which of the following is associated with the term "sentencing enhancement"?

A) genuine circumstances
B) mitigating circumstances
C) aggravating circumstances
D) pejorative circumstances
E) consequential circumstances

Question 28

What do we call statements in which the speaker means to communicate a serious expression of intent to commit an act of unlawful violence against a particular individual or group of individuals?

A) protected language under the 1st Amendment of the U.S. Constitution
B) trigger event
C) testimonial statements
D) nontestimonial statements
E) true threats

Question 29

Which of the following items best describes the overwhelming majority of hate crimes in the United States?

A) They are directed at places of worship.
B) They are directed at public monuments.
C) The targets are animals, particularly pets.
D) They involve the use of symbols, such as the hangman's noose.
E) They involve a direct attack against a person.

Question 30

Which of the following problems plague official hate crime statistics?

A) telescoping
B) memory decay
C) the dark figure of crime
D) the mover-stayer problem
E) overreporting

Question 31

To what does the issue of "false zeroes" refer?

A) untrue victim reports of hate crime incidents
B) exaggerated media coverage of alleged hate crime incidents that turn out to be unfounded
C) the practice of assuming that no hate crimes have occurred whenever an agency fails to submit a hate crime incident report form
D) the common agency practice of clearing a hate crime even though an arrest has not been made or a suspect has not been named
E) victim denials that they have been the target of a hate crime attack

Question 32

Which of the following outlawed unfair employment practices?

A) Civil Rights Act of 1964
B) Civil Rights Act of 1968
C) Anti-Defamation League of 1981
D) Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990
E) Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr., Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009

Question 33

To what does the "Apprendi Rule" refer?

A) Arresting officers are obligated to issue Miranda warnings in every hate crime arrest.
B) Judges are obligated to issue Miranda warnings to every hate crime defendant who appears in court.
C) Any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be decided by the presiding judge using the "preponderance of evidence" standard.
D) Any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury and proved using "beyond a reasonable doubt" standard.
E) Any fact that decreases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury and proved using the "some credible evidence" standard.

Question 34

Even if the offender believes the victim is a member of a protected group, a hate crime only occurs if the victim actually is in a protected group.

Question 35

A moral panic means that a social problem is considered to be so pervasive and damaging that it threatens core values and beliefs.

Question 36

Currently, 47 states have some type of hate crime legislation.

Question 37

The most frequent type of hate crime involves racial intimidation.

Question 38

Most sex-based offenses are directed against bisexual women.

Question 39

The Southern Poverty Law Center sues hate groups in civil court in order to drain their financial reserves.

Question 40

An example of a sentencing enhancement is a prisoner being moved from a maximum-security facility to a minimum-security facility as a reward for good behavior.

Question 41

"Fighting words" and "true threats" are protected by the First Amendment.

Question 42

Prosecutors aim to add hate crime to cases as much as possible.

Question 43

A sentencing factor requires a finding based on only a preponderance of evidence.