Deck 1: The Scope of Victimology

Question 1

To what does the term mala in se refer?

Answer 1

No Answer

Question 2

What is the difference between retribution and restitution?

Answer 2

No Answer

Question 3

What does the term lex talionis mean?

Answer 3

No Answer

Question 4

Compare and contrast the victim's justice system with the criminal's justice system.

Question 5

How did the victim's justice system turn into the criminal's justice system?

Question 6

What is the relevance of the terms gemeinschaft and gesellschaft for victim treatment?

Question 7

What major concept or concern captivated the early victimologists?

Question 8

What is a typology, and why did the early victimologists concentrate on creating typologies?

Question 9

What is the significance behind the book titles The Criminal and His Victim and The Victim and His Criminal?

Question 10

What does the term agent provocateur imply?

Question 11

Explain von Hentig's victim typology that appears in Table 1.1 of the textbook.

Question 12

Explore the typology, presented in Table 1.3 of the textbook, which Schafer developed.

Question 13

What does "victim precipitation" mean?

Question 14

What was the importance of Wolfgang's homicide study?

Question 15

How did Wolfgang define victim precipitation?

Question 16

What three findings or empirical regularities emerged from Wolfgang's homicide study?

Question 17

Did Wolfgang's study and Amir's research support or refute the concept of victim precipitation?

Question 18

Why did some people object to Amir's conclusions?

Question 19

Explain the four assumptions behind the victim precipitation argument.

Question 20

What does Curtis gain by merging victim precipitation with offender responsibility in Table 1.4 of the textbook?

Question 21

Using Figure 1.1 of the textbook, what four broad questions does general victimology raise?

Question 22

How does "critical victimology" represent a different approach?

Question 23

What kinds of questions does "critical victimology" raise?

Question 24

List some topics that would capture the interest of a critical victimologist.

Question 25

What was the importance of the victim movement as the academic field of victimology developed?

Question 26

What movements led to the rise of concern over victim rights?

Question 27

What do the book's authors mean when they talk about examining the transition from the criminal's justice system to the victim's justice system?

Question 28

The transition from a victim's justice system to a criminal's justice system was marked by the trend away from which of the following and towards which of the following?

A) away from a gemeinschaft society and towards a gesellschaft society
B) away from a gesellschaft society and towards a gemeinschaft society
C) away from an industrialized society and towards a rural society
D) away from an agricultural society and towards a democratic society
E) away from a feudal society and towards a dictatorship

Question 29

Prior to the Middle Ages, the concept of lex talionis prevailed in the pursuit of justice. This concept included which of the following items?

A) rehabilitation
B) retribution
C) deterrence
D) a victim injustice system
E) all of the above

Question 30

The idea of retribution:

A) was started by Stephen Schafer
B) is that the offender should suffer in proportion to the degree of harm he or she caused
C) is the opposite of restitution
D) is the feeling that the victim played an active role in his or her victimization
E) was begun by feudal barons

Question 31

Which one of the following items refers to totally unacceptable or immoral behavior?

A) mala prohibita
B) lex talionis
C) ex parte
D) mala in se
E) habeas corpus

Question 32

Which of the following best describes what the term "victim precipitation" means?

A) the offender carefully selects victims with certain characteristics
B) the offender lacks a mens rea
C) the victim lacks a mens rea
D) the victim somehow or another caused his or her own victimization
E) victim instigation of criminal prosecution

Question 33

What was Hans von Hentig's main contribution to the field of victimology?

A) he suggested that rape victims had a subconscious desire to be raped
B) he proposed the idea of the criminal-victim dyad, which looked at the role the victim played in his or her own victimization
C) he was the founder of what is known today as "critical victimology"
D) he stated that victims may have a "functional responsibility" for their victimization
E) he founded the National Organization for Victim Assistance

Question 34

Which of the following persons caused a giant uproar over an empirical analysis of rape victims?

A) L. A. Curtis
B) Franklin and Franklin
C) Marvin Wolfgang
D) Beniamin Mendelsohn
E) Menachem Amir

Question 35

Mary and Joseph are arguing about two opposing political parties, the Unicorns and the Rhinos, at Mary's home. Mary is upset that Joseph keeps insulting her party, the Rhinos, and insists that he listen to her reasoning. Joseph refuses, and attempts to end the conversation by leaving the apartment. Mary steps in front of him and blocks Joseph's exit. Joseph politely asks to Mary step aside, but she refuses. In response, Joseph pushes her out of his way. The shove causes Mary to lose her balance. She falls against a table, hits her head, and sustains a concussion. Now, respond to two inquiries. First, was Mary an active or passive precipitator in her own victimization? Second, was Joseph's response provoked or unprovoked?

A) active; provoked
B) active; unprovoked
C) passive; provoked
D) passive; unprovoked
E) none of the above apply as "stand-your-ground" laws apply to this situation

Question 36

Which of the following statements best characterizes the victim precipitation argument?

A) criminal acts can be explained by the behavior of the offender
B) the victim becomes activated only when the offender emits certain signals
C) the victim's behavior is necessary and sufficient to trigger the commission of a criminal act
D) offenders plan their criminal acts
E) victimization is often a spur-of-the-moment behavior

Question 37

Marvin E. Wolfgang was responsible for which of the following?

A) drawing attention to the role of victim precipitation in homicide cases
B) writing The Criminal and His Victim
C) not using an empirical methodology
D) describing the subculture of nonviolence
E) isolating the dominant role of illicit activity in patterns of homicide

Question 38

According to Wolfgang, which of the following items plays a major role in victim-precipitated homicide?

A) race
B) "crack" cocaine
C) politics
D) personal appearance
E) interpersonal relationships and escalation

Question 39

Backlash to the idea of victim precipitation included criticisms of all the following assumptions except which one?

A) victim behavior causes crime
B) victims emit signals to which offenders must respond
C) victim behavior is a necessary and sufficient causal mechanism
D) victims often know their perpetrators
E) the victim intends to become victimized

Question 40

Which of the following persons is associated with the emergence of the field of victimology?

A) Edwin Sutherland
B) Hans von Hentig
C) Robert K. Merton
D) Emile Durkheim
E) Travis Hirschi

Question 41

Which of the following persons is sometimes credited with being the "father of victimology"?

A) Hans von Hentig
B) Beniamin Mendelsohn
C) Stephen Schafer
D) Marvin E. Wolfgang
E) Menachem Amir

Question 42

Using Stephen Schafer's victim precipitation typology, which of the following victim categories bears responsibility for his or her misfortune?

A) political victims
B) socially weak victims
C) biologically weak victims
D) provocative victims
E) unrelated victims

Question 43

Beniamin Mendelsohn classified victims according to which of the following characteristics?

A) culpability in a criminal act
B) biological traits
C) ethnicity
D) type of drug addiction
E) all of the above

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT a category of victims in Mendelsohn's typology of what constitutes "general victimology"?

A) the victim of a crime
B) a victim of the natural environment
C) a victim of one's self
D) a technological victim
E) all of the above appear in Mendelsohn's typology

Question 45

Which of the following topics would a critical victimologist be most inclined NOT to study?

A) genocide
B) political campaign law violations
C) human slave trade
D) child maltreatment
E) the market for archeological and antiquities treasures

Question 46

According to the text, which of the following was NOT a reason for the emergence of the victim movement?

A) the pharmaceutical industry
B) the women's movement
C) the children's rights movement
D) the growing crime problem
E) mass media

Question 47

Which of the following items best describes the overarching theme your textbook intends to present in upcoming chapters?

A) the movement away from a criminal's justice system and towards a victim's justice system
B) the movement away from a criminal justice system and towards a societal justice system
C) the movement away from a criminal justice system and towards a civil justice system
D) the movement away from a victim's injustice system and towards a criminal's justice system
E) all of the above

Question 48

A criminal who is a known distributor of child pornography is called an agent provocateur.

Question 49

An isolated society in which an individual handles his or her own problems is a gemeinschaft society.

Question 50

Capital punishment for a convicted murderer reflects the principle of lex talionis.

Question 51

In retribution, an offender makes payment sufficient enough to render the victim whole again.

Question 52

Von Hentig authored The Victim and His Criminal.

Question 53

Victim compensation aims to reimburse victims for their losses.

Question 54

Making criminal acts unattractive by removing incentives is a prevention technique called deterrence.

Question 55

The movement toward a gesellschaft society began shortly after the inception of the Code of Hammurabi.

Question 56

According to Mendelsohn, an imaginary victim is when a crime is committed that does not harm another person (such as drug use).

Question 57

According to Schafer, an immigrant is an example of a socially weak victim.