Deck 2: Developing a Personal Ethical Standard for Human Communication

Question 1

A personal ethical standard consists of values and principles a person uses to make judgments and decisions about what is good, right or virtuous.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Research indicates that when people who do not have conversations about difficult topics and what is the right things to do, the presence of ethics in their lives is thin and spotty.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The descriptive study of ethics explains how practices of ethics develop.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The prescriptive study of ethics offers arguments about what your personal ethics should be.

Question 5

Moral emotions influence what you understand as good or bad.

Question 6

All moral emotions are learned.

Question 7

Empathy, the equality bias, and disgust are important moral emotions.

Question 8

Empathy is important for ethical sensitivity.

Question 9

Centers for empathy are located in the human brain.

Question 10

The emotion of empathy stimulates a person to understand another person in distress and to respond in ways that minimizes her distress.

Question 11

All empathy experienced by adults is the same as empathy experienced by babies.

Question 12

Reactive empathy is automatically stimulated by mirror neurons that mirror behaviors and feelings a person sees in others, e.g. crying and sadness or a smile and happiness.

Question 13

Empathy develops from a biological basis in infancy to include cognitive skills such as perspective taking and reasoning that promote understanding.

Question 14

The empathic capacity a person is both with is identical to the empathic capacity she has as an adult.

Question 15

Empathy and sympathy are the same emotion.

Question 16

Unlike empathy, sympathy does not require a person to experience or share another person's feelings of distress in order to understand them.

Question 17

Sympathy may be more important for ethical action than empathy.

Question 18

Empathy is always ethical.

Question 19

The moral emotion of the equality bias stimulates an understanding of fairness that focuses on equality of outcome.

Question 20

The moral emotions of the equality bias focus on what is my disadvantage, relative to others.

Question 21

The moral emotion of disgust is learned.

Question 22

The moral emotion of disgust is biologically innate, like the moral emotions of empathy and the equality bias.

Question 23

Disgust is an evolutionary adaptation to avoiding bad food or sources of disease.

Question 24

The experience of disgust can interfere with or stop experience of empathy or the equality bias.

Question 25

The moral emotions of empathy, the equality bias and disgust provided early human beings with an evolutionary advantage by promoting cooperation within groups.

Question 26

Communication with adults has little impact on the moral development of children.

Question 27

The first communication message received by most newborn infants is the communication act of acknowledgment.

Question 28

Acknowledgment of children by adults promotes healthy cognitive, emotional, moral, and communication development

Question 29

Psychologist Sherry Turkle is concerned that when adults are distracted by their digital device, their communication with children does not encourage a child's development.

Question 30

Communication with family members is the primary source of moral development for children.

Question 31

As a child grows into adulthood, how she experiences communication with peers and communication messages about religion and spirituality, the workplace and marketplace, as well as popular culture will influence her moral development.

Question 32

An important conversation with an adult, such as a parent, grandparent, teacher or coach that helps a child or adolescent understand what is right or wrong, is a memorable message about ethics.

Question 33

Communication with peers is important for developing a child's understanding of justice.

Question 34

Teachings of a religious or spiritual tradition offer answers to questions of what is good, right, or virtuous.

Question 35

Religious or spiritual traditions offer essentially the same approach to understanding what is good, right, or virtuous.

Question 36

Unethical business practices in a culture, such as lying or cheating, have no impact on what members of that culture consider ethical.

Question 37

Cheating has become a more common practice in the marketplace.

Question 38

Individual customization of consumer experience encouraged by the marketplace encourages people to expect customization of their experiences and consider customization good.

Question 39

Digital communication technology has little impact on popular culture.

Question 40

Digital communication technology encourages customization of popular culture.

Question 41

Your personal ethical commitments are determined by how others communicate with you.

Question 42

By reflecting on your personal ethical commitments, you can decide which values and principles are part of your personal ethical standard.

Question 43

Logical analysis and testing by experience are two methods of evaluating a personal ethical standard.

Question 44

The logical test of consistency is evaluating whether you apply ethical values or principles in a comparable manner in different situations.

Question 45

You use your moral imagination in the logical test of reversibility, e.g., to picture yourself as experiencing consequences of applying a specific ethical value, such as truthfulness

Question 46

Universalizability asks what happens when you apply an ethical principle to yourself.

Question 47

Universalizability is a way to check if we are rationalizing exceptions that benefit ourselves.

Question 48

Testing by experience encourages reflection on the short and long-term consequences of applying an ethical value or principles.

Question 49

Habits are baseline practices that you automatically execute in your actions

Question 50

Offering a justification for your action to others for their critical examination tests whether your values or principles are ethically acceptable to others.

Question 51

If you are not willing to argue or defend a value or principle to others, you fail the test of experience of being an ethically responsive communicator.

Question 52

Accountability for practicing an ethical value or principle is an important test of experience for ethics.

Question 53

Formalized statements of ethics are codes or credos.

Question 54

A code of ethics is a statement of ideals of ethical practice of an individual, group, or organization.

Question 55

When an ethical code identifies minimum standards of ethical behavior, they function as rules or laws that govern behavior.

Question 56

A credo is a statement of values and principles that reflect ethical commitments of an individual, group, organization.

Question 57

A personal ethical standard is

A) an expression of personal ethical commitments.
B) created through the process of moral development.
C) Innate.
D) Both a & b
E) Both a & c

Question 58

Arguments for what your personal ethics should be in part of the ____ study of ethics.

A) description
B) prescriptive
C) academic
D) intuitive

Question 59

Which of the following are not moral emotions?

A) Rage
B) Empathy
C) Equality bias
D) Disgust

Question 60

Research shows that humans are born with some moral emotions, while other moral emotions are learned. Which of the following is an inborn or innate moral emotion?

A) Disgust
B) Envy
C) Empathy
D) Rage

Question 61

The moral emotions of empathy promote

A) understanding what others are feeling by sharing the feelings of others.
B) responding to the emotional distress of others.
C) ethical sensitivity.
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 62

High levels of empathy involve which of the following:

A) The ability to distinguish between herself and others.
B) The ability to take the perspective of others.
C) Responding to the distress of others in appropriate ways to reduce their distress.
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 63

Sympathy differs from empathy in that it

A) is an unrelated moral emotion.
B) is irrelevant to ethical practice.
C) recognizes that my understanding of the feelings of another is limited or partial.
D) requires others be physically present to experience sympathy.

Question 64

The moral emotion of the equality bias

A) creates a baseline sense of fairness or justice.
B) is learned.
C) contributes little to human survival.
D) makes its first appearance in adolescence.

Question 65

Disgust is an evolutionary adaptation to

A) avoiding people who are bad.
B) enforcing ethical codes.
C) avoiding bad food or sources of disease, such as human waste.
D) individuality.

Question 66

The moral emotions of the equality bias and disgust can interact with empathy,

A) promoting compassion and kindness.
B) encouraging interaction with strangers.
C) interrupting automatic or cognitive empathy that stimulates ethical sensitivity.
D) stimulating openness with others.

Question 67

How care-givers communicate with infants and children affects their ???_____ development.

A) Cognitive
B) Emotional
C) Moral
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 68

A care-giver's acknowledgment of a child

A) focuses the care-giver's attention on the child in acts of caring communication.
B) is important in infancy, but not adolescence.
C) is irrelevant to a child's sense of security or insecurity around care-givers.
D) is an innate skill.

Question 69

One reason face-to-face communication is important in moral development is because it

A) stimulates development of empathy.
B) is the most efficient form of communication.
C) occurs in families.
D) infants cannot speak.

Question 70

In everyday communication, adults can encourage a child's moral development by encouraging practice of

A) empathy, e.g. by asking "how would you feel if she took your ball?"
B) fairness, e.g., by encouraging taking turns.
C) truth telling, e.g., by expressing feelings and thoughts.
D) All of the above
E) None of the above.

Question 71

Conversations a child or adolescent has with adults about difficult situations that highlight ethical values or principles

A) should occur primarily in the family.
B) have no place in the classroom, because they are value judgments.
C) are memorable messages about ethics.
D) have little role in moral development.

Question 72

Moral development continues into adulthood with experiences in which of the following areas?

A) Popular culture
B) Workplace and economy
C) Religion and spirituality
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 73

The marketplace offers experiences and sends messages that influence moral development in _____ ways.

A) logical
B) emotional
C) regulatory
D) inconsistent

Question 74

The customized experience of the marketplace in western societies encourages ______.

A) cooperation
B) hard work
C) individuality
D) empathy

Question 75

Some parents are concerned about the influence of popular culture on children because

A) stories presented in popular culture teach values and principles.
B) children spend so much time watching movies and playing video games.
C) popular culture encourages individuality.
D) popular culture is everywhere.

Question 76

A person can decide which values and principles are part of her personal ethical standard using

A) logical analysis
B) tests of experience
C) intuition
D) both a & b
E) both b & c

Question 77

Tests of logical analysis include consistency and ______.

A) argumentation
B) rationalization
C) circumstances
D) reversibility

Question 78

The logical test of universalizability is important because it tests for rationalizing

A) exceptions to ethical values or rules for personal benefit, or one's family or friends.
B) tension points between values.
C) concern for others.
D) moral imagination.

Question 79

Asking about the short or long-term consequences of applying an ethical value or principle is a test of _____.

A) Intuition
B) logical analysis
C) experience
D) intuition

Question 80

Judging whether a value is ethically acceptable to others is not a rationalization when your reasons for including this value in your personal ethical standard

A) are open to critical evaluation by others.
B) are based on intuition.
C) will have personally beneficial consequences.
D) socially acceptable.