Deck 8: The Future of Rehabilitation: From Nothing Works to What Works an Epilogue

Question 1

During what Cullen and Gilbert describe as the "mean season" in corrections, __________ wanted to be toughest on crime; however, they did not base their policies on careful evaluations of what works to reduce recidivism.

A) judges
B) politicians
C) prison administrators
D) police officers

Answer 1

politicians

Question 2

According to Garland and advocates of the justice model, the ___________ thesis argued that rehabilitation makes offenders worse, not better.

A) futility
B) jeopardy
C) critical
D) perversity

Answer 2

perversity

Question 3

According to Garland and advocates of the justice model, the ___________ thesis argued that rehabilitation undermines fundamental values such as moral autonomy, the rights of the individual, due process, and the rule of law.

A) futility
B) jeopardy
C) critical
D) perversity

Answer 3

jeopardy

Question 4

Under rehabilitation, the fate of offenders was determined mostly by all of the following factors except:

A) By judicial decisions at sentencing
B) By parole boards with the power to release inmates
C) By elected officials and the penalties they wrote into criminal codes
D) By the penalties written into law

Question 5

Between 1975 and 1996, ___________ were America's most frequently enacted sentencing law changes. These statutes were typically the result of floor amendments to demonstrate emphatically that legislators wanted to get tough on crime.

A) mandatory minimum sentences
B) three-strikes laws
C) truth-in sentencing laws
D) Presumptive sentences

Question 6

At both the state and federal levels, a special target for mandatory penalties were ___________ offenses. For example, the proportion of state inmates serving time for such offenses rose from 9 percent to 23 percent between 1985 and 1996.

A) burglary
B) violent
C) drug
D) trespassing

Question 7

In the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, the U.S. Congress offered funding to states wishing to construct or expand prison capacity. To receive funds, the states had to implement policies mandating that violent offenders serve at least 85 percent of their sentences. Such laws are called ____________.

A) mandatory minimum sentences
B) three-strikes laws
C) truth-in-sentencing laws
D) presumptive sentences

Question 8

In the mid-1990s, another sentencing initiative aimed at locking away habitual criminals for life or mandating that offenders convicted of three offenses would receive a life sentence was put in place in many states. Such initiative is called ____________.

A) mandatory minimum sentences
B) three-strikes laws
C) truth-in-sentencing laws
D) presumptive sentences

Question 9

Which of the following examples is a collateral consequence?

A) Trouble obtaining employment
B) Ineligibility from public housing
C) Loss of voting rights
D) All of the above

Question 10

According to Tonry, why is punishment the wrong "medicine" for what ails most offenders?

A) Punitive sanctions are not a deterrent if every offender is receiving such punishments
B) Punitive sanctions do not change the underlying risk factors that create a stable propensity to offend
C) Most hardened criminals are not afraid of punishment
D) Punishment has been fitted to the offense rather than fitted to the criminal

Question 11

According to Cullen and Gilbert, America comprises __________ percent of the world's population, but accounts for __________ percent of the inmate population.

A) 25; 5
B) 50; 20
C) 5; 25
D) 20; 50

Question 12

The ___________ banned in-cell TVs, unmonitored phone calls, the viewing of R-, X-, and NC-17-rated movies, and the possession of pornographic materials, electronic instruments, computers, in-cell coffee pots, and hot plates in all federal prisons.

A) Federal Prison Work Incentive Act
B) No Frills Prison Act
C) The Prison Litigation Reform Act
D) The Just Detention Act

Question 13

A number of commentators, including Cullen and Gilbert, have characterized the nation's commitment to locking up Americans as the ___________ because of the impact of mass incarceration on crime in our nation.

A) No-frills Prison Experiment
B) California Experience
C) Great American Prison Experiment
D) Nothing Works Investigation

Question 14

_____________ was among the first states to implement determinate sentencing legislation, by passing the Uniform Determinate Sentencing Act in 1976. In this act, rehabilitation was rejected as the guiding correctional theory.

A) California
B) South Carolina
C) Texas
D) Illinois

Question 15

__________ is like computing a treatment batting average. For each study, the researcher records the strength of the relationship between the treatment condition; once the size of this effect is coded for every study, then it is possible to calculate the average impact of the independent variable (e.g., treatment) on the dependent variable (e.g., recidivism).

A) Clinical judgment
B) Meta-analysis
C) Analysis of variance
D) Power analysis

Question 16

Results from meta-analyses found that treatment effects were ________, which meant that __________.

A) consistent; interventions all looked the same, but scholars could not tell if they reduced recidivism or not
B) homogenous; interventions reduced recidivism a lot, regardless of what type of treatment it was
C) all null; intervention programs did not work, regardless of what type of treatment it was
D) heterogeneous; some interventions reduced recidivism a lot, whereas others had no effect on or even increased recidivism

Question 17

___________ states that interventions should be directed to high-risk (in particular) and medium-risk offenders, but not to low-risk offenders.

A) The need principle
B) The responsivity principle
C) The risk principle
D) The professional override principle

Question 18

Which of the following is not a criminogenic need?

A) Antisocial attitudes
B) Antisocial friends
C) Self-esteem
D) Substance abuse

Question 19

Increasing calls have been made to base interventions with offenders on _________, much like Billy Beane applied __________ to win baseball games in Moneyball.

A) clinical judgment; his professional judgment
B) clinical judgment; statistics
C) data; statistics
D) data; his professional judgment

Question 20

A stable antisocial trajectory begins in __________.

A) the elementary school years
B) the early- to mid-20s
C) the teen years
D) the first stages of life

Question 21

Briefly explain the three core features of the "punishment model."

Question 22

Briefly identify and explain the characteristics of the "mean season" in corrections that Cullen and Gilbert discuss in Chapter 8.

Question 23

Explain why the three-strikes law put in place in California was so influential and important for their state and the rest of the nation.

Question 24

Briefly explain collateral consequences.

Question 25

Michael Tonry has concluded that there is little basis for believing that mandatory penalties have any significant effects on rates of serious crime. He has identified three reasons why this is so. Briefly discuss these three reasons.

Question 26

What was the importance of Ted Palmer's rebuttal to Robert Martinson's "nothing works" article in 1974? That is, what did Palmer point out about Martinson's conclusion that nothing works in treatment?

Question 27

Briefly explain the responsivity principle.

Question 28

Briefly explain the Correctional Program Assessment Inventory (CPAI)?

Question 29

Cullen and Gilbert have made a strong case for "correctional official accountability" and why they think it is important. What do the authors suggest correctional agencies do in order to hold correctional managers accountable for their performance when it comes to reducing crime?

Question 30

What three considerations regarding reaffirming rehabilitation do Cullen and Gilbert conclude with in Chapter 8?

Question 31

Trace the era of the penal harm movement or what Cullen and Gilbert call the "mean season in corrections" and the corruption of such reforms that were put in place during this time. In your answer, be sure to discuss the following: (1) what was this movement characterized by and who was responsible for most of the policy changes?; (2) what types of offenders were effected most by these changes?; (3) Finally, discuss the specific policies that were put into place during this time that made it the "mean season" (e.g., mandatory minimum sentences, three-strikes laws, truth-in sentencing laws, collateral consequences, etc.)

Question 32

Discuss in detail the Great American Prison Experiment. In your answer, be sure to discuss the following: (1) the growth in incarceration and correctional control in the United States from the 1970s until 2009; (2) how this growth of mass imprisonment is unique to the United States compared to other advanced Western democracies; (3) what the impact of mass incarceration on crime in America has done to our country (i.e., why have we declared this period of time as the "Great American Prison Experiment?); (4) why is ignoring the bivariate correlation between imprisonment and crime rates nonsensical or naïve? What factors besides incarceration are involved in whether crime rates go up or down? ; (5) finally, was the Great American Prison Experiment successful? Why or why not?

Question 33

Trace the development of California's correctional system. In your answer, discuss the following: (1) California's support for offender treatment prior to the 1970s; (2) The state's move from indeterminate sentencing to determinate sentencing and loss of support for the rehabilitative ideal; (3) the California Institute for Women study versus the Valley State Prison study. Briefly summarize the studies and their findings. Why were these studies significant?; 4) finally, discuss what the state of California's correctional system looks like today. Have they moved back to a more rehabilitation-oriented model, or is punishment still the state's main goal?