Deck 3: Ancient Psychological Thought

Question 1

The Academy is to _________ as the Lyceum is to _______

A)Plato . . . Socrates
B)Socrates . . . Plato
C)Plato . . . Aristotle
D)Theophrastus . . . Plato

Answer 1

Plato . . . Aristotle

Question 2

Socrates believed that knowledge is more likely to be achieved through

A)controlled observation
B)naturalistic observation
C)reason
D)aesthetics

Answer 2

reason

Question 3

Sophists were

A)physicians who were poorly trained
B)lawyers
C)cosmologists
D)teachers who received money in exchange for instruction

Answer 3

teachers who received money in exchange for instruction

Question 4

Which of the following is remembered as a sophist who advance a thoroughgoing relativistic doctrine?

A)Socrates
B)Plato
C)Protagoras
D)Theana

Question 5

Hippocrates was the first to advance a classification of emotional disorders. His classification included the following categories:

A)neurosis, psychosis, mania, melancholia
B)epilepsy, neurosis, psychosis, affective disorders
C)mania, melancholia, paranoia, epilepsy
D)demons possession, naturalistic disorders, disorders ordained by God, disorders that result from misuse of free will

Question 6

________________ is sometimes regarded as the real founder of Greek medicine. He was the first to advance a thoroughgoing naturalistic account of all illness. His account made no reference to demons or to supernatural causes. He was

A)Aesculapius
B)Alcmaeon
C)Hippocrates
D)Galen

Question 7

_________ theorized that two principles, love and strife, interact with the four basic elements (earth, wind, fire, water) and thus play a role in health.

A)Empedocles
B)Alcmaeon
C)Hippocrates
D)Galen

Question 8

__________ was one of the first to believe that the brain is involved in cognition, in accordance with his work examining the links between sensory systems and the brain.

A)Aesculapius
B)Alcmaeon
C)Hippocrates
D)Galen

Question 9

These two Greek scholars are remembered for, among other things, advancing early versions of evolutionary theory.

A)Socrates and Plato
B)Thales and Anaximenes
C)Protagoras and Leucippus
D)Anaximander and Empedocles

Question 10

___________ believed that the four elements (fire, earth, air, and water) combined with two first principles (love and strife) He believed that harmony and balance were important to survival.

A)Empedocles
B)Thales
C)Leuicippus
D)Democritus

Question 11

___________ advocated an empirical approach to medicine. He was one of the first to practice dissection.

A)Aesculapius
B)Alcmaeon
C)Galen
D)Theophrastus

Question 12

Socrates believed that virtue is attained through ________, whereas evil results from _________

A)self-knowledge . . . ignorance
B)following rules . . . false concepts
C)religious revelation . . . reductionism
D)restraint . . . lack of discipline

Question 13

Which of the following statements would be most consistent with Plato's theory of forms?

A)sensory information is necessary to most forms of true knowledge
B)there are universal, timeless, and true principles apprehended through reason
C)we know about the principles of triangularity through examining many individual triangles
D)in matters of knowledge, reason is not to be trusted

Question 14

According to Aristotle, humans seek pleasure and happiness but are often frustrated in their attempts to secure these states. Aristotle believed that ""good fortune"" plays a role in the attainment of happiness but even wihout luck we can attain a modicum of happiness by practicing goodness and by

A)reconciling ourselves with religious authority
B)practicing stoic resignation
C)seeking moderation or the golden mean in all things
D)taking strong stands on all issues

Question 15

Which of the following might best characterize Aristotle's advice about how to attain goodness and happiness?

A)follow the rules or norms of your society
B)commit yourself without reservation to religious values
C)emphasize the development of courage
D)seek the golden mean, avoid extremes, try to be moderate

Question 16

Which of the following best characterized Aristotle's beliefs about dreams?

A)dreams are based on the movement of sense impressions during sleep
B)dreams may provide important clues about the condition of the body
C)dreams do not convey divine messages
D)all of the above

Question 17

According to Aristotle, which of the following is most accurate?

A)thinking
B)imagination
C)perception
D)none of the above; all ways of knowing are flawed

Question 18

Which of the following is true regarding Aristotle's distinction between recollection and memory?

A)memory is more active whereas recollection is more passive
B)memory is never spontaneous; only recollection is spontaneous
C)recollection involves effort; whereas memory can be spontaneous
D)recollection can take place without memory

Question 19

Aristotle's position on the relationship between soul and body is best described by the term

A)interactionism
B)psychophysical parallelism
C)idealism
D)hylomorphism

Question 20

Which of the following is not a contribution from Socrates or Plato concerning mental disorders?

A)Irrational forces may dominate the mind leading to mental disorders
B)Discord amongst components of the psyche may conribute to mental disorders
C)Mental disorders may result from ignorance
D)Mental disorders arise from an imbalance of humors

Question 21

______ and ______ were among the first to emphasize psychological forces in the development of mental disorders.

A)Socrates . . . Plato
B)Alcmaeon . . . Thales
C)Xenophanes . . . Alcmaeon
D)Protagoras . . . Zeno

Question 22

Plato believed in a three-part soul or psyche consisting of

A)appetite, spirit, and reason
B)sensation, motivation, and cognition
C)sensation, perception, and cognition
D)emotion, sensation, and motivation

Question 23

Plato believed that _________ can result in only appearance and opinion while _______ is the only way to knowledge.

A)intuition . . . reason
B)sensory information . . . intuition
C)sensory information . . . reason
D)reason . . . sensory information

Question 24

An early theory of sensation and perception, in which all objects shed images of themselves that interact with our sensory systems, was advanced by

A)Thales
B)Heraclitus
C)Democritus
D)Pythagoras

Question 25

Democritus argued for a strict

A)determinism
B)pluralism
C)interactive dualism
D)idealism

Question 26

Anaximander's term apeiron means

A)universal origin
B)without boundary
C)air
D)water

Question 27

Anaximander is often remembered as the

A)first recorded evolutionary theorist
B)first to emphasize the role of homeostasis in mental health
C)first to elevate the role of mathematics in science
D)first logician

Question 28

____________, an early Greek cosmologist, believed that the primordial substance of the world is water.

A)Anaximenes
B)Pythagoras
C)Theana
D)Thales

Question 29

The Greeks were interested in ___________ and ______________, the nature of the universe and the origin of the universe, respectively.

A)cosmology . . . cosmogony
B)cosmogony . . . cosmology
C)astronomy . . . materialism
D)materialism . . . cosmology

Question 30

Which ancient culture accepted a monotheistic God and had notions of mental disorders?

A)Babylonia
B)Egypt
C)Hebrew
D)Persia

Question 31

In India in the fourth millennium BCE the suggested way to acquire knowledge was via

A)rational methods
B)empirical methods
C)intuition
D)all of the above

Question 32

Women in ________ enjoyed far greater social status than in most ancient cultures.

A)India
B)Egypt
C)Israel
D)Babylonia

Question 33

In ancient Egypt, the _______ was viewed as the seat of cognitive activity.

A)heart
B)brain
C)liver
D)stomach

Question 34

In Babylonia, phenomena were often explained in terms of

A)logic
B)demons
C)a monotheistic God
D)empirical research

Question 35

Anaximenes believed that the primary substance of the world is

A)air
B)water
C)fire, earth, air, and water
D)apeiron

Question 36

The literal meaning of the term philosophy is

A)science of mind
B)logic of mind
C)love of wisdom
D)theory of knowledge

Question 37

""The world is composed entirely of atoms."" ""My friend, you are clearly mistaken. The basic stuff of all reality is water."" The argument is between

A)Anaximenes and Thales
B)Democritus and Thales
C)Heraclitus and Xenophanes
D)Leucippus and Pythagoras

Question 38

____________ was the founder of atomic theory.

A)Anaximander
B)Leucippus
C)Aesculapius
D)Alcmaeon

Question 39

Which of the following statements would most likely come from Heraclitus?

A)constancy is an illusion, only change is real
B)being is superior to becoming
C)eternal truth is discovered through reason
D)if you want to fight, fight with anger

Question 40

Wheras ________ argued that movement is an illusion, _______ advanced the notion that constancy is an illusion.

A)Heraclitus . . . Parmenides
B)Pythagoras . . . Thales
C)Parmenides . . . Heraclitus
D)Thales . . . Heraclitus

Question 41

_________ outlined a number of paradoxes which cast doubt on the validity of sensory experience.

A)Zeno
B)Heraclitus
C)Pythagoras
D)Anaximander

Question 42

An early rationalist, ________ detailed his monistic philosophy in a poem thought to be titled ""On Nature.""

A)Heraclitus
B)Pythagoras
C)Parmenides
D)Xenophanes

Question 43

This philosopher was one of the first to emphasize a philosophy of being. He believed that truth is known through reason rather than the senses.

A)Heraclitus
B)Aristotle
C)Democritus
D)Parmenides

Question 44

This philosopher was known for his attacks on Greek polytheism and for anthropomorphic concepts of the gods.

A)Parmenides
B)Xenophanes
C)Thales
D)Heraclitus

Question 45

________, daughter of Pythagoras and Theana, was one of the first to give advice on child rearing.

A)Myia
B)Aesara
C)Hypatia
D)Arete

Question 46

For the Pythagoreans, the world was driven by and based in

A)love and strife
B)numbers
C)apeiron
D)air

Question 47

A Chinese naturalistic philosopher is often compared to Aristotle. He was

A)Confucius
B)Chan Yung
C)Hsün Tzu
D)Siddhartha Gautama