Deck 4: Risks, Protective Factors, and Culturally Diverse Youth

Question 1

What are the differences between risk factors and protective factors? Name two of each for each of Bronfenbrenner's levels of influence. How are risk and protective factors related to resilience?

Answer 1

Pages 67‐69

Question 2

Name the three levels of prevention and provide an example of a program that might be developed to accommodate each of the levels (e.g., target audience and program goals).

Answer 2

Pages 72‐75

Question 3

Define the concept of "iatrogenic effects." What are the implications of this concept for the design of prevention programs?

Answer 3

Page 77

Question 4

According to Jarrett, what are some of the precipitating factors and outcomes for children who follow the trajectories of a street versus non‐street lifestyle?

Question 5

What are some of the major obstacles and barriers facing Native American youth today? How can resources for treatment and intervention be improved?

Question 6

If a youth who is socially maladjusted also demonstrates another risk factor, then the risk of having a disorder also increases by

A) twice the amount.
B) ten times the amount.
C) four times the amount.
D) five times the amount.

Question 7

The above phenomenon is referred to as the

A) Rutter effect.
B) negative outcome effect.
C) the incremental effect.
D) the multiplier effect.

Question 8

Herrenkohn, Maguin, and Hill (2000) found that if a 10?year?old was exposed to six or more risk factors than that child would be ___ times more likely to commit a violent crime at 18 years.

A) 10
B) 30
C) 5
D) 20

Question 9

Which of the following is not a risk factor evident at the Microsystem level?

A) marital conflict
B) poor quality schools
C) less opportunities for recreation
D) peer rejection

Question 10

Which of the following is false?

A) At?risk toddlers are 5 times more likely to become chronic juvenile offenders if they are enrolled in poor quality day care programs.
B) Youth who drop out of school are at 3 times greater risk for becoming a juvenile offender.
C) Children living in poverty are 22 times more likely to be abused or neglected.
D) A family of three living in extreme poverty survive on less than $5,050 annual income.

Question 11

Which of the following is false regarding The Perry Preschool Project?

A) Those enrolled in the program provided a return on investment of $17 for every $1 invested.
B) Although initial gains were promising, eventually there was no difference in academic outcomes for children who attended the program compared to controls.
C) Those enrolled were more gainfully employed as adults.
D) Criminal behavior was reduced for those who attending the program relative to controls.

Question 12

Vigil used the concept of multiple marginality to account for gang formation among which ethnic group?

A) Mexican Americans
B) Vietnamese
C) African Americans
D) all of the above

Question 13

Olweus' developed a program to prevent bulling and victimization. Which of the following is false regarding that program?

A) The program targeted policy changes at the administrative level.
B) The program targeted behavior management within the classroom.
C) The program was conducted in Australia.
D) The program was also successful in enhancing student satisfaction with school.

Question 14

I have developed a scale to measure risk factors for potential bullying behaviors in Grade 1 children. Factors include living in a violent home and attitudes associated with condoning bullying and victimization. I then select those children who score high on the scale and call this group the "at risk group" for bullying behaviors. I now work with these children in a program designed to prevent the development of bullying behaviors. This is an example of

A) tertiary prevention.
B) universal prevention.
C) primary prevention.
D) secondary prevention.

Question 15

Webster?Stratton and colleagues developed a program called "The Incredible Years". This program successfully reduced aggressive behaviors in aggressive young children. This is an example of which type of intervention?

A) tertiary prevention
B) universal prevention
C) primary prevention
D) secondary prevention

Question 16

The term "iatrogenic effects" is best used to describe the dangers inherent in

A) potential of harmful effects due to not intervening to reduce deviant behavior.
B) potential harmful effects of aggregating deviant youth together for treatment.
C) potential harmful effects of decreasing deviant behaviors without attention to sufficient enhancement of positive replacement behaviors.
D) using treatments that are not developmentally appropriate.

Question 17

In a survey of 1,234 youth, Keyes reported which of the following regarding trends in positive mental health among youth?

A) Youth 15?18 years reported their status as flourishing.
B) Youth 12?14 years reported their status as languishing.
C) Youth 15?18 reported their status as languishing.
D) Youth 12?14 reported their status as flourishing.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the cultural syndrome of Amok?

A) trance?like state and communication with the deceased
B) dissociative episode of ruminating, brooding that results in a violent outbursts
C) "sleeping blood"
D) problems concentrating and remembering due to school difficulties

Question 19

Which of the following is true regarding "fictive kin" and their relationship to family?

A) extended family who are related by blood
B) part of the Hispanic family constellation
C) extended members who are not related but who provide support
D) part of the Native American family unit

Question 20

Jarrett's study of African American children looked at street and non?street trajectories. Which of the following is false regarding his findings?

A) Despite impoverished neighborhoods, good quality resources can be found in libraries and churches.
B) Street children are often socialized into their street role at an early age.
C) Females spend more time on the streets initially, because they assume a nurturing role.
D) Parents of non?street children often have greater access to resources outside their immediate community.

Question 21

Which of the following is false regarding the authoritarian parenting style?

A) A child raised in this environment is at greater risk for becoming anxious and hostile.
B) The pattern is one of low acceptance, low warmth, and high structure.
C) It can be of benefit to African American children living in high risk environments.
D) It is widely used throughout Hispanic/Latino parenting practices.

Question 22

Which of the following is false regarding Latino/Hispanic minorities?

A) Mexicans represent approximately 66% of the American Hispanic/Latino population.
B) Among this group, Mexican Americans are the most impoverished, with as high as 37% living in poverty.
C) Among minority children, Mexican American children are the most likely to be referred by Child Welfare Services.
D) Among minority youth, there are increased reports of body dissatisfaction among this population, with males demonstrating the highest perceived rates of being overweight.

Question 23

Which of the following is false?

A) Compared to children from other ethnic minorities, African American children are the minority with the largest percentage living in poverty.
B) the minority with the largest percentage increase in poverty between 2000 and 2004.
C) the minority with the largest percentage of cases of Asthma.
D) the minority with the largest percentage of cases living in conditions with lead based paint.

Question 24

A young child comes home crying, has fits (seizures), diarrhea, vomiting, and fever. There is no known medical reason for these symptoms. According to her Spanish parents, the child has likely succumb to influences from

A) ataque de nervios.
B) locura.
C) mal de ojo.
D) susto.

Question 25

Which of the following youth reported the highest number of suicide attempts in the previous twelve months?

A) African American Males
B) Hispanic Males
C) Hispanic Females
D) Both b and c are correct.

Question 26

Asian Americans are often referred to as the

A) invisible minority.
B) silent minority.
C) model minority.
D) fastest growing minority.

Question 27

The belief that reincarnation is governed by obligations from past lives is called

A) karma.
B) dharma.
C) nirvana.
D) Taoism.

Question 28

A fourth generation Japanese American would be referred to as

A) Nisei.
B) Sansei.
C) Issei.
D) Yonsei.

Question 29

Which of the following is false regarding Japanese Americans?

A) More than half of the males have a bachelor's degree or higher.
B) They are among the fastest growing Asian American population.
C) Almost half of the females have a bachelor's degree.
D) Traditional values are based on the collective good.

Question 30

Which of the following is false regarding Vietnamese Americans?

A) Parents and elders are often in a more advantaged position academically and economically than their children.
B) Clashes and intergenerational conflicts about culture are not uncommon.
C) The first wave of refugees were mainly white?collar workers or high ranking military.
D) The "boat people" were mainly blue?collar workers in sales or service positions.

Question 31

Although Native Americans (NA) can access services through Indian Health Services (IHS), the problem with this arrangement is that

A) most NA live in rural areas and most of the IHS are situated in major urban areas.
B) most NA are unaware that the services exist.
C) most IHS are located on reservations and only 20% of NA live on reservations.
D) the IHS services provide medical but not mental health services.

Question 32

The surgeon general's supplementary report (2001) revealed that ____ of adolescents in a juvenile justice facility of a Northern Plains reservation had a substance abuse or mental health disorder.

A) 20%
B) 15%
C) 35%
D) 50%

Question 33

According to the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA), compared to all other racial/ethnic groups (12?17 years of age), American Indian/Alaska Natives reported higher levels of substance use in which of the following categories?

A) cigarettes
B) binge alcohol
C) any illicit drug
D) all of the above

Question 34

Which of the following is true regarding weapons and violence?

A) Over 15% of NA youth report being threatened with a weapon on school property.
B) Approximately 9% of youth in the US report being threatened with a weapon on school property .
C) Approximately 22% of NA youth suffer from PTSD.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 35

With respect to acquiring a second language, the distinction between "social communication" and "academic language proficiency (CALP)" is that

A) it usually takes 2?3 years to acquire social language but 5?7 to obtain CALP.
B) it usually takes 1 year to acquire social language but 2?3 to obtain CALP.
C) it usually takes 1?2 years to acquire social language but 3?4 to obtain CALP.
D) there is minimal difference.

Question 36

According to Sue (2006), pretherapy intervention refers to increasing the client's comfort regarding Western methods of

A) interventions.
B) roles of client and therapist.
C) issues of confidentiality.
D) all of the above.

Question 37

According to Sue (2006) "gift giving" refers to

A) giving a token gift to the client.
B) accepting a gift from the client.
C) "gifts" of therapy such as reduced tension.
D) rules about bartering.

Question 38

The term "dynamic sizing" refers to

A) the ability to know the difference between intensity and magnitude.
B) the ability to determine where a cultural characteristic begins and a stereotype ends.
C) the ability to adjust expectations to meet a culturally specific event.
D) unique programs and treatments that match cultural needs.

Question 39

Ghost Sickness refers to the cultural syndrome of

A) Asian origins.
B) anxiety and somatic complaints related to possession by ancestral spirits.
C) acute psychotic, paranoid or delusional response.
D) preoccupation with death and the deceased, nightmares, weakness, loss of appetite and confusion.

Question 40

Which of the following cultures is the least supportive of the "collective" versus "individualistic" perspective?

A) European American
B) Native American
C) Asian American
D) Hispanic