Deck 14: Substance Use and Abuse Among Youth

Question 1

According to the DSM, there are two classifications of substance‐related disorders that apply to eleven different substances. Name the two categories and identify the subcategories within each.

Answer 1

Substance Use Disorders, include disorders of Substance Dependence and Substance Abuse. Substance‐Induced Disorders, include Substance Intoxication and Substance Withdrawal.

Question 2

Juan has a problem. He began drinking two years ago, when he was in middle school, and now he finds that it takes more and more alcohol to get the same "buzz" he used to get when far less was consumed. When he doesn't drink, he feels an increasing sense of discomfort and craving for a drink. He has tried to just say no, or at least cut down on the amount he is drinking, but nothing seems to work.
a) According to the DSM‐IV‐TR, what is the likely diagnosis?
b) Juan describes "discomfort" when he is not drinking, which propels him into it again. Describe what is happening to him.
c) What symptoms of "discomfort" is Juan most likely to experience for his alcohol addiction, when he is not drinking?

Answer 2

a) Substance Dependence with physiological dependence: compulsive reliance on a substance (alcohol). This has been occurring for at least 12 months and includes at least three other conditions, in his case:
tolerance
withdrawal symptoms
increased use and increased amounts unsuccessful attempts to control the use
b) Self‐perpetuating cycle of (alcohol dependence) resulting in increased tolerance, withdrawal and the compulsive need to continue taking the substance
c) Symptoms of alcohol withdrawal include:
sleep problems, insomnia, nausea, anxiety, increased hand tremors, hyperactivity, and
psychomotor agitation. Symptoms usually peak after the 2^nd day of abstinence.

Question 3

Describe what the MTF researchers meant in their discussion of "generational forgetting" and cohort effects, and how these can be applied to recent trends in youth drug usage.

Answer 3

Cohort effects refer to generational effects that can impact research findings. The MTF surveys trace the influence of social attitudes, supply and demand, and shifts in drug approval and usage over the course of time. New waves introduce new patterns or revitalize old ones as "generational forgetting" takes place. For example, Ecstasy (MDMA), once popular (1998‐ 2001), has since declined due to increased awareness of the dangers of the drug. However, inhalants are now regaining in popularity among 8^th grades with increased rates noted in 2005. Increased awareness of the dangers of inhalants had previously resulted in a decline, which has now been reversed as an example of "generational forgetting". Students in Grade 12 have now latched on to OxyContin, a dangerous medication that is highly addictive. This trend demonstrated an increase over previous years.

Question 4

What are the four types of tobacco products most commonly used by youth today? What do the trends in tobacco use demonstrate?

Question 5

Discuss the gateway hypothesis and some of the recent criticism about this theory.

Question 6

Monitoring the future (MTF) is a survey of youth drug habits that has been in existence since

A) 1980.
B) 1990.
C) 1965.
D) 1975.

Question 7

One important finding of the MTF surveys is the existence of ________ to help explain trends in drug usage from generation to generation.

A) genetic effects
B) media effects
C) cohort effects
D) none of the above

Question 8

Blum and colleagues surveyed more than 10,000 adolescents (Grades 7 through 12). The researchers found all of the following, except

A) 9% of youth used a weapon in the past year.
B) 1 in 5 students in 7^th and 8^th grade had already experienced sexual relations.
C) tendencies to engage in risky behaviors increased if youth experienced school failure.
D) 25% had smoked cigarettes in the past month.

Question 9

When considering the risks and benefits of using specific drugs, youth often re?discover drugs that had been used in the past and have previously been abandoned due to adverse side effects. This tendency to renew interest in previously discarded drugs has been referred to as

A) relapse phenomenon.
B) generational forgetting.
C) gap analysis.
D) rebound phenomenon.

Question 10

The percentage of illicit drug use among youth in the past 30 years indicates that

A) there was a steep increase in usage from 1975 to 1981.
B) there was a significant decline in usage between 1981 and 1992.
C) there was a significant increase in usage from 1992 to 1999.
D) all of the above are true.

Question 11

According to the DSM, which of the following is false?

A) A substance refers to any illicit drug.
B) A substance refers to any medication.
C) A substance refers to any toxin.
D) A substance refers to any drug of abuse.

Question 12

Which of the following is true?

A) Substance use disorders involve substance abuse and substance intoxication.
B) Substance?induced disorders include substance withdrawal and substance dependence.
C) Substance?induced disorders include substance intoxication and substance withdrawal.
D) Substance use disorders involve substance abuse and substance intoxication

Question 13

All of the following are conditions that must be met for substance dependence, except

A) tolerance.
B) engaging in physically high?risk behaviors.
C) withdrawal symptoms.
D) increased use and increased amounts.

Question 14

The DSM currently recognizes which of the following conditions regarding caffeine use/abuse?

A) caffeine dependence
B) caffeine abuse
C) caffeine intoxication
D) caffeine withdrawal

Question 15

Substance abuse refers to

A) substance tolerance.
B) substance withdrawal.
C) compulsive reliance on a substance.
D) recurrent and adverse consequences caused by the substance.

Question 16

Which of the following is true regarding substance intoxication?

A) The DSM provides a general set of symptoms that determine whether individuals meet the general criteria for substance intoxication.
B) According to the DSM, intoxication occurs when an individual produces symptoms that meet criteria for the substance?specific syndrome.
C) The DSM does not provide criteria for intoxication.
D) None of the above is true.

Question 17

All of the following would be considered part of the depressants category, except

A) alcohol.
B) cannabis.
C) barbiturates.
D) opioids.

Question 18

All of the following would be considered stimulants, except

A) cocaine.
B) amphetamines.
C) nicotine.
D) benzodiazepines.

Question 19

Which of the following is not one of the three most commonly used drugs by youth in the US?

A) alcohol
B) marijuana
C) steroids
D) tobacco

Question 20

When two substances that have similar effects are taken at the same time, they can exacerbate the reaction (e.g., alcohol and barbiturates can cause a coma). This effect is called

A) the synergistic effect.
B) the polysubstance use effect.
C) the prepotent effect.
D) the exaggeration effect.

Question 21

A kretek is

A) a small hand?rolled cigarette imported from India.
B) smokeless tobacco.
C) a clove cigarette.
D) tobacco wrapped in tendu or temburni leaf.

Question 22

When surveyed by the NYTS, what percentage of middle school students stated that they did not have to show ID to purchase cigarettes?

A) 20.7%
B) 60.3%
C) 50.5%
D) 70.6%

Question 23

If you engage in binge drinking, according to the MTF, then you would have consumed

A) more than 3 drinks in a row in the past week.
B) more than 5 drinks in a row in the past two weeks.
C) more than 6 drinks in a row in the past week.
D) More than 4 drinks in a row in the past week.

Question 24

Which of the following is true about cannabis/hashish oil?

A) In the 1960s THC content was approximately 10?15%.
B) Hashish oil is a less concentrated form.
C) Currently the THC content is approximately 10?15%.
D) Both a and c are true.

Question 25

Which of the following is not one of the substances that often appear early in the course of substance use in those who go on to develop dependence on other substances?

A) inhalants
B) cannabis
C) caffeine
D) alcohol

Question 26

Which of the following is true regarding rates of substance use among high school students?

A) Annual rates for inhalant use among 8^th graders increased from 2001 to 2002.
B) Daily marijuana use is highest among 10^th?grade students.
C) Since 2003, there has been a steadily increasing rate of inhalant use among 8^th graders.
D) The largest increase in marijuana usage occurs between the 10^th and 12^th grades.

Question 27

Nitrous oxide found in whipped cream dispensers is an example of which category of inhalants?

A) volatile solvents
B) nitrites
C) aerosols
D) gases

Question 28

Nitrates are often sold on the street as

A) poppers or snappers.
B) Special K.
C) liquid ecstasy.
D) kickers.

Question 29

All of the following are possible outcomes of inhalant use, except

A) euphoria.
B) hallucinations and delusions.
C) brain atrophy.
D) All of the above are possible outcomes.

Question 30

Which of the following is false regarding OxyContin?

A) It is a schedule II controlled substance.
B) Because it is a prescription medication, youth have a great deal of difficulty acquiring it.
C) Rates of use of OxyContin among 12^th graders increased between 2003 and 2005.
D) The drug is a dopamine enhancer.

Question 31

Adverse side effects of OxyContin use include all of the following symptoms, except

A) increased anxiety.
B) impaired mental functioning.
C) respiratory depression.
D) All of the above are adverse side effects.

Question 32

The belief that there is a direct causal link from marijuana use to the use of heroin is part of which of the following theories surrounding developmental trends in drug usage?

A) cohort theory effect
B) stepping?stone theory
C) generational forgetting effect
D) gateway hypothesis

Question 33

All of the following have been voiced as criticisms against the gateway theory, except

A) it does not account for the distinction between heavy and experimental users.
B) it does not address issues of availability or supply and demand.
C) it does not adequately address inhalant use as often the first drug experienced.
D) it does not address genetic factors.

Question 34

Which of the following is not one of the individual risk factors for substance use/abuse?

A) sensation seeking
B) poor academic skills
C) low harm avoidance
D) novelty seeking

Question 35

While many studies have documented peer influences on youth drug activities, Bahr and colleagues (2005), included a number of family variables across five different categories. Although peer influence was a strong predictor of adolescent usage, one of the strongest protective factors was

A) parent disapproval of drug use.
B) an intact marriage.
C) high parent monitoring of youth activities.
D) both a and c.

Question 36

In comparing prevalence rates for youth with SUD in clinical and juvenile justice samples,

A) there was no difference in the rate of any disorder and externalizing disorders.
B) the juvenile justice sample had higher rates of comorbid disorders of mood or depression.
C) internalizing disorders were higher in the clinical population.
D) both a and c are correct.

Question 37

Comparing youth in the community sample with and without substance use disorders (SUD),

A) there was little difference between these two samples, in the prevalence for also having any other disorder.
B) in the community sample, youth with SUD were significantly more likely to also be diagnosed with ADHD.
C) in the community sample, youth with SUD were also significantly more likely to have eating disorders.
D) there was no difference in the comorbidity rate between these two samples for depressive disorders.

Question 38

According to recent investigations, individuals with greater risk for alcohol dependence were found to have

A) an abnormal dopamine receptor.
B) higher levels of serotonin than normal.
C) increased activity in the prefrontal areas of the brain.
D) higher levels of norepinephrine than normal.

Question 39

In their longitudinal study of 100 youth, Shelder and Block (1990) found the best outcomes (psychological well?being and adjustment) for youth whoa. did not experiment with marijuana (abstainers)b. were frequent marijuana users.

A) did not experiment with marijuana (abstainers)
B) were frequent marijuana users.
C) experimented with marijuana.
D) None of the above.

Question 40

Which of the following is false regarding the prevention and treatment of substance use and abuse disorders in youth?

A) Youth in twelve?step model programs have better outcomes than untreated youth.
B) The DARE program has been researched extensively and has been found to be ineffective in the prevention of drug use and abuse.
C) The Life Skills Training (LST) program has been demonstrated to be successful in the prevention of drug use/abuse in more than 29 inner city schools.
D) The LST program targets 3^rd graders in a program of early intervention.