Deck 6: Long term Memory: Structure

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M. ,who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures?

A)The hippocampus is necessary for forming new LTMs.
B)Short-term and long-term memories are controlled by different mechanisms.
C)Short-term and long-term memories can operate independently of each other.
D)LTMs are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus.

Answer 1

LTMs are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus.

Question 2

When investigating the serial position curve,delaying the memory test for 30 seconds

A)has no effect on the curve.
B)increases the primacy effect.
C)decreases the recency effect.
D)increases both the primacy and the recency effects.

Answer 2

decreases the recency effect.

Question 3

In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim)is a double dissociation demonstrated?

A)Both Tom and Tim have good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.
B)Tom and Tim both show deficits in episodic and semantic memory.
C)Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory,while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.
D)Both Tom and Tim have good semantic memory but poor episodic memory.

Answer 3

Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory,while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.

Question 4

Neuropsychological evidence indicates that STM and LTM probably

A)represent different aspects of the same mechanism.
B)are caused by different mechanisms that depend upon each other.
C)both rely most heavily on a semantic coding mechanism.
D)are caused by different mechanisms that act independently.

Question 5

Regarding free recall of a list of items,which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal from taking place?

A)Inserting a 30-second delay before recall
B)Presenting the stimulus list at a slower pace
C)Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall
D)Using a very long list (greater than 30 items at one item per second)

Question 6

memories are those that we are not aware of.

A)Implicit
B)Explicit
C)Declarative
D)All of the above

Question 7

The primacy effect is attributed to

A)recall of information stored in LTM.
B)a type of rehearsal that improves memory for all items in a list.
C)recall of information still active in STM.
D)forgetting of early items in a list as they are replaced by later items.

Question 8

Suppose you have been studying your French vocabulary words for several hours and are making many mistakes.You switch to reviewing the new terms for your upcoming biology test,and your performance is noticeably better.
You are experiencing

A)the self-reference effect.
B)retroactive inhibition.
C)release from proactive interference.
D)disinhibition.

Question 9

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time.His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him.At the first group,Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names.The same thing happens with a second group and a third group.At the fourth group,Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant.A little while later,Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group,though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant).Lamar's experience demonstrates

A)The phonological similarity effect
B)A build-up and release of proactive interference
C)The cocktail party phenomenon
D)A partial-report procedure

Question 10

Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M.who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures.H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that

A)LTM can operate normally while STM is impaired.
B)impairment of one memory system (LTM or STM)necessarily leads to deficits in the functioning of the other.
C)a double dissociation exists for STM and LTM.
D)STM can operate normally while LTM is impaired.

Question 11

This multiple choice question is an example of atest.

A)recall
B)recognition
C)word-completion
D)personal semantic memory

Question 12

Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for
Of a list.

A)the first words
B)the middle words
C)the last words
D)both the first and last words

Question 13

The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment)is associated withmemory.

A)long-term
B)short-term
C)sensory
D)implicit

Question 14

A study participant is given a list of words to remember.One week later,he recalls the list.Let's say that one of the list words was PEAR.Which of the following,none of which actually appeared on the list,would be most likely incorrectly recalled if the participant doesn't remember PEAR?

A)REAR
B)PAIR
C)APPLE
D)BEAR

Question 15

The dramatic case of patient H.M.clearly illustrates thatis crucial for the formation of LTMs.

A)the hippocampus
B)synaptic consolidation
C)vitamin B1
D)deep processing

Question 16

Wickens et al.'s "fruit,meat,and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because

A)the stimulus category changed.
B)the stimulus category remained the same.
C)the response task changed.
D)the response task remained the same.

Question 17

Carrie answers her phone with "Hello?" A response,"Hi,Carrie!" comes from the other end of the line.Carrie responds back with "Hi,Dad!" Carrie processed "Hi,Carrie" using an

A)auditory code in short-term memory.
B)auditory code in long-term memory.
C)iconic code in short-term memory.
D)iconic code in long-term memory.

Question 18

The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words.One way to get rid of the recency effect is to

A)have participants say "la,la,la" while studying the list.
B)present the list more slowly.
C)have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list.
D)have participants see the words on a screen,rather than hear them.

Question 19

Which of the following would most likely be a detailed long-term memory?

A)I just sat down.
B)I was talking to that girl just before class.
C)I was talking to that boy three months ago.
D)I talked to my cousin Amelia on the phone six months ago.

Question 20

The predominant type of coding in LTM is

A)phonological.
B)concrete.
C)semantic.
D)visual.

Question 21

Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected.This discussion revealed that when we experience events,

A)episodic memory for events lasts longer than semantic memory for the events.
B)the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory.
C)semantic and episodic memories about events tend to last about the same length of time in our memory.
D)semantic memory of events is enhanced when it is not interfered with by associated episodic memories.

Question 22

"I remember being really excited last year,when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example ofmemory.

A)episodic
B)implicit
C)semantic
D)procedural

Question 23

Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball.She teaches her how to hold the racquet,where to stand,and how to make effective shots.These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example ofmemory.

A)working
B)semantic
C)procedural
D)autobiographical

Question 24

Which task below would most likely be used to test for implicit memory?

A)Recognizing words that had been presented in an earlier list
B)Recalling the names of popular fairy tales
C)Matching Spanish vocabulary words with their English translations
D)Completing a word for which the first and last letter have been supplied

Question 25

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?

A)I remember my earth science teacher telling me how volcanoes erupt.
B)I remember seeing a volcano erupt in Hawaii last summer.
C)I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.
D)I remember "volcano" was the first word on the list Juan read to me.

Question 26

A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in

A)recognizing famous people.
B)remembering the meaning of some words.
C)recalling where to find eating utensils in the kitchen.
D)remembering graduating from college.

Question 27

In the movie Groundhog Day,Bill Murray's character grows frustrated as he experiences the same day in his life over and over again.With each "passing" day,he is able to respond to people's actions more and more quickly because of

A)repetition priming.
B)distributed practice.
C)reconsolidation.
D)mental time travel.

Question 28

One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that

A)it always leads to episodic memory for events.
B)it is enhanced by the self-reference effect.
C)we are not conscious we are using it.
D)people use it strategically to enhance memory for events.

Question 29

The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s."

A)Episodic
B)Semantic
C)Procedural
D)Implicit

Question 30

K.C. ,who was injured in a motorcycle accident,remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling,but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death,which occurred two years before the accident.His memory behavior suggests

A)intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.
B)intact procedural memory but defective semantic memory.
C)intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.
D)intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory.

Question 31

Your text describes an "Italian woman" who,after an attack of encephalitis,had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before.She could,however,remember her life events and daily tasks.Her memory behavior reflects

A)intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.
B)intact procedural memory but defective episodic memory.
C)intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.
D)intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory.

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?

A)Classical conditioning
B)Repetition priming
C)Procedural memory
D)Semantic memory

Question 33

Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories?

A)When autobiographical memories are impaired,the episodic content contained within them will cause a blockage of access to related semantic content.
B)Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content.
C)Autobiographical memories are highly accurate from as early as 3 months of age.
D)It is not possible to have an autobiographical memory that has only semantic or episodic content but not both.

Question 34

According to Tulving,the defining properties of the experience of episodic memory is that

A)it involves mental time travel.
B)it always corresponds to events from our past that actually happened.
C)it accesses knowledge about the world that does not have to be tied to any specific personal experience.
D)it involves both explicit and implicit memories.

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT an example of semantic memory?

A)I remember that more than 33% of U.S.drivers have admitted to using a cell phone when driving.
B)I remember that experiments have shown that talking on cell phones can impair driving ability.
C)I remember the day we learned about how talking on cell phones can impair driving ability.
D)None of the above (a,b,and c are all examples of semantic memory)

Question 36

memories are to experiences asmemories are to facts.

A)Semantic;implicit
B)Implicit;episodic
C)Episodic;semantic
D)Procedural;episodic

Question 37

Imagine that the students described below are all taking a multiple choice test.Which student's behavior best describes an example of implicit memory?

A)One student comes to a question for which he is unsure of the answer,but choice b seems familiar so he decides that it must be right.
B)One student remembers the correct answer to a question as well as where the information could be found in his notebook.
C)One student has no idea what an answer was supposed to be,but she does not want to leave a question blank.So,she guesses by first writing out items that she thought would make sense.
D)One student is sure he does not know the answer for a question,so he leaves it blank.

Question 38

Ming is taking a memory test.She is more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if she had

A)just read about the singer in a magazine.
B)just seen the singer on TV.
C)recently seen the singer on TV and read about the singer in a magazine.
D)attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend.

Question 39

Explicit memory is toas implicit memory is to.

A)aware;unaware
B)self;others
C)primacy;recency
D)episodic;semantic

Question 40

Phoebe steps up to the golf ball and hits it down the fairway.She sees that the ball is heading towards someone,so she yells "Fore!" After her two partners hit their balls,they pick up their bags and start walking to the next hole.But Phoebe says,"Wait a minute,I haven't teed off yet." This behavior shows that Phoebe has a problem with memory.

A)semantic
B)procedural
C)episodic
D)working

Question 41

Explain how psychologists distinguish between episodic and semantic memory,and also how these two types of memories are connected.

Question 42

Describe the serial position curve.Draw a graph (labeling each axis)to illustrate the curve,making sure you explain each "section" of the curve.Explain the structural features of memory responsible for the shape of the curve.

Question 43

Which of the following involves procedural memory?

A)Knowing how it feels to be scared
B)Recalling a childhood memory
C)Knowing how an automobile engine works
D)Reading a sentence in a book

Question 44

Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory?

A)The self-reference effect
B)The propaganda effect
C)Release from proactive inhibition
D)Encoding specificity

Question 45

The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true

A)only when we are aware we've seen them before.
B)simply because we have been exposed to them before.
C)only when we agree with them.
D)unless we are told explicitly that the statements are false.

Question 46

People who suffer from alcohol abuse may suffer frombrought on by Korsakoff's syndrome,and be unable to form new long-term memories.

A)agnosia
B)amnesia
C)the primacy effect
D)the serial effect

Question 47

According to your text,which of the following movies is LEAST accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem?

A)The Bourne Identity
B)Memento
C)The Long Kiss Goodnight
D)50 First Dates

Question 48

Work with brain-injured patients reveals thatmemory does not depend on conscious memory.

A)declarative and non-declarative
B)personal semantic and remote
C)semantic and episodic
D)implicit and procedural

Question 49

A patient suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome,such as "Jimmy G" who is described in your text,would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty?

A)Following a story in a book
B)Remembering what he needs to buy when he gets to the grocery store
C)Recognizing people he has recently met
D)Identifying a photograph of his childhood home

Question 50

One way to ensure that a person does not remember that a word was presented to them in the past (when testing priming)is to

A)utilize proactive interference when administering the memory task.
B)test patients with amnesia.
C)use backward instead of forward priming.
D)employ multiple rounds of repetition priming.

Question 51

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

A)Because you have to make an effort to learn the association between the neutral and conditioned stimulus.
B)Because it is based on motor skills like procedural memory is.
C)Because it is involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.
D)Because it usually involves memory for the episode in which it occurred.

Question 52

Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of

A)the test stimulus being the same or resembling the priming stimulus.
B)the test stimulus being different from the priming stimulus.
C)the test stimulus being similar in meaning to the priming stimulus.
D)the test stimulus being different in meaning from the priming stimulus.

Question 53

Define implicit memory.Provide experimental evidence to show how this kind of memory operates.In your discussion,provide two examples of implicit memory.

Question 54

Explain how research on brain-damaged individuals informs our understanding of priming in implicit memory.

Question 55

Define the propaganda effect.Explain the effect in terms of priming.Give two potential "real-world" examples of this effect.

Question 56

Explain the major research supporting the notion that "the main role of the episodic memory system is not to remember the past,but to enable people to simulate possible future scenarios in order to help anticipate future needs and guide future behavior."