Deck 10: Family Poverty in Canada: Correlates, Coping Strategies, and Consequences

Question 1

Canada experienced its second recession in the ________

A) late 1800s.
B) early 1930s.
C) mid-1950s.
D) early 1980s.
E) early 1990s.

Answer 1

early 1990s.

Question 2

After 15 years of sustained economic growth, Canada experienced its latest recession in ________

A) 2001.
B) 2004.
C) 2008.
D) 2011.
E) 2013.

Answer 2

2008.

Question 3

According to Picot et al. (1998), ________ events influence the types of transfer payments that Canadians receive from the government.

A) economic
B) demographic
C) educational
D) political
E) social

Answer 3

political

Question 4

Picot et.al. (1998) highlights three distinctive types of events as potential explanations for a family's major financial setback. These types of events are ________

A) demographic, economic, and political.
B) social, economic, and educational.
C) political, governmental, and demographic.
D) local, social, and educational.
E) communal, familial, and demographic.

Question 5

Statistics Canada's LICOS stands for ________

A) low-income cut-offs.
B) lower income community organizations.
C) low-income car ownership.
D) longitudinal income/cost operations statistic.
E) long-term institutional care salary.

Question 6

The term "________" refers to that point in the income distribution at which one-half of income units (individuals, families, or households) fall above and one-half fall below.

A) mean income
B) mode income
C) median income
D) middle income
E) midmost income

Question 7

A(n) "________" refers to a group of two or more persons who live in the same dwelling and are related to each other by blood, marriage, common-law, adoption, or a foster relationship..

A) economic family
B) household
C) dependent family
D) relational family
E) communal dwellers

Question 8

The "_______" refers to the proportion of the population 15 years and over that is in the labour force for a certain period of time.

A) workforce rate
B) labour rate
C) labour force participation rate
D) work participation rate
E) employability rate

Question 9

By 2008, _______ of all Canadians aged 15 and older were involved in the labour force working either on a full-time or part-time basis, or actively searching out employment.

A) one-third
B) two-thirds
C) one-quarter
D) 100 per cent
E) half

Question 10

According to the Canadian Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics, _______ are at the highest risk of experiencing economic hardship.

A) seniors
B) single individuals
C) male-led lone-parent families
D) female-led lone-parent families
E) non-elderly families

Question 11

A majority of Canadian women indicate that they plan to return to the labour force within _______ of giving birth.

A) seven months
B) one year
C) two years
D) three years
E) five years

Question 12

The following statements regarding parental labour force participation is false: ________

A) The majority of new mothers return to paid employment after a short respite to care for their newborns.
B) Single parents often cannot easily share child care responsibilities with a partner.
C) The age of the children has a particularly important impact on the labour force participation of lone parents due to the difficulties of simultaneously raising very young children and maintaining a full-time job.
D) Canadian women return to the labour force within two years after having a baby.
E) The employment rates for female lone parents tend to stay very low as their children age.

Question 13

As of Fall 2020, which groups have been the most likely to lose employment due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada?

A) Women
B) Immigrants
C) Black Canadians
D) Racialized communities
E) All of the above

Question 14

Sinha (2014) has estimated that only about ____________ per cent of separated or divorced parents pay some form of financial support.

A) 11
B) 21
C) 31
D) 41
E) 51

Question 15

Factors such as ________ have increased the vulnerability of large segments of the population.

A) the restructuring of the Canadian welfare state
B) unemployment
C) lack of community support
D) low-income jobs
E) recessions

Question 16

According to the 2016 Census, the median income of Indigenous people was ______ per cent lower than that of non-Indigenous persons.

A) 6.2
B) 16.2
C) 26.2
D) 46.2
E) 56.2

Question 17

In recent decades, which group has seen the greatest economic gains in Canada?

A) Two-parent households
B) Middle-class, white, and two-parent households
C) Older adults with government-supported pension plans
D) The richest and wealthiest Canadian families
E) Lone-parent families who receive the Canada Child Benefit

Question 18

Those at greatest risk of "persistent poverty" are ________

A) the elderly.
B) single people.
C) common-law couples.
D) divorced people.
E) single mothers with children.

Question 19

Among children whose parents have separated or divorced, about ________ of all custodial parents have absolutely no agreement on child support.

A) one in two
B) one in three
C) one in five
D) one in ten
E) one in twenty

Question 20

Widowhood is much more common among women than among men, with women outliving their husbands by an average of ________ years.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 8
D) twelve
E) fifteen

Question 21

During the second half of the twentieth century, all of the following except ________ significantly reduced the risk of elderly Canadians sliding into poverty.

A) the Quebec Pension Plan
B) Old Age Security
C) the Guaranteed Income Supplement
D) the Canada Pension Plan
E) Employment Insurance

Question 22

In Canada during the 1960s, _______ were most likely to be classified as income poor.

A) new immigrants to Canada
B) single parents
C) post-secondary students
D) Canadians aged 65 and older
E) children

Question 23

About _______ of unattached women aged 65 years or older who lived alone were classified as being in the low-income bracket in 2017.

A) 11 per cent
B) 21 per cent
C) 31 per cent
D) 41per cent
E) 51 per cent

Question 24

In recent decades, Canadian public policy has been far from generous towards _______

A) post-secondary students.
B) elderly families.
C) younger families.
D) new immigrants.
E) single parents.

Question 25

Which of the following groups were not disproportionately impacted by their employment ending due to the COVID-19 pandemic?

A) Temporary workers
B) Female workers
C) Young workers
D) Racialized workers
E) Workers with children

Question 26

In contrast to the 1960s, by the year 2000 _______ were three times as likely to be classified as income poor than elderly Canadians.

A) children
B) lone parents
C) single individuals
D) divorced parents
E) lone-parent mothers

Question 27

Over recent years Canada has arguably seen the "least progress" in terms of reducing poverty among ______________

A) persons who neither marry or cohabit nor succeed in maintaining a relationship once established.
B) women who choose to have more than two children without a partner.
C) women in later life who remain unattached following the death of their spouse.
D) racialized mothers and fathers in large cities, especially those who are newcomers.
E) women who have shared custody following divorce.

Question 28

Legislation establishing an "official poverty line" for Canada was first introduced in Canada by the Federal Minister of Families, Children, and Social Development in __________

A) 1988.
B) 1998.
C) 2008.
D) 2018.
E) This type of legislation has never been introduced in Canada.

Question 29

_______ of racialized persons between the ages of 25 and 64 with university degrees lived in poverty.

A) Five per cent
B) 12 per cent
C) 25 per cent
D) 32 per cent
E) 44 per cent

Question 30

Wealth is most typically defined as the difference between total assets and total debts as well as ________

A) having no debts.
B) the stock of assets held by a household or individual that either yields or has the potential to yield income.
C) an abundance of materialistic items.
D) monetary stability and well-being.
E) emotional well-being.

Question 31

Evidence suggests that in order to establish greater organizational ties and connections with others, women will often _______

A) start a home business.
B) take on a second job.
C) volunteer.
D) work to build their community.
E) have children.

Question 32

In Canada, the 2009 recession resulted in an increase in food bank usage that has not fallen significantly since as roughly ________ per cent of Canadians continue to use the food bank monthly.

A) 1
B) 2.5
C) 5
D) 10
E) 15

Question 33

The first food bank in Canada opened in _______ in 1981.

A) Calgary
B) Toronto
C) Montreal
D) St. John's
E) Edmonton

Question 34

Families with limited resources compensate by doing all of the following except ________

A) reducing their expenses in general.
B) receiving public assistance.
C) cutting food expenditures.
D) returning to the labour force.
E) accepting high-level jobs to cover costs.

Question 35

Research indicates that poor children _______

A) have significantly greater risks of being born prematurely and with lower birth weights.
B) suffer greater rates of intellectual impairment.
C) experience higher mortality rates.
D) fall behind in formal schooling.
E) All of the above

Question 36

In drawing international comparisons across countries with similar levels of socio-economic development, research consistently finds that Canada falls somewhere between the United States, where levels of poverty and inequality are relatively high, and much of continental Europe, where the incidence of poverty is moderated somewhat by more comprehensive welfare states.

Question 37

According to Picot et al. (1998), demographic events can influence the type of families and living arrangements in which Canadians share and pool income.

Question 38

The low-income cut-off is the most commonly used measure of poverty in Canada.

Question 39

During the recession of the 1980s, the median income of Canadian families rose.

Question 40

In 2008, two-thirds of all Canadians aged 15 and older were involved in the labour market.

Question 41

With respect to household earnings, the norm of these days consists of two wage earners per family rather than one.

Question 42

In the year following a divorce or separation, men are more likely to end up in a low-income situation than women.

Question 43

The majority of Canadian women indicate that they plan to return to the labour force within two years of giving birth.

Question 44

In considering dual-parent families with children, about five out of 10 men and three out of 10 women are in the labour force.

Question 45

The median income of two earner families with a child was $119,300 in 2018, as compared to a median income of $54,400 among such families with only one earner.

Question 46

Welfare payments across Canada are more than adequate in order to obtain a reasonable standard of living.

Question 47

As of 2018, Canada's unemployment rate was hovering at around 16%.

Question 48

Definitions of poverty have remained consistent since the 1930s.

Question 49

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Canada's unemployment rate was higher than both the recession period of the 1980s and the recession period of the 1990s.

Question 50

There remains considerable debate as to the extent to which Canada has made progress in terms of reducing poverty.

Question 51

To help keep families out of poverty, the Canada Child Benefit has a maximum benefit of $12,400 per year for each child under 6.

Question 52

Many Canadian families receive some form of public support, including a federal child tax benefit, which is a progressive system of income transfers as delivered through the tax system.

Question 53

During the COVID-19 pandemic a disproportionate share of employees who were laid off were male breadwinners.

Question 54

Unattached adults, children, and young mothers in particular continue to be overrepresented among those on welfare.

Question 55

Among children whose parents have separated or divorced, about one in three of all custodial parents has absolutely no agreement on child support.

Question 56

Female lone parents tend to be older than male lone parents, and earn a significantly higher wage.

Question 57

Most of those aged 65 and older currently live in small households with their spouse, sometimes by themselves, and occasionally with an adult child.

Question 58

Men are more likely than women to remarry after a spouse's death.

Question 59

Statistics Canada (2019) reports that the rate of low-income elderly families has substantially declined.

Question 60

The elderly who live alone are more likely to slip into poverty on the death of their spouse.

Question 61

Among Canadians living alone, there is a significant gap between the percentage of women who are classified as low-income and men who are classified as low-income.

Question 62

Canada's official measure of poverty the "Market Basket Measure" is a consistent amount across all provinces.

Question 63

Beedie at al. (2019) have estimated child poverty rates of First Nations children in Canada that were roughly 4 times that of other Canadian children.

Question 64

In Canada, there is a greater wealth inequality than income inequality.

Question 65

The 2009 recession resulted in a significant spike in food bank usage across Canada, but this decreased immediately following the recession.

Question 66

The first food bank in Canada opened at the beginning of World War II.

Question 67

Vozoris et al. (2002) have proved that welfare income from Ontario Works is insufficient to cover the core needs for households residing in market rental accommodations on a regular basis.

Question 68

The Whitehall Study of British civil servants determined that those employed at the highest grades have lower mortality rates than those employed in lower grades.

Question 69

According to the 2016 Census, the median income for Indigenous people in Canada was 16.2 per cent lower than that of non-Indigenous persons.

Question 70

Neighbourhood and community can serve to lessen the impact of family poverty, as the potential for additional social supports increases.
Short

Question 71

Discuss the three types of events identified by Picot et al. (1998) as potential explanations why many families continue to experience financial setbacks.

Question 72

Discuss the different working definitions of poverty.

Question 73

Why do Statistics Canada's LICOS vary by family size and by five different sizes of urban and rural communities?

Question 74

Discuss the economic hardship experienced by lone-parent families.

Question 75

There has been a major shift in the labour force participation of parents with young children. Discuss.

Question 76

What is the Canada Child Benefit and how has it benefited low-income families in Canada?

Question 77

What common challenges are faced by both female lone parents and other women in the labour market?

Question 78

Which groups of workers were most significantly impacted by the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and why?

Question 79

Discuss the economic well-being of Indigenous communities.

Question 80

Why is it difficult to document the economic well-being of Canadian college or university students?