Deck 4: Dimensions of Social Inequality in Sport

Question 1

Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972:

A) reduced the number of female athletic participants in college sports.
B) led to strong support from the male intercollegiate athletic establishment for the growth of women-controlled women's intercollegiate athletic programs.
C) mandated gender equity but not necessarily gender equality in college sports.
D) immediately increased the number of female coaches and administrators in college athletics after the NCAA took over women's college athletics.

Answer 1

mandated gender equity but not necessarily gender equality in college sports.

Question 2

Our understanding of sexual orientation and sport gained from the text and this course would most likely lead to the conclusion that:

A) the athletics department and college sports teams generally are the least homophobic places on campus.
B) gay athletes tend to be very open in talking about their sexual orientation among teammates.
C) male athletes are more likely than female athletes to be suspected of being homosexual.
D) homosexual athletes in individual sports tend to be more comfortable with their sexual orientation than homosexual athletes in team sports tend to be.

Answer 2

homosexual athletes in individual sports tend to be more comfortable with their sexual orientation than homosexual athletes in team sports tend to be.

Question 3

Legal enforcement of Title IX in athletics was restricted by:

A) the Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act passed by Congress in 1994.
B) the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987.
C) the Congressional override of President Reagan's veto of the Civil Rights Restoration Act.
D) the 1984 Supreme Court decision that said that the law applied only to programs directly receiving federal financial aid.

Answer 3

the 1984 Supreme Court decision that said that the law applied only to programs directly receiving federal financial aid.

Question 4

Evidence about homosexuality and college sports covered in the text and in this course shows or suggests that:

A) coaches of women's teams in college sport sometimes use claims or hints of lesbians on competing teams as a scare tactic to try to gain an advantage in recruiting.
B) the idea that there are lesbian or gay athletes in college sports is a myth.
C) gay athletes are more likely than lesbian athletes to talk openly about their sexual orientation.
D) sexual orientation continues to be an issue in men's college sports, but it is no longer an issue in women's college sports.

Question 5

Messner's research about sport and male identity and adjustment has shown that:

A) men develop strong, but also realistic, definitions of their masculinity and success through sport.
B) sports participation generally makes it easier for men to express their emotions and develop healthy intimate relationships.
C) male sports worlds that emphasize hierarchy and highly aggressive competitive behavior make it difficult for men to develop secure identities and develop close relationships.
D) male conceptions of their masculinity are unaffected by sports worlds.

Question 6

The gender ideology that has been traditionally accepted in sport:

A) is based on the belief that males are naturally superior to females due to the superior physical prowess of males.
B) implies that sport is just as appropriate for females as it is for males.
C) supports the idea of gender equity in sport.
D) encourages and justifies women's efforts to participate in stereotypically masculine sports such as bodybuilding, wrestling, and boxing.

Question 7

A college or university meets the proportionality test of compliance with Title IX when:

A) 60% of the undergraduates at a college or university are female and approximately 60% of the student-athletes are female.
B) it has had a recent three-year history of expanding athletic programs for the sex that has historically been underrepresented in athletics.
C) it can be shown that its athletic programs and teams have fully accommodated the interests and abilities of the members of the underrepresented sex.
D) it only schedules games against colleges or universities that have achieved gender equity.

Question 8

According to Curry, the culture and interaction in the men's locker room he studied:

A) encouraged the athletes to accept feminist ideas.
B) increased tolerance for gay athletes.
C) emphasized or exaggerated traditional ideas about masculinity.
D) discouraged the athletes from developing a sense of solidarity with one another.

Question 9

Results from a 2005 NBC/USA Networks survey about homosexuality in sport showed that the majority of respondents believed that:

A) openly gay athletes should be excluded from playing team sports.
B) it would hurt an athlete's career to be openly gay.
C) gay and lesbian athletes were treated fairly in their private and professional lives.
D) if Sports Illustrated put more emphasis on gay athletes, in editorial features, its readership and the general public would welcome this shift.

Question 10

According to sociological definitions, the clearest example of gender discrimination in sport among the choices below is when:

A) a school or college does not offer a sport for girls or women because there is insufficient female interest.
B) less money is allocated to the budget for a women's basketball team than to the budget for a men's football team.
C) women are not given a chance to play a sport because they are women.
D) a college does not support ice hockey at the varsity level for men or women but offers men and women a chance to play ice hockey on the club level.

Question 11

Sociologists would say that racial discrimination exists in sport when:

A) more white female students than non-white female students on a college campus are interested in participating on the crew team.
B) more white male students than non-white male students on a college campus are interested in participating on the crew team.
C) African-Americans are disproportionately represented on men's college and NBA basketball teams.
D) college basketball recruiters recruit African-American athletes because they are African American and do not recruit white athletes because they are white.

Question 12

The "Cablinasian" label proposed by Tiger Woods reflects:

A) his desire to be viewed as an African American.
B) the ambiguity of racial and ethnic categories.
C) the fact that both race and ethnicity are biological categories.
D) the tendency for sports superstars not to want to be viewed in terms of racial or ethnic categories.

Question 13

Sport sociologist Harry Edwards urged aspiring young black athletes and their families to "dream with eyes open" because:

A) he did not want to see young black men waste opportunities for career success in other areas by seriously pursuing sport.
B) he hoped that black youths would still aspire to sports success, but that they would also recognize the obstacles as well as the opportunities.
C) he believed that a renewed emphasis on sports was not an answer to rising school dropout rates and rising rates of arrest, incarceration and early death among young black men.
D) too much public money was being spent on sports and recreation programs in poor, black inner city neighborhoods in America.

Question 14

The dominant racial ideology in U.S. sport until approximately the middle of the 20^th century assumed that

A) blacks did not have sufficient physical talents or skills to participate in sports.
B) major professional sports leagues should be racially integrated.
C) racial segregation in sport was morally wrong.
D) blacks should be excluded from most mainstream college and professional sports because interracial contact in sport could lead to racial tensions and conflict.

Question 15

According to the concepts presented in class, a blind wrestler who competes in the mainstream for his high school wrestling team is an example of:

A) a wrestler with an impairment who is not disabled in his sport.
B) the absence of impairments, disabilities, and handicaps in high school wrestling.
C) a wrestler who is handicapped but not impaired or disabled.
D) segregation in mainstream sports.

Question 16

Simpson's report of American Indians' experiences in sport showed that:

A) Indian athletes who are recruited to play college sports typically quit because they want to be sure they do well academically and graduate.
B) Indians are the most highly represented ethnic or racial minority in college sports.
C) Indians recruited to play college sports are often "pushed" back to the reservation because they experience academic difficulties, social isolation, and discrimination on campus.
D) most Indian high school athletes are highly regarded by college athletic recruiters.

Question 17

Branch Rickey's "social experiment" with Jackie Robinson was significant because:

A) no other black athlete had ever competed against white athletes in a professional sport before Robinson.
B) the history of the Negro Leagues had suggested that black players lacked the talent to play against white players in Major League Baseball.
C) Major League Baseball had been segregated and was the most popular professional sports league in the U.S. at the time.
D) Robinson's talent was marginal.

Question 18

In comparison with other minority groups, the opportunity structure in college, Olympic, and professional sports in the U.S. for people with disabilities is most similar to the sports opportunity structure in the U.S. for:

A) whites.
B) blacks.
C) Indians.
D) women.

Question 19

Ableism is an ideology:

A) that promotes opportunities in mainstream sports for people with disabilities.
B) that is similar to racism and sexism.
C) that makes people with disabilities seem superior to "able-bodied" people in sport.
D) that removes disabling obstacles for athletes with disabilities.

Question 20

The idea or the image of the "supercrip":

A) has both positive and negative meanings and implications for people with disabilities.
B) is embraced or accepted by all serious athletes with disabilities.
C) implies that people with disabilities should not try to play serious sports.
D) is rarely found in mass media stories about successful athletes with disabilities.

Question 21

Which one of the following principles was not a basis for the formulation of the models of sports opportunity presented in the text to identify ways that people could participate in sports?

A) choice
B) fairness
C) structural matching of abilities and interests with roles and interaction requirements
D) ableism

Question 22

The sports model proposed in the text in which artificial accommodations such as wheelchairs are used by able-bodied participants is:

A) Mixed Paralympics.
B) Reverse Integration.
C) Marathon.
D) Mainstream.

Question 23

The study of women's soccer by Knoppers and Anthonissen, which was the focus of a special feature in the text, showed that:

A) women's soccer has been more widely accepted in the Netherlands than in the United States.
B) women's college soccer is currently very popular in the Netherlands, even though the Dutch Football (Soccer) Association does not promote soccer as a youth sport for girls.
C) soccer developed in the United States among young working-class women.
D) women's soccer in both the Netherlands and the United States today is played predominantly by white girls and women with middle class backgrounds.

Question 24

According to Knoppers and Anthonissen, the historical development of women's soccer in the Netherlands during the 20^th century was influenced by:

A) factors of social class, ethnicity, and gender.
B) the strong support of the national men's soccer federation (the KNVB).
C) strong support from early feminists in the Netherlands.
D) the prominence and competitive success of the Dutch national women's team as the top team in the women's soccer world.

Question 25

The disclosure by former NBA player John Amaechi that he was gay:

A) happened when he was having his best year as a player.
B) was met with universal support by current and former NBA players.
C) occurred after his career ended.
D) received no media coverage.

Question 26

Why have some prominent advocates of women's sports argued that supporters of nonrevenue men's sports that have been cut are misguided in placing the blame on Title IX and women's sports? Be specific.

Question 27

What is sociologically distinctive about the content of the documentary film "Murderball"? Be specific.

Question 28

What the concept of "sport without disability" proposed by Wolff and Hums mean?

Question 29

What do data from Lapchick and his colleagues' Racial and Gender Report Card for College Sports reveal about dominant patterns or trends in opportunities for male and female African-American athletes in U.S. colleges sports?

Question 30

What is a cultural ideology, and how have cultural ideologies about gender or sexual orientation or race and ethnicity or disability been related to structures of inequality in sport?

Question 31

According to discussions in the text and in this course, why do gay men often feel estranged from sport, and why are they especially uncomfortable in team and contact sports settings? How may male socialization in sport contribute to these feelings?