Deck 12: Juvenile Corrections

Question 1

Through the nineteenth century, children were generally:

A) Exempt from the death penalty
B) Exempt from corporal punishment
C) Given special treatment because of their age
D) Treated nearly the same as adults
E) A, B, and C

Answer 1

Treated nearly the same as adults

Question 2

During the early origins of juvenile reformatories, children were sent to them:

A) As a way of avoiding a possible conviction in adult court
B) Instead of going to an adult prison following adjudication in juvenile court
C) In place of receiving probation in the case of a serious crime
D) As an alternative to being transported to a rural area
E) As a place to work for those who were destitute

Answer 2

As a way of avoiding a possible conviction in adult court

Question 3

The child-saving movement was influenced by a number of factors. In that regard, consider the following:
1 Industrialization
2 Immigrants moving into American cities
3 Crime, poverty, and overcrowding in urban areas
4 Demands for free public education
5 Social policy moving toward the medical model
Select the option that includes all of the factors listed above which influenced the child-saving movement:

A) 1 and 2
B) 2 and 3
C) 1, 2, and 3
D) 1, 2, 3, and 4
E) 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

Answer 3

1, 2, and 3

Question 4

The "child-savers" were men and women representing a variety of social classes.

Question 5

Emphasis was on changing the underlying conditions (such as poverty) that were creating problems for children.

Question 6

The child-saving movement was influenced by the shift from agriculture to industry as the country's economic base.

Question 7

The first juvenile court was established in the year _______ in the city of _______. Select the option that makes this statement true when placed in the blanks:

A) 1790, Philadelphia
B) 1850, New York
C) 1899, Chicago
D) 1900, Washington, DC
E) 1920, Boston

Question 8

The concept of parens patriae originally derived from:

A) Social problems generated by the Industrial Revolution
B) The child-rearing practices of the Quakers
C) The state's power to remove children from pauper parents
D) The practice of placing-out, through which children were relocated in rural areas
E) Changes in social attitudes resulting from the Great Depression

Question 9

The fact that the development of juvenile court was based on the concept of parens patriae means that the court's primary intent was to:

A) Help the child
B) Protect parental rights
C) Punish law violators
D) Combat parental poverty
E) Hold parents accountable for the actions of their children

Question 10

In comparison to adult courts, the proceedings in juvenile courts are:

A) More formal because the atmosphere of the courtroom was designed to make a strong punitive impression on the child
B) Less formal because the court was supposed to serve as the child's advocate
C) Less formal because children are exempt from the protections afforded to adults in the U.S. Constitution
D) More formal because it was felt that children would be more likely to correct their wayward behavior if they were handled more sternly in the judicial system
E) More formal because juvenile courts are governed by the justice model

Question 11

Match each item of the criminal justice system below with one of the following juvenile justice terms:

-Crime.

A) Adjustment
B) Adjudicatory hearing
C) Aftercare
D) Allegations sustained
E) Commitment
F) Delinquent act
G) Detention center
H) Disposition
I) Petition
J) Summons
K) Take into custody
L) Training school
M) Resident

Question 12

Match each item of the criminal justice system below with one of the following juvenile justice terms:

-Arrest.

A) Adjustment
B) Adjudicatory hearing
C) Aftercare
D) Allegations sustained
E) Commitment
F) Delinquent act
G) Detention center
H) Disposition
I) Petition
J) Summons
K) Take into custody
L) Training school
M) Resident

Question 13

Match each item of the criminal justice system below with one of the following juvenile justice terms:

-Jail.

A) Adjustment
B) Adjudicatory hearing
C) Aftercare
D) Allegations sustained
E) Commitment
F) Delinquent act
G) Detention center
H) Disposition
I) Petition
J) Summons
K) Take into custody
L) Training school
M) Resident

Question 14

Match each item of the criminal justice system below with one of the following juvenile justice terms:

-Plea bargain.

A) Adjustment
B) Adjudicatory hearing
C) Aftercare
D) Allegations sustained
E) Commitment
F) Delinquent act
G) Detention center
H) Disposition
I) Petition
J) Summons
K) Take into custody
L) Training school
M) Resident

Question 15

Match each item of the criminal justice system below with one of the following juvenile justice terms:

-Trial.

A) Adjustment
B) Adjudicatory hearing
C) Aftercare
D) Allegations sustained
E) Commitment
F) Delinquent act
G) Detention center
H) Disposition
I) Petition
J) Summons
K) Take into custody
L) Training school
M) Resident

Question 16

Match each item of the criminal justice system below with one of the following juvenile justice terms:

-Sentencing.

A) Adjustment
B) Adjudicatory hearing
C) Aftercare
D) Allegations sustained
E) Commitment
F) Delinquent act
G) Detention center
H) Disposition
I) Petition
J) Summons
K) Take into custody
L) Training school
M) Resident

Question 17

Match each item of the criminal justice system below with one of the following juvenile justice terms:

-Prison.

A) Adjustment
B) Adjudicatory hearing
C) Aftercare
D) Allegations sustained
E) Commitment
F) Delinquent act
G) Detention center
H) Disposition
I) Petition
J) Summons
K) Take into custody
L) Training school
M) Resident

Question 18

Match each item of the criminal justice system below with one of the following juvenile justice terms:

-Parole.

A) Adjustment
B) Adjudicatory hearing
C) Aftercare
D) Allegations sustained
E) Commitment
F) Delinquent act
G) Detention center
H) Disposition
I) Petition
J) Summons
K) Take into custody
L) Training school
M) Resident

Question 19

It has been stated that children "suffer the worst of both worlds" in the justice system. This observation is referring to the fact that children:

A) Suffer at both the hands of their parents and the hands of the state
B) Get treated either too leniently or too strictly by the courts
C) Get neither personalized care nor due process rights in juvenile court
D) Are considered neither children nor adults in the justice system
E) Are often torn between siding with their mother and siding with their father in custody battles

Question 20

As a result of the due process movement, the juvenile court has:

A) Focused more intently on duly treating juvenile offenders
B) Reduced the power of juvenile court judges
C) Become more like adult criminal courts
D) Become less adversarial
E) All of the above

Question 21

According to the decision in the Kent v. United States case, juvenile court cannot waive its jurisdiction:

A) Under any circumstances
B) Without approval of the child's parents
C) Without the child's consent
D) Without a hearing
E) B and C

Question 22

One of the landmark cases of the due process movement was In re Gault, which established that juveniles have certain rights. In that regard, consider the following:
1 Juveniles accused of misdemeanors may not be confined in a secure facility
2 Juveniles who are facing possible confinement are entitled to an attorney
3 Juveniles have the right to remain silent
4 When facing potentially grievous consequences, juveniles have the right to a jury trial
Select the option that contains all of the provisions of In re Gault that are listed above:

A) 1 and 2
B) 2 and 3
C) 1, 2, and 3
D) 2, 3, and 4
E) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Question 23

Since the Winship case, the standard of evidence in cases where children may be deprived of their liberty is:

A) Probable cause
B) Reasonable suspicion
C) Preponderance of the evidence
D) Beyond a reasonable doubt
E) Absolute certainty

Question 24

Assuming that the behavior described below is engaged in by a person under the age of majority, identify the behavior as:

-Auto theft.

A) A delinquent act
B) A status offense
C) Neither

Question 25

Assuming that the behavior described below is engaged in by a person under the age of majority, identify the behavior as:

-Truancy.

A) A delinquent act
B) A status offense
C) Neither

Question 26

Assuming that the behavior described below is engaged in by a person under the age of majority, identify the behavior as:

-Drug use.

A) A delinquent act
B) A status offense
C) Neither

Question 27

Assuming that the behavior described below is engaged in by a person under the age of majority, identify the behavior as:

-Assault.

A) A delinquent act
B) A status offense
C) Neither

Question 28

Assuming that the behavior described below is engaged in by a person under the age of majority, identify the behavior as:

-Using obscene language.

A) A delinquent act
B) A status offense
C) Neither

Question 29

Assuming that the behavior described below is engaged in by a person under the age of majority, identify the behavior as:

-Drinking alcohol.

A) A delinquent act
B) A status offense
C) Neither

Question 30

Assuming that the behavior described below is engaged in by a person under the age of majority, identify the behavior as:

-Shoplifting.

A) A delinquent act
B) A status offense
C) Neither

Question 31

Assuming that the behavior described below is engaged in by a person under the age of majority, identify the behavior as:

-Running away from home.

A) A delinquent act
B) A status offense
C) Neither

Question 32

Most of the delinquent referrals that are being processed in juvenile court are for:

A) Serious violent crimes
B) Property crimes
C) Status offenses
D) Drug offenses
E) Sex offenses

Question 33

Juvenile courts have jurisdiction over which of the following types of cases:

A) Violent offenses committed by juveniles
B) Property offenses committed by juveniles
C) Underage drinking
D) Running away from home
E) All of the above

Question 34

Prior to their court appearance, juveniles:

A) Can be detained only if they are fugitives from another jurisdiction
B) Can be detained if they are charged with a serious crime and have failed to appear in court in the past
C) Can be detained if they are charged with a serious crime and are already on conditional release for another offense
D) Can be detained if they present a risk of flight or serious harm
E) B, C, and D

Question 35

Identify the following descriptions as examples of:

-Foster home.

A) Protective custody
B) Secure confinement
C) Neither

Question 36

Identify the following descriptions as examples of:

-Juvenile detention center.

A) Protective custody
B) Secure confinement
C) Neither

Question 37

Identify the following descriptions as examples of:

-Adoption.

A) Protective custody
B) Secure confinement
C) Neither

Question 38

Identify the following descriptions as examples of:

-Juvenile training school.

A) Protective custody
B) Secure confinement
C) Neither

Question 39

Identify the following descriptions as examples of:

-Runaway shelter.

A) Protective custody
B) Secure confinement
C) Neither

Question 40

The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act has sought to:

A) Remove juveniles from adult jails
B) Stop the transfer of cases from juvenile to adult court
C) Transfer more juvenile cases into federal courts
D) Expand due process rights for juveniles
E) Prohibit the pretrial detention of juveniles

Question 41

The intent of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act has not been fully achieved, at least in part because it was passed by the _______ level of government, whereas the juvenile justice system is primarily a function of the _______ level of government. Select the option that makes this statement true when placed in the blanks:

A) State, local
B) State, federal
C) Federal, state
D) Local, state
E) Local, federal

Question 42

Of juveniles confined in short-term detention, the majority are:

A) Convicted (adjudicated) for a property offense
B) Convicted (adjudicated) for a serious violent offense
C) Awaiting transfer to a long-term juvenile facility
D) In "pretrial" (predisposition) status
E) A and C

Question 43

The balanced and restorative approach to juvenile justice emphasizes:

A) Accountability for one's actions
B) Punishment that is more in line with adult sanctions
C) Psychological counseling for everyone
D) Restoring harsh penalties for serious juvenile crimes
E) All of the above

Question 44

Identify the dispositions listed below as:

-Probation.

A) Nominal
B) Conditional
C) Custodial

Question 45

Identify the dispositions listed below as:

-A $500 fine.

A) Nominal
B) Conditional
C) Custodial

Question 46

Identify the dispositions listed below as:

-A verbal warning.

A) Nominal
B) Conditional
C) Custodial

Question 47

Identify the dispositions listed below as:

-Victim restitution.

A) Nominal
B) Conditional
C) Custodial

Question 48

Identify the dispositions listed below as:

-Confinement in a nonsecure facility.

A) Nominal
B) Conditional
C) Custodial

Question 49

Identify the dispositions listed below as:

-Confinement in a juvenile training school.

A) Nominal
B) Conditional
C) Custodial

Question 50

Identify the facilities listed below as:

-Group homes.

A) Secure
B) Open

Question 51

Identify the facilities listed below as:

-Marine institutes.

A) Secure
B) Open

Question 52

Identify the facilities listed below as:

-Detention centers.

A) Secure
B) Open

Question 53

Identify the facilities listed below as:

-Training schools.

A) Secure
B) Open

Question 54

Identify the facilities listed below as:

-Camps and ranches.

A) Secure
B) Open

Question 55

As the population of juvenile correctional facilities has been increasing in recent years, the demographic groups most affected have been:

A) Blacks and whites
B) Hispanics and whites
C) Hispanics and Asians
D) Blacks and Asians
E) Blacks and Hispanics

Question 56

Identify the statements below as descriptive of:

-Where males are more likely to be confined.

A) Public juvenile institutions
B) Private juvenile institutions
C) A and B

Question 57

Identify the statements below as descriptive of:

-Where status offenders are more likely to be confined.

A) Public juvenile institutions
B) Private juvenile institutions
C) A and B

Question 58

Identify the statements below as descriptive of:

-Where blacks or Hispanics are more likely to be confined.

A) Public juvenile institutions
B) Private juvenile institutions
C) A and B

Question 59

Identify the statements below as descriptive of:

-Can prohibit the admission of serious offenders.

A) Public juvenile institutions
B) Private juvenile institutions
C) A and B

Question 60

Identify the statements below as descriptive of:

-Can restrict admissions to certain types of cases.

A) Public juvenile institutions
B) Private juvenile institutions
C) A and B

Question 61

Minor delinquents or status offenders are most likely to be mingled with serious offenders when juvenile facilities are:

A) Custodial
B) Overcrowded
C) Operated by the private sector
D) Operated by the federal government
E) In compliance with the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act

Question 62

National survey research findings indicate that juvenile facilities throughout the country generally suffer from deficiencies related to:

A) Poor food and improper nutrition
B) Lack of proper hygiene
C) Too much security
D) Crowding
E) A and B

Question 63

Typically, juvenile facilities offer programs related to:

A) Education and skill training
B) Cognitive restructuring
C) Psychotherapy
D) Therapeutic treatment communities
E) All of the above

Question 64

In comparison to adult incarceration, the impact of being confined in a juvenile correctional facility generally tends to be:

A) Less intense, since juveniles have more time to change
B) Less intense, since juveniles are more likely to accept the consequences of incarceration and get on with their lives
C) About the same level of impact as that of adults being confined
D) More intense, since juveniles are more serious, hard-core offenders
E) More intense, since juveniles are in the midst of their emotional development

Question 65

Correctional boot camps have been praised for their emphasis on _______, but they have also been criticized for not focusing on _______. Select the option that makes this statement true when placed in the blanks:

A) Aftercare, job skills and discipline
B) Job skills, discipline and physical fitness
C) Discipline, job skills and aftercare
D) Education, job skills and discipline
E) Physical fitness, discipline and demeanor

Question 66

Aftercare authorities are responsible for:

A) Intake screening functions
B) Making pretrial detention recommendations
C) Postrelease supervision in the community
D) Apprehending those who run away from juvenile facilities
E) A and B

Question 67

When a juvenile court waives jurisdiction, it means that:

A) The child has waived his or her right to an attorney
B) The child has waived his or her right to remain silent
C) The case is being dismissed
D) The case is being transferred to adult court
E) There was insufficient evidence to prosecute, so the charges are being waived

Question 68

In deciding whether to transfer a case to adult court, juvenile authorities will generally consider the:

A) Nature of the offense
B) Child's age
C) Workload of the juvenile court
D) Severity of crowding in juvenile institutions
E) A and B

Question 69

Under segregated incarceration, underage offenders are:

A) Segregated on the basis of race
B) Separated from other offenders on the basis of ethnicity
C) Serving time in separate adult prisons
D) Separated from adult jail inmates by sight and sound within the same facility
E) A and B

Question 70

Under graduated incarceration, inmates:

A) Begin their sentence in a juvenile facility, and are transferred to an adult prison when they reach a certain age
B) Are required to graduate from specified programs (e.g., GED) before they can be officially released
C) Gradually earn benefits and privileges in exchange for good behavior and/or program participation
D) Are released into the community through a gradual process that involves progressively diminishing levels of security
E) Move from the adult prison system to juvenile corrections after they have demonstrated that they are no longer a threat to society

Question 71

Underage inmates serving time in adult prisons tend to be:

A) Minorities (e.g., black, Hispanic)
B) Non-minority (e.g., white)
C) Sentenced for a violent crime
D) Sentenced for a property or drug-related crime
E) A and C
F) A and D

Question 72

Underage inmates housed in adult prisons:

A) Receive considerable attention from the prison administration
B) Have a wide variety of programs available to them
C) Are more likely to be sexually assaulted
D) A and B
E) All of the above

Question 73

Diversion and decriminalization are examples of the approach known as:

A) The medical model
B) The justice model
C) Decarceration
D) Deinstitutionalization
E) Noninterventionist

Question 74

The practice of disposing of a case without formal adjudication by referring it to a nonjudicial agency better equipped to deal with the problem is known as:

A) Diversion
B) Decriminalization
C) Decarceration
D) Deinstitutionalization
E) Nominal disposition

Question 75

When a new initiative inadvertently causes youths to be drawn into the juvenile justice system whose behavior would otherwise not have been addressed formally, the initiative has engaged in:

A) Diversion
B) Decriminalization
C) Zero tolerance
D) Net-widening
E) Informal adjudication

Question 76

Removing the juvenile court's jurisdiction over truancy cases would be an example of:

A) Diversion
B) Decriminalization
C) Decarceration
D) Deinstitutionalization
E) Nominal disposition

Question 77

Limiting the juvenile justice system's regulation of minor behavior and moral conduct has been used as an argument for:

A) Decriminalizing status offenses
B) Waiving juvenile court jurisdiction
C) The adultification of the juvenile justice system
D) Implementing juvenile aftercare
E) Changing detention facilities from closed to open security

Question 78

One of the initiatives of the federal legislation administered by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention has been directed toward:

A) Establishing separate courts for delinquents and status offenders
B) Removing delinquent acts from the jurisdiction of the juvenile court
C) Removing status offenses from the jurisdiction of the juvenile court
D) Removing convicted juveniles from confinement as criminals in adult prisons
E) Removing status offenders from secure institutions

Question 79

Deinstitutionalization includes:

A) Removing juveniles from mental health facilities
B) Removing juveniles from secure confinement
C) Removing status offenders from secure confinement
D) Changing juvenile facilities from open to closed security
E) B and C

Question 80

An example of the unintended consequences of deinstitutionalization has been:

A) Major increases in juvenile recidivism rates
B) More missing and exploited children wandering the streets
C) More juveniles being held in adult jails
D) Juvenile being involved in more serious violent crime
E) More youths joining gangs