Deck 8: Motivation, Brain Reward Mechanisms and Behaviour

Question 1

According to Altman et al (1996), drug dependence is:

A) the state where control over drug use is lost.
B) the state of needing a drug to operate within normal limits.
C) the state in which the use of drugs is problematic.
D) the same state as withdrawal.

Answer 1

the state of needing a drug to operate within normal limits.

Question 2

The method by which an animal responds to receive an electrical current to the brain is called:

A) intracranial self-stimulation.
B) intracranial self-administration.
C) intracranial operant stimulation.
D) intracranial operant administration.

Answer 2

intracranial self-stimulation.

Question 3

The areas of the brain that mediate ICSS contain:

A) noradrenaline.
B) serotonin.
C) cocaine.
D) dopamine.

Answer 3

dopamine.

Question 4

The mesolimbic pathway is made up of:

A) the striatum and substantia nigra.
B) the ventral tegmental area and the substantia nigra.
C) the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens.
D) the striatum and the nucleus accumbens.

Question 5

The break point in a progressive ration schedule is:

A) the point at which the animal stops responding.
B) the point at which the animal responds quickest.
C) the point in time at which the animal has had too many drug infusions.
D) the point in time at which the animal cannot get enough drug infusions.

Question 6

Cocaine and amphetamine are both:

A) DA agonists.
B) DA antagonists.
C) DA inverse agonists.
D) DA neurotoxins.

Question 7

The nicotine receptor is for:

A) acetylcholine.
B) dopamine.
C) nicotine.
D) serotonin.

Question 8

Nicotine, cocaine and amphetamine have which of the following in common?

A) They can be smoked.
B) They can all increase DA in the nucleus accumbens.
C) They cannot be self administered by rats.
D) They can all block the effects of DA in the nucleus accumbens.

Question 9

Rhesus Monkeys will:

A) bar press all day to receive LSD.
B) bar press to receive only large doses of LSD.
C) bar press to stop LSD infusions.
D) bar press to gain access to a chamber associated with LSD.

Question 10

Negative reinforcement theories of addiction state:

A) that addiction is a social problem with negative consequences.
B) that addiction is maintained by the removal of withdrawal symptoms by the drug.
C) that drugs have no positive effect.
D) that drugs act as punishment for the morally weak.

Question 11

In operant terms the drug is:

A) the CR.
B) the UCR.
C) the UCS.
D) the CS.

Question 12

According to Robinson & Berridge (1993):

A) liking and wanting are the same but mediated via different biological systems.
B) liking and wanting are different but mediated via the same biological system responsible for motivation.
C) liking and wanting are the same psychological processes but mediated via the same biological systems.
D) liking and wanting are different psychological processes that are mediated via different biological systems.

Question 13

Conditioned place preference is a measure of:

A) drug reward.
B) drug seeking.
C) drug sensitization.
D) drug tolerance.

Question 14

The prefixes, lateral and ventromedial, before hypothalamus refer to:

A) their function.
B) their connection with the thalamus.
C) their neuroanatomical location.
D) their neurochemistry.

Question 15

Hyperphagia is:

A) when the animal eats too much.
B) when the animal eats too little.
C) when the animal only eats a high protein diet.
D) when the animal only eats a high fat diet.

Question 16

Glucoreceptors are located in:

A) the VMH.
B) the LH.
C) the LH and VMH.
D) neither the LH or VMH.

Question 17

Which neurotransmitter is implicated in the actions of the paraventricular nucleus in feeding behaviour?

A) Glutamate
B) 5-HT
C) GABA
D) ACh

Question 18

Osmotic thirst occurs:

A) when you consume too much sodium.
B) when you do not consume enough sodium.
C) when you consume too much potassium.
D) when you do not consume enough potassium.

Question 19

Baroreceptors detect:

A) muscle pressure in the stomach.
B) blood pressure.
C) gastric fluid pressure.
D) air pressure.