Deck 12: Edward Chace Tolman

Question 1

Tolman's system was all of the following except:

A)behavioristic
B)molar
C)molecular
D)purposive

Answer 1

molecular

Question 2

The chief characteristic of molar behavior is that it is:

A)molecular
B)cognitive
C)incapable of being reduced into smaller behavioral elements
D)purposive

Answer 2

purposive

Question 3

Tolman's theory was basically and .

A)cognitive, molar
B)cognitive, molecular
C)S-R, molar
D)S-R, molecular

Answer 3

cognitive, molar

Question 4

A consistently confirmed expectation becomes:

A)a means-end readiness
B)a belief
C)both a and b
D)none of the above

Question 5

The term in Tolman's system that is most similar to reinforcement is:

A)confirmation
B)cathexis
C)expectancy
D)means-end readiness

Question 6

In Tolman's theory, the distinction between learning and performance is:

A)not made
B)made but not important
C)made and is very important
D)not made but should be

Question 7

A rat learns the spatial relations of a maze in a nonreinforcement situation, and later uses this knowledge when a food reinforcement is presented.This is called:

A)place learning
B)negative reinforcement
C)latent learning
D)response learning

Question 8

In the experiment on latent learning by Tolman and Honzik, which group ended up performing best? The group with:

A)no food reinforcement
B)regular reinforcement
C)no food reinforcement until the 11th day
D)greatest length of deprivation

Question 9

After learning to traverse a runway to obtain food, an animal is now shown that food is no longer available in the goal box.This can result in:

A)lack of incentive to run
B)failure to learn the running habit
C)latent extinction
D)vicarious trial and error learning

Question 10

Tolman's explanation of extinction was radically different from those of Skinner and Hull because Tolman's explanation did not refer to:

A)nonreinforced performance
B)the importance of observation
C)the revision of expectations
D)latent extinction

Question 11

Tolman and his colleagues found that:

A)place learning is easier for rats than response learning
B)response learning is easier for rats than place learning
C)place learning is easy for humans but difficult for rats
D)response learning is easy for humans but difficult for rats

Question 12

Tolman reported an experiment in which it was found that switching the kind of reinforcement a rat received disrupted the rat's behavior.Tolman's explanation was that:

A)one reinforcer had a greater incentive value (K) than the other
B)there was a discrepancy between what the rat expected and what it actually received
C)the rat liked one reinforcer better than the other
D)the thirst drive is more powerful than the hunger drive

Question 13

Tolman calls inferred processes between independent variables and dependent variables:

A)environmental variables
B)intervening variables
C)individual difference
D)cumulative stimulus variables

Question 14

Tolman suggested the use of the term dependent variable for those variables which are:

A)manipulated by the subjects
B)theoretical terms
C)environmental conditions
D)performance measures

Question 15

Learning to associate certain objects with certain drive states is called in Tolman's theory.

A)cathexis
B)equivalence beliefs
C)field expectancies
D)field-cognition modes

Question 16

In Tolman's theory, which of the following is closest to the concept of secondary reinforcement?

A)cathexis
B)equivalence beliefs
C)field expectancies
D)field-cognition modes

Question 17

Problem solving strategies that are probably innate but can be modified by experience are called:

A)cathexis
B)equivalence beliefs
C)field expectancies
D)field-cognition modes

Question 18

Tolman's position is most closely associated with which of the following:

A)Gestalt psychology
B)structuralism
C)behavior modification
D)peripheralism

Question 19

By "purposive" Tolman meant:

A)that purposes are those of a self-conscious mind
B)a dependence on physiology
C)that behavior is goal-directed
D)that behavior is regulated in accordance with teleological metaphysics

Question 20

According to Tolman, an organism will always choose the route to a goal that requires the least amount of work.This fact is referred to as the:

A)habit family hierarchy
B)principle of least effort
C)cognitive map
D)latent learning

Question 21

Early tentative expectations are called:

A)beliefs
B)hypotheses
C)rational modes of attack
D)means-ends-readinesses

Question 22

You go to your post office expecting mail and find some there.This is an example of what Tolman called:

A)drive reduction
B)emphasis
C)latent learning
D)confirmation

Question 23

For Tolman drive was important for:

A)learning
B)performance
C)both a and b
D)none of the above

Question 24

can be thought of as learning that is not translated into performance.

A)Latent learning
B)Conceptual potential
C)Reinforcement expectancy
D)Operant response level

Question 25

According to Tolman, latent extinction results when:

A)a previously learned response is made but not reinforced
B)an animal is shown that no reinforcement would result if a previously learned response were made
C)the size of a reinforcer used to maintain behavior is made small enough
D)the animal is shocked instead of fed in the goal box

Question 26

Spence felt that latent extinction resulted from:

A)the extinction of secondary reinforcers
B)revised expectancies
C)the reduced incentive to perform the learned response
D)more than one of the above

Question 27

Tolman's findings concerning place learning indicated that:

A)the learner moves from start to goal in a fixed pattern
B)the learner "knows" where the goal is and will vary his behavior as the conditions change
C)the learner finds his way using the habit family hierarchy
D)the learner finds his way by kinesthetic cues

Question 28

If, after a cognitive map has been formed, a commonly used means of obtaining food is blocked, the organism will:

A)revert to trial and error behavior
B)become hyperactive thus increasing the probability of discovering an alternate route to the food
C)simply take an alternate route to the food
D)resort to vicarious trial and error

Question 29

Tolman and his colleagues found that when a rat was forced to take a relatively long route to a goal but was able to see the goal and was later given the opportunity to choose many routes to the goal, it would tend to choose:

A)the same route it was trained on
B)an even longer route than the one it was forced to take originally
C)the most direct route to the goal
D)the route pointing to the place in the room where it had been fed in its home cage

Question 30

? OBO symbolizes:

A)motor skills
B)sensory differentiation
C)appetite
D)cumulative knowledge

Question 31

The acronym "HATE" summarizes Tolman's variables.

A)independent
B)individual difference
C)intervening
D)dependent

Question 32

For Tolman intervening variables were:

A)measures of performance
B)theoretical terms
C)very general kinds of variables
D)manipulated by the subjects

Question 33

Maintenance schedule is related to which of the following intervening variables?

A)sensory differentiation
B)appetite
C)demand
D)the learning of sign Gestalten