Deck 8: Behavioral Interventions

Question 1

Give examples of overt and covert behaviors.

Answer 1

No Answer

Question 2

Define classical and operant conditioning and discuss how they differ.

Answer 2

No Answer

Question 3

Explain how you have experienced positive and negative reinforcement. Have you used it on someone else either knowingly or not? If so, how.

Answer 3

No Answer

Question 4

What's the difference between positive/negative reinforcers and positive/negative punishers? When should each be used?

Question 5

What is the difference between a token economy and a level system? When would you use one or the other?

Question 6

What are other types of institutional and community corrections reinforcers?

Question 7

What other technology could be used during treatment with correctional populations?

Question 8

Behavior modification is the outgrowth of work carried out by psychologists trying to understand how animals acquire behavior

Question 9

Classical conditioning was first described by a Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov

Question 10

By creating mini-phobias, people can be conditioned to be afraid or upset by objects that once attracted them

Question 11

The most common behavioral technique used today is aversive conditioning

Question 12

Systematic desensitization is a process whereby the client is trained to relax by a series of mild doses of a relaxant drug

Question 13

Classical conditioning is not likely to have long-term effects if the client is not motivated to change his or her behavior

Question 14

A negative reinforcer is the onset of an unpleasant stimulus

Question 15

To effectively treat clients through behavioral approaches, it is necessary that the client and therapist develop a personal relationship

Question 16

Operant conditioning involves modifying behavior on the basis of punishment only

Question 17

When employing abstinence reinforcement programs to treat drug abuse, the magnitude of the reinforcement is an important factor in the success of the program

Question 18

A positive behavioral support results from a school developing a plan to address problems identified in functional behavioral assessments

Question 19

Behavioral approaches are often used in conjunction with other treatment efforts

Question 20

Reinforcers should outnumber punishers by a factor of 4 to 1

Question 21

Behavior therapy tends to be less expensive than traditional counseling

Question 22

A weakness of behavioral approaches is that they tend to be particularly inappropriate for addicts and people involved in sex crimes

Question 23

The process by which individuals are conditioned to be afraid of an object that once attracted them is known as:

A) systematic desensitization.
B) mini-phobia.
C) negative reinforcement.
D) none of the above

Question 24

When a behavioral therapist creates a situation for a client in which aversive elements are woven into a story involving a desired object, it is known as:

A) mini-phobia.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) covert sensitization.
D) systematic desensitization.

Question 25

In Maletzky's 1980 study using covert sensitization in the treatment of exhibitionists, _________ percent of the clients learned to eliminate all overt exhibi?tionist behaviors.

A) 47
B) 68
C) 87
D) 98

Question 26

Which of the following is not a common myth about classical conditioning?

A) classical conditioning will not work if the client is not motivated to change his or her behavior.
B) creating a mini-phobia is sufficient to eliminate a behavior.
C) aversive conditioning is not the same thing as punishment.
D) none of the above

Question 27

The process of conditioning in which the focus is on the stimulus-the event that occurred "before" the response-is known as:

A) operant conditioning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) aversive conditioning.
D) social learning.

Question 28

Classical conditioning is best characterized by which of the following statements?

A) behavioral changes are the result of internal forces.
B) behavioral changes are the result of environmental forces.
C) behavioral changes are the result of psychomotor neural forces.
D) behavioral changes are the result of cognitive restructuring.

Question 29

A therapeutic technique that is based on the principle of eliciting a competing or antagonistic response to a fearful stimulus is:

A) systematic desensitization.
B) explosive therapy.
C) implosive therapy.
D) behavior modification.

Question 30

The primary element in the treatment of anxiety is:

A) positive reinforcement.
B) assertiveness.
C) relaxation.
D) exposure.

Question 31

Aversion therapy is based primarily on the principle of:

A) extinction.
B) covert desensitization.
C) classical conditioning.
D) punishment.

Question 32

The goal of behavior therapy is to:

A) regain control over one's thoughts.
B) gain greater insight into what caused his or her inappropriate behavior.
C) bring desired responses under the control of the individual.
D) change inappropriate feelings.

Question 33

_________ refers to a treatment approach that decreases anxious responses to a stimulus by having the client engage in relaxation while gradually being ex?posed to increasingly more anxiety-provoking stimuli or situations.

A) covert desensitization
B) systematic desensitization
C) aversion therapy
D) behavior therapy

Question 34

In order to help her stop drinking, Sue is given a medication that will make her nauseous when she drinks alcohol, and then she is asked to drink. The intent is to condition a negative experience to a previously attractive one. What kind of treatment is Sue receiving?

A) aversion therapy
B) desensitization therapy
C) behavior therapy
D) psychoanalysis

Question 35

One of the problems with aversion therapy is that:

A) new behaviors resulting from aversion therapy often do not easily generalize to other life situations.
B) an alternative form of gratification must be substituted for the maladaptive behavior.
C) the aversion treatment must be so severe to be effective that many professionals feel that such treatment is "cruel and unusual."
D) a and b

Question 36

Operant conditioning was developed by which well-known scholar?

A) Ivan Pavlov
B) Gerald Patterson
C) B.F. Skinner
D) Joseph Wolpe

Question 37

Using operant conditioning, practitioners have found that it is effective in:

A) reducing the effects of fear.
B) understanding maladaptive behavior.
C) strengthening appropriate behavior and weakening inappropriate behav?ior.
D) reducing the consequences of stressful experiences.

Question 38

A behavioral technique that assumes that we are conditioned by environmental forces is:

A) classical conditioning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) maslow's hierarchy of needs.
D) congruence of ideal-self and real-self.

Question 39

Contingency contracting:

A) must cover all the inappropriate behaviors of a given client in order for the contract to be successful.
B) typically uses tokens as incentives in institutional settings such as prisons.
C) often is used to identify specific behaviors that need to be changed and attempts to maximize the chances that these changes will occur.
D) is consistently successful in drug treatment groups.

Question 40

A program that focuses on rewarding young people for academic achievement by giving them points that they can then exchange for tangible rewards is typically referred to as a:

A) rewards economy.
B) point system.
C) token economy.
D) achievement program.

Question 41

Good behavioral training is a task that should be performed by:

A) therapists.
B) wardens.
C) line staff.
D) all of the above

Question 42

Choose the type of therapy most likely to make the following statement: "Freedom is an illusion; our actions are very much controlled by our envi?ronment."

A) humanistic
B) cognitive
C) existential
D) behavioral