Deck 4: Healthcare and Systems-Thinking: Exploring Concepts and Strategies

Question 1

Which of the following features of a systems-thinking approach is best illustrated by this statement?
The combination of high levels of radon exposure and cigarette smoking has been found to multiply the incidence of lung cancer.

A) Systems-thinking focuses on the interconnections and interactions between health problems.
B) Systems-thinking looks for leverage points where specific actions can have a substantial impact.
C) Systems-thinking looks at how problems change over time.
D) Systems-thinking examines the impact of two or more simultaneous interventions.

Answer 1

Systems-thinking focuses on the interconnections and interactions between health problems.

Question 2

Which of the following features of a systems-thinking approach is best illustrated by this statement?
Recent reductions in cigarette smoking in the United States have led to a new focus on addiction to nicotine.

A) Systems-thinking focuses on the interconnections and interactions between health problems.
B) Systems-thinking looks for leverage points where specific actions can have a substantial impact.
C) Systems-thinking looks at how problems change over time.
D) Systems-thinking examines the impact of two or more simultaneous interventions.

Answer 2

Systems-thinking looks at how problems change over time.

Question 3

Which of the following features of a systems-thinking approach is best illustrated by this statement?
Early pregnancy has been found to be an effective time to provide intensive smoking cessation services.

A) Systems-thinking focuses on the interconnections and interactions between health problems.
B) Systems-thinking looks for leverage points where interventions can have a substantial impact.
C) Systems-thinking looks at how problems change over time.
D) Systems-thinking examines the impact of two or more simultaneous interventions.

Answer 3

Systems-thinking looks for leverage points where interventions can have a substantial impact.

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT true of a systems-thinking approach?

A) Systems-thinking focuses on the interconnections between health problems.
B) Systems-thinking tries to identify leverage points where specific actions can have a substantial impact.
C) Systems-thinking examines the impacts of two or more simultaneous interventions.
D) Systems-thinking approaches attempt to reduce problems to one factor at a time.

Question 5

Delays in getting to health care after a severe injury greatly reduce the likelihood of a good outcome even with the best health care. This can best be described as which of the following?

A) Bottleneck
B) Leverage point
C) Interaction
D) None of these answers is correct.

Question 6

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about patient safety?

A) Errors in administration of medication are rare.
B) The patient safety movement addresses only events in which harms to patients occur.
C) The patient safety movement's focus on "near misses" has been an important systems-thinking innovation.
D) The Institute of Medicine (now National Academy of Medicine) found that approximately 10,000 deaths per year in the hospital are the result of errors.

Question 7

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the microbiological influences component of One Health?

A) RNA viruses have an increased probability of mutation compared to DNA viruses.
B) RNA viruses in nature are rare.
C) There are thousands of RNA viruses known to produce human diseases.
D) No recently emerging disease has been found to be a RNA virus.

Question 8

Which is the most accurate statement about the ecosystem health component of One Health?

A) Agricultural practices do not affect the health of humans.
B) Climate change is expected to expand the range of mosquitos and other vectors that transmit disease.
C) Human interventions that alter the ecosystem have consistently had negative impacts on human health.
D) The impacts of global movements of human populations were of little importance to human health until the 20^th century.

Question 9

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the human-animal interactions component of One Health?

A) Rabies is currently the disease most likely to be transmitted by human-animal interactions in the United States.
B) Transmission of diseases from dogs and cats to humans is an extremely rare event.
C) Exotic pets pose a far greater threat of human disease than those posed by dogs and cats.
D) There are no recognized health benefits from human-animal interactions.

Question 10

Which of the following statements is the most accurate statement about systems-doing?

A) Parallel play has no role in current population health interventions.
B) Collaboration includes coordinated planning and selective sharing of information.
C) Integration of efforts is needed whenever more than one pillar of population health is involved with addressing a problem.
D) None of the answers is accurate.

Question 11

Which of the ideal criteria for a successful screening program is satisfied by the following statement?
PAP smears are safe and widely sought after by women, especially when they are covered by health insurance.

A) The disease produces substantial mortality or morbidity.
B) Early detection improves outcome.
C) There is a feasible testing strategy.
D) Screening is acceptable in terms of costs, harms, and patient acceptance.

Question 12

Which one of the following diseases is the least likely to be eradicated?

A) Measles
B) Smallpox
C) Polio
D) Influenza

Question 13

Which of the following is the most accurate statement about vaccines?

A) Live attenuated vaccines are safe for pregnant women and those with compromised immune systems.
B) Inactivated killed vaccinations are free of side effects.
C) Live attenuated vaccines are capable of producing intracellular immunity as well as antibody-related immunity.
D) Immunization after exposure has not been shown to be effective in any human disease.