Deck 6: Connecting with the Social World

Question 1

Martina is a 3-month-old.Her father stops interacting with her and freezes his face.This is known as a(n) ________ face.

A) immobile
B) still
C) tranquil
D) unmoving

Answer 1

still

Question 2

Andy rocks his baby gently, which leads the infant to smile.Andy is thrilled to see his baby smile, which leads him to smile back and keep rocking, which leads the infant to smile more.This is an example of a:

A) cycle of contingency
B) dependent cycle
C) positive feedback loop
D) rhythmic response

Answer 2

positive feedback loop

Question 3

All of the following statements are true EXCEPT:

A) most early attachment relationships involve the infant's high level of dependency on the parents
B) dependency is not necessary for a strong attachment
C) all dependencies lead to attachment
D) dependency implies passivity on the part of the infant

Answer 3

all dependencies lead to attachment

Question 4

Renee sees her infant smile widely and squeal with delight.This likely results in higher concentrations of which hormone?

A) estrogen
B) dopamine
C) oxytocin
D) progesterone

Question 5

________ configuration refers to more rounded faces, larger eyes relative to the face, and smaller noses, chins, and limbs.

A) Baby face
B) Cutie pie
C) Infant script
D) Kewpie doll

Question 6

All of the following are considered critical influences on the initial development of attachment bonds EXCEPT:

A) clinging and touch
B) cuteness
C) language acquisition
D) smiling

Question 7

At what age do infants first show specific bonds?

A) at birth
B) 1-2 months
C) 3-4 months
D) 6-7 months

Question 8

When is separation distress first evident?

A) at birth
B) 3 months
C) 6 months
D) 8 months

Question 9

Ferdinand sees that his mother is anxious while interacting with a stranger.He, in turn, is less likely to want to interact with that stranger.This is an example of:

A) separation distress
B) social referencing
C) specific bonds
D) stranger anxiety

Question 10

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Young infants are unobservant of the behaviors of others.
B) Young infants are observant of others' behaviors but cannot yet anticipate their social partners' reactions.
C) Young infants can anticipate the behavior of their interaction partners but cannot yet react when these expectations are violated.
D) Young infants anticipate the behavior of their interaction partners and may be upset when these expectations are violated.

Question 11

Natasha is a newborn.What is most likely to make her smile?

A) feelings of fullness following a feeding
B) being rocked
C) hearing a song on the radio
D) seeing mom's face

Question 12

Infants who show fewer negative reactions during the still face paradigm tend to:

A) not be attached to their caregivers several months later
B) have higher-quality attachments several months later
C) have lower-quality attachments several months later
D) be unable to reengage in social interactions with their mother several months later

Question 13

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Clinging behaviors help keep infants near the mother.
B) Clinging behaviors are more important to infant humans than infant monkeys.
C) Human infants born with tiny or nonexistent limbs can still form attachments to their parents.
D) Touching between the human infant and caregiver is important in the development of attachment.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Only a few fortunate infants form bonds with their primary caregiver.
B) Bonds between infant and caregivers can be inferred through certain sets of behaviors.
C) Disrupting the bond between infant and caregiver has little effect.
D) The first meaningful bond is generally between sibling and infant.

Question 15

Gretchen, a 7-month-old, grows a little distraught when her day care provider leaves early one day.Another person from the day care center is able to quickly reengage Gretchen.This illustrates:

A) lack of specific bond
B) presence of specific bond
C) separation anxiety
D) separation distress

Question 16

Martin and his father are looking at a pencil in a reciprocal fashion, which lets the other know they are both referencing this object.This illustrates:

A) joint attention
B) social referencing
C) social viewing
D) visual triangulation

Question 17

In the research studies discussed in the chapter, an impassive, straight face is known as a(n) ________ face.

A) static
B) still
C) tranquil
D) unmoving

Question 18

Sristi, an 8-month-old, is extremely upset when her mother leaves the room.She cannot be consoled by another adult.This illustrates:

A) attachment distress
B) irritable temperament
C) separation anxiety
D) stranger fear

Question 19

Laney runs an adoption agency.She likely prefers that an adoption occur:

A) as early in the infant's life as possible
B) two weeks following birth
C) two months following birth
D) as late as possible, to allow a bond to form between infant and biological mother

Question 20

Thomas, a 10-month-old, is in a new environment and not quite sure how to respond.He looks at his father's facial expression to learn more.This is an example of:

A) gaze following
B) joint attention
C) social referencing
D) specific bonds

Question 21

Jose is 4 weeks old.He shows attachment-related behaviors but does not seem to target them to particular individuals.According to Bowlby, Jose is in which phase?

A) preattachment phase
B) attachment-in-the-making phase
C) clear-cut attachment phase
D) reciprocal relationships

Question 22

All of the following are true of Freud's view of infant-parent bonds EXCEPT:

A) Freud formulated his views based on careful observation of children
B) Freud claimed the mother-infant relationship was unique
C) Freud focused on the importance of breastfeeding as a source of oral gratification
D) Freud saw the mother-infant relation as the prototype around which all later close relationships revolve

Question 23

________ refers to Freud's proposed series of stages of development related to drives, instincts, and sources of pleasure.

A) Drive development
B) Id development
C) Psychosexual development
D) Psychosocial development

Question 24

Niles is 8 months old and has just begun using his father as a secure base for exploration.According to Bowlby, Niles is in which phase?

A) preattachment phase
B) attachment-in-the-making phase
C) clear-cut attachment phase
D) reciprocal relationships

Question 25

What is the dominant view in the field of attachment?

A) ethological perspective
B) cognitive developmental perspective
C) learning perspective
D) psychoanalytic perspective

Question 26

Madison, a 12-month-old, participates in the Strange Situation with her mother.She explores a great deal when her mother is present.She does not seem upset when her mother leaves and is not bothered by the stranger.Madison would most likely be classified as demonstrating a(n):

A) disorganized attachment
B) insecure/avoidant attachment
C) insecure/resistant attachment
D) secure attachment

Question 27

Elena is a baby whose mother (Elena's primary caregiver) leaves her with a babysitter.Elena does not cry and continues to play with her toys when her mom leaves.Elena scrambles happily to her mother when she returns.What attachment style best describes Elena?

A) disorganized attachment
B) insecure/avoidant attachment
C) insecure/resistant attachment
D) secure attachment

Question 28

Which theorist's approach underlies most current theories of attachment?

A) Bowlby
B) Freud
C) Watson
D) Skinner

Question 29

The majority of infants are classified as:

A) type A infants
B) type B infants
C) type C infants
D) type D infants

Question 30

Jose is classified as a Type A infant in the Strange Situation.Jose demonstrates:

A) insecure/anxious attachment
B) insecure/avoidant attachment
C) insecure/resistant attachment
D) secure attachment

Question 31

Dr.Hart is a researcher doing cross-cultural research in the United States and Germany.She will likely find that more German infants appear ________ than do American infants.

A) anxious
B) avoidant
C) disorganized
D) unattached

Question 32

Regarding the Strange Situation paradigm, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) The Strange Situation involves examining an infant's reactions in mildly threatening situations.
B) Different children respond to the Strange Situation in different ways.
C) A particular child continues to show the same response pattern across repetitions of the same measure.
D) This measure is most appropriate for toddlers between 3 and 4 years old.

Question 33

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Attachment research is unique in that it has long considered the importance of father-infant relationships.
B) Attachment research has completely ignored fathers as the bond with the mother is viewed as most important.
C) Mothers are biologically better tuned to be sensitive to their infant's cries.
D) There is great cross-cultural variation in the level of father involvement with their children.

Question 34

Grant, a 16-month-old, is participating in the Strange Situation with his mother.Grant melts down when his mother leaves and sobs uncontrollably.When his mother returns, Grant runs to be with her but appears quite angry.Grant would most likely be classified as demonstrating a(n):

A) disorganized attachment
B) insecure/avoidant attachment
C) insecure/resistant attachment
D) secure attachment

Question 35

Stacy, a young infant, is exploring a new environment.She gets scared and crawls back to her mother.The term ethological theorists would use to refer to what the mother is providing in this situation is a(n):

A) protective center
B) safe harbor
C) secure base
D) shielding presence

Question 36

Which of the following maternal behaviors is most frequently associated with secure attachment?

A) a mother's ability to understand when another person is truly distressed
B) a mother's insensitivity to understanding when another person is truly distressed
C) a mother's oversensitivity to understanding when another person is truly distressed
D) a mother's insensitivity to understanding her own distress

Question 37

Who developed the Strange Situation paradigm?

A) Ainsworth
B) Bowlby
C) Main
D) Piaget

Question 38

Which type of theorist believes that bonds emerge by being associated with positively reinforcing stimuli?

A) ethological theorist
B) cognitive developmental theorist
C) learning theorist
D) psychoanalytic theorist

Question 39

Matilda, a 14-month-old, participates in the Strange Situation with her father.She cries and is clearly in distress when he leaves.She is delighted to see him again when he returns.Matilda would most likely be classified as demonstrating a(n):

A) disorganized attachment
B) insecure/avoidant attachment
C) insecure/resistant attachment
D) secure attachment

Question 40

________ refers both to the strong and enduring emotional bond between a child and a significant other, and the processes that create and maintain this long-lasting social relationship.

A) Association
B) Attachment
C) Connection
D) Linkage

Question 41

Monkeys who were reared in isolation and were exposed to therapist monkeys:

A) showed no signs of rehabilitation
B) behaved in an overly aggressive fashion to the therapist monkeys
C) avoided the therapist monkeys
D) interacted and played with the therapist monkeys

Question 42

Harlow isolated young rhesus monkeys in empty wire cages.He found these monkeys demonstrated all of the following behaviors EXCEPT:

A) extreme sensitivity to others
B) expressionless stares
C) clutching their heads and bodies
D) rocking back and forth

Question 43

________ conducted the earliest work systematically exploring nonhuman attachments by examining monkeys under conditions of deprivation.

A) Ainsworth
B) Bowlby
C) Harlow
D) Rutter

Question 44

All of the following are true of René Spitz's findings EXCEPT:

A) differences between those raised in the foundling home and the prison nursery were most evident in the first few months of life
B) foundling babies were more likely to have vacant, expressionless faces
C) foundling babies were more likely to sit or lie still for long periods of time
D) there was a higher mortality rate for infants in the foundling home

Question 45

Razvan spent his first year in a Romanian orphanage before being adopted into a British home.At school, he can be overly friendly with strangers at times but may also be inappropriately unfriendly.Razvan is demonstrating:

A) anxious attachment
B) ambivalent attachment
C) disinhibited attachment
D) resistant attachment

Question 46

All of the following are findings of the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development EXCEPT:

A) children who were in day care at an early age showed an initial advantage in self-confidence and social skills
B) the amount of time a child spends in day care is associated with more aggression
C) the amount of time a child spends in day care is related to higher incidences of psychopathology
D) children who spend more time in high-quality day care tend to score higher on linguistic measures

Question 47

A team of researchers examined children who had been in institutions in Russia, in which the facility was very clean and the staff worked to meet the children's physical needs, but children did not receive much close care and support.These researchers found that the children in these institutions:

A) demonstrated no cognitive or social problems
B) demonstrated only cognitive problems
C) demonstrated only social problems
D) demonstrated both cognitive and social problems

Question 48

Jose and Juan are cousins and both children are 3 months old.Jose cries longer, more frequently, and more intensely than Juan.Which is the most likely outcome based on how the textbook describes the relationship between temperament and attachment?

A) Jose is more likely to show a secure attachment than Juan.
B) Juan is more likely to show a secure attachment than Jose.
C) Both Jose and Juan are likely to show a secure attachment.
D) Both Jose and Juan are likely to show an insecure attachment.

Question 49

Jean has parents who have intense work demands.She is in day care 50 hours a week and is then picked up by a nanny.Her parents interact with her for only a few hours a day.Which outcome is most likely?

A) Jean's attachment to her day care providers is the strongest of all her attachments.
B) Jean's attachment to her nanny is the strongest of all her attachments.
C) Jean's attachment to her parents is the strongest of all her attachments.
D) Jean is unable to attach to any of her caregivers due to such an extent of discontinuous care throughout the day.

Question 50

A monkey is put in a cage with two surrogate mothers: a wire-frame mother, which supplied milk, and a terry-cloth mother, which supplied no nutrition.The monkey will likely:

A) ignore both of the surrogate mothers
B) spend more time with the wire-frame mother
C) spend more time with the terry-cloth mother
D) spend equal amounts of time with both surrogate mothers

Question 51

At what age do infants seem to need to form specific attachments to individuals?

A) from birth onward
B) after about 3 months
C) after about 6 months
D) after the first year

Question 52

________ is a hormone released by the adrenal glands in cyclical patterns over the course of the day and is involved in regulating the body's stress response.

A) Cortisol
B) Oxytocin
C) Relaxin
D) Serotonin

Question 53

The studies with the wire and cloth surrogate mothers:

A) offer further support for both learning and psychoanalytic theorists' views of attachment
B) offer further support for learning theorists' views of attachment and point out problems with psychoanalytic theorists' views of attachment
C) offer further support for psychoanalytic theorists' views of attachment and point out problems with learning theorists' views of attachment
D) point out limitations of both learning and psychoanalytic theorists' views of attachment

Question 54

As an infant, Thomas's mother provided him with sensitive caregiving.As an adult Thomas is likely to be:

A) anxious about rejection
B) comfortable relying on his partner
C) fearful of abandonment
D) controlling in his romantic relationships

Question 55

Ingrid is German and the mother of a 4-month-old.Sidone is from a small village near Kumbo, Cameroon, and is the mother of a 3-month-old.Which is the most likely difference between these mothers?

A) Sidone will use fewer touch-oriented behaviors than Ingrid.
B) Sidone will use less gazing and pointing than Ingrid.
C) Sidone will use more facial expressions than Ingrid.
D) Sidone and Ingrid will use a similar number of visually-oriented responses and touch-oriented behaviors.

Question 56

Anna Freud studied a group of children whose parents had been killed in the concentration camps during World War II.Which of the following statements is true about these children?

A) The children formed close attachments to the adults who cared for them.
B) The children formed close bonds with each other.
C) The children quickly trusted new adults.
D) The children seemed no better off than children who underwent more complete social deprivation.

Question 57

Which type of infants seems to have more successful social abilities in childhood?

A) type A
B) type B
C) type C
D) type D

Question 58

________ refers to a mental representation of the self and others and how they might interact in different circumstances.

A) Internal working models
B) Relationship frameworks
C) Self-schemas
D) Specific bond representations

Question 59

Researchers found that the cortisol levels in children in Romanian orphanages:

A) were similar to children raised by their biological parents
B) did not peak at all but remained low all day long
C) tended to peak earlier in the morning than in normal children
D) tended to peak midday as opposed to peaking early in the morning as in normal children

Question 60

Emmanuel grew up in an orphanage.He rushes up and hugs almost any adult he encounters.Emmanuel demonstrates:

A) anxious attachment
B) indiscriminate attachment
C) no attachment
D) secure attachment

Question 61

Describe how the Strange Situation is used to measure different attachment styles.

Question 62

Differentiate between insecure/avoidant and insecure/resistant attachment styles.

Question 63

Describe the effects of social deprivation on cognitive development.

Question 64

Describe the findings and significance of the research examining younger monkeys as "therapists" for other monkeys that had been raised in isolation.

Question 65

Describe why the Strange Situation may be inadequate as a measure of differences in attachment styles across cultures.

Question 66

Alexander spent his first year in a Romanian orphanage before adoption.Luca spent only three months in the same orphanage before adoption.Which of the following is most likely?

A) Both Alexander and Luca will have intelligence scores in the normal range.
B) Alexander will have a lower intelligence score than Luca.
C) Luca will have a lower intelligence score than Alexander.
D) Both Alexander and Luca will have extremely low intelligence scores.

Question 67

Describe the concept of a secure base.

Question 68

What are some of the limitations associated with the learning theory approach to infant-parent bonds?

Question 69

What is an internal working model? How would the internal working model of a secure infant differ from that of an insecure infant?

Question 70

Both psychoanalytic theorists and learning theorists focused on the importance of feeding to the attachment relationship.How do these perspectives differ in terms of why they view feeding as important?

Question 71

Provide two alternative interpretations for why infant attachment styles may relate to later social behavioral patterns.

Question 72

Glenda is considering participating in a study involving the still face paradigm with her infant.How would you describe the still face paradigm to her, noting how infants typically react?

Question 73

How does the smile serve as an attachment behavior?

Question 74

What is joint attention and how does it contribute to attachment?

Question 75

Describe how extreme infant irritability may affect the quality of attachment.

Question 76

How does the presence of separation anxiety indicate a specific bond?