Deck 7: The Origins of Emotion, Temperament, and Personality

Question 1

All of the following are considered self-conscious emotions EXCEPT:

A) anger
B) envy
C) empathy
D) pride

Answer 1

anger

Question 2

Shame may result from sadness combined with anger.Shame represents a ________ emotion.

A) complex
B) composite
C) Machiavellian
D) phylogenic

Answer 2

complex

Question 3

________ is a brain structure involved in forming memories of emotional events.

A) Amygdala
B) Basal ganglia
C) Cerebellum
D) Parietal lobe

Answer 3

Amygdala

Question 4

Emotions can be thought of as ways of mobilizing ourselves to achieve certain goals.This idea represents the ________ approach to emotion.

A) basic
B) complex
C) functionalist
D) structuralist

Question 5

The goal of maintaining integrity of self is associated with which emotion?

A) anger
B) disgust
C) fear
D) sadness

Question 6

Donovan tries to conserve energy by disengaging and withdrawing.He is likely feeling:

A) anger
B) disgust
C) fear
D) sadness

Question 7

________ refer to transient states that correspond to physiological and cognitive processes associated with distinct internal sensations, or feelings.

A) Display rules
B) Emotions
C) Moods
D) Temperaments

Question 8

Matthew is 6 months old.He probably smiles most often in response to:

A) internal cues
B) interactive toys
C) social stimulation
D) seeing and recognizing his mother

Question 9

At what point in development do negative emotions start to differentiate into the categories of sadness and anger?

A) at birth
B) 2 months
C) 4 months
D) 6 months

Question 10

Which of the following statements about moral emotions is true?

A) The idea that emotions are part of morality emerged recently as a result of new research.
B) Moral emotions in infants are the same as mature moral reasoning and judgments.
C) New research suggests that preverbal infants may have some intuitive sense of right and wrong.
D) Infants do not yet react differently to mean and nice social agents, but rather respond based on the appearance of stimuli.

Question 11

Seven-month-old infants participating in a study watched videos showing hippos and snakes accompanied by fearful or happy voices.Infants in this study:

A) looked longer at the video of the snake when they heard a fearful voice
B) looked longer at the video of the snake when they heard a happy voice
C) looked equally long at videos of snakes when they hear a happy voice as when they hear a fearful voice
D) did not look at videos of snakes but only looked at videos of hippos

Question 12

Which of these emotions is the last to develop?

A) envy
B) empathy
C) fear
D) pride

Question 13

All of the following are considered basic emotions EXCEPT:

A) disgust
B) fear
C) guilt
D) joy

Question 14

All of the following statements about emotional expression are true EXCEPT:

A) different forms of happiness seem to fade gradually into each other in infants rather than being sharply defined
B) different forms of happiness seem to fade gradually into each other in adults rather than being sharply defined
C) negative emotions are often seen as more clearly distinct from each other in infants
D) negative emotions are often seen as more clearly distinct from each other in adults

Question 15

What is most likely to elicit a smile in a newborn?

A) internal cues
B) interactive toys
C) social stimulation
D) recognition of specific individuals

Question 16

All the following statements about complex emotions are true EXCEPT:

A) complex emotions build on basic emotions
B) complex emotions are evident within the first six months of development
C) complex emotions may involve goals that are at least partly socialized and vary across cultures
D) all possible combinations of the six basic emotions can yield thousands of complex emotions

Question 17

Most theorists see the newborn as having:

A) no emotions
B) 6 basic emotions
C) complex emotions
D) undifferentiated emotions

Question 18

Darwin believed that ________ were good indicators of underlying emotional states in infants.

A) approach behaviors
B) body posture
C) facial expressions
D) vocalizations

Question 19

All of the following statements are true EXCEPT:

A) facial expressions cannot yet be used to infer emotional states in infants
B) facial expressions can be used to infer emotional states in older individuals
C) some expressions are difficult to interpret
D) some people can mask their emotions more effectively than others

Question 20

________ emotions are meant to influence others and not simply to reflect an internal state.

A) Complex
B) Display
C) Machiavellian
D) Moral

Question 21

A measure of temperament yields different results across different ages, observers, and situations.The measure is said to have low:

A) accuracy
B) longitudinality
C) reliability
D) validity

Question 22

All of the following are methods of emotional regulation highlighted in your textbook EXCEPT:

A) attentional deployment
B) response modification
C) situation selection
D) social referencing

Question 23

Juan's parents have noticed that he has just started to express fear.He only recently has been frightened by new people and toys.How old is Juan likely to be?

A) 2 months
B) 4 months
C) 6 months
D) 12 months

Question 24

Dena is really bothered by something that happened at school.She tries to rethink the situation and interpret its negative aspects in a more positive way.This illustrates:

A) attentional deployment
B) cognitive modification
C) cognitive reframing
D) response modification

Question 25

Researchers use the term ________ to refer to an infant's tendency toward particular emotional and behavioral responses to specific situations.

A) affective response style
B) goodness of fit
C) personality
D) temperament

Question 26

Miles, a toddler, wants to stay close to his mother.He follows her into the kitchen.This illustrates:

A) positivity bias
B) response modification
C) situational deployment
D) situation selection

Question 27

Pat, a toddler, sucks her thumb whenever she is scared.This makes her feel better.This is an example of:

A) attentional deployment
B) goodness of fit
C) response modification
D) situational modification

Question 28

The children in Thomas and Chess's study were each assessed repeatedly over an extended period of time.This is an example of a ________ design.

A) chronological
B) cross-section
C) longitudinal
D) sequential

Question 29

All of the following statements about emotion regulation are true EXCEPT:

A) emotion regulation includes conscious processes, such as deliberately suppressing emotions
B) emotion regulation includes unconscious processes, such as habits that reduce the intensity of emotional experience
C) emotion regulation applies only to negative emotions, such as anger
D) emotion regulation can involve external factors, such as parental soothing

Question 30

Those low on emotional intelligence:

A) only have difficulty inferring other's emotional states
B) only have difficulty recognizing their own emotions
C) have difficulty understanding both their emotions and others' emotions
D) too quickly recognize others' emotions as well as their own

Question 31

Emma is a 4-month-old infant.She will:

A) not yet be sensitive to others' emotions
B) rely only on visual cues to emotions
C) rely only on auditory cues to emotions
D) rely on both visual and auditory cues to emotions

Question 32

Martina's friend is feeling very happy.Martina seems to "pick it up" and feel happy as well.This is an example of:

A) display cues
B) emotional contagion
C) situation selection
D) social referencing

Question 33

Sheila is very upset about something that happened at work.She tries to distract herself and focus on her friends.This illustrates:

A) attentional deployment
B) positivity bias
C) response modification
D) situation selection

Question 34

Claudine, a 12-month-old, participated in a study where she watched a cartoon that depicted a triangle that helped a ball move up the hill and a square that hindered the ball's attempts.Claudine then saw two follow-up cartoons in which the ball approached either the triangle (the helper) or the square (the hinderer).Claudine likely:

A) ignored the follow-up movies
B) looked longer at the follow-up movie where the ball approached the helper (the triangle)
C) looked longer at the follow-up movie where the ball approached the hinderer (the square)
D) looked equally long at both follow-up movies

Question 35

Baby Zach's brows are drawn together and lowered.His mouth looks like a wide-open square.This facial expression would suggest that Zach is:

A) angry
B) fearful
C) joyful
D) disgusted

Question 36

Dr.Buss is a researcher who focuses on the early emergence of temperament and its high heritability, which leads to stability over time.His approach to studying temperament can be described as a(n) ________ approach.

A) emotive
B) functional
C) structural
D) trait

Question 37

Jose is an infant who shifts his attention away from a frightening image.This is an illustration of:

A) emotional contagion
B) emotional regulation
C) positivity bias
D) response modification

Question 38

A researcher is interested in whether his measure of temperament predicts the more naturalistic and intuitively compelling behaviors that are thought to underlie the temperamental measure.He is interested in the measure's:

A) feasibility
B) generalizability
C) reliability
D) validity

Question 39

________ neurons may play a role in emotional contagion by linking action and perception such that the same neurons fire when a person either expresses an emotion or observes that emotion in others.

A) Display
B) Emotion
C) Mirror
D) Response

Question 40

Claudia's infant is very upset.The baby does not want to stay in his crib by himself.Claudia picks up her son and keeps him close by.This illustrates:

A) display rules
B) negativity bias
C) response modification
D) situation modification

Question 41

Benicio usually responds to new environments in a negative fashion at first.However, he tends to adapt after being in the new situation for some time.Benicio would be classified into the category of:

A) adjustable
B) difficult
C) easy
D) slow to warm up

Question 42

Macie is an extremely inhibited child at age 2.How will Macie likely behave in elementary school if her parents fail to encourage social exploration?

A) She will show high levels of inhibition and shyness.
B) She will be a little shy.
C) She will be extremely outgoing.
D) It is impossible to know as inhibition is not a stable trait.

Question 43

All of the following are contributions of the New York Longitudinal Study EXCEPT:

A) it looked at infants' behaviors in their own right rather than conceiving of them as infant versions of adult behaviors and qualities
B) it identified two important dimensions of temperament with infants who appear inhibited and those who seem uninhibited
C) it suggested that infants' behaviors could be coded into temperament categories that might have some degree of developmental continuity
D) it started to reveal how the specific circumstances of a child's development could strongly modify a child's temperamental disposition

Question 44

Jamal is a toddler who is able to effectively shift his attention and focus on tasks.Jamal would be considered high on:

A) affect modification
B) effortful control
C) rhythmicity
D) surgency

Question 45

Which statement about conscientiousness is true?

A) Conscientiousness is present in infancy.
B) Conscientiousness develops out of the interaction of specific components of early temperament.
C) Most conscientious people are at the extreme ends of the temperamental dimensions of vigilance and activity.
D) A highly conscientious person demonstrates low levels of attentional monitoring.

Question 46

Rocky is a toddler who is tentative when in new surroundings.He does not like meeting new people and seems extremely timid.Rocky demonstrates:

A) inhibited behavior
B) negative affectivity
C) slow to warm affectivity
D) uninhibited behavior

Question 47

The temperamental aspects of inhibition and negative affect are often associated with which personality trait?

A) conscientiousness
B) extroversion
C) neuroticism
D) openness to experience

Question 48

Rachel, a 10-month-old, sees a new toy.She turns to her mother to see her reaction to this new object.This is an example of:

A) display cues
B) emotional contagion
C) situation selection
D) social referencing

Question 49

Stephan demonstrates persistence as an infant.This aspect of temperament is associated with all of the following personality traits EXCEPT:

A) agreeableness
B) conscientiousness
C) extroversion
D) openness to experience

Question 50

Gene's dog is very timid.He is afraid of dogs that are smaller than him.How would you describe the dog's temperament?

A) easy
B) difficult
C) inhibited
D) uninhibited

Question 51

Marcela is considered an easy baby.Which of these characteristics is she UNLIKELY to demonstrate?

A) happy
B) adaptable
C) intense reactions
D) regular daily routines

Question 52

Sachi is a child being raised in Japan, and Susan is a child being raised in the United States.Which of the following is most likely?

A) Sachi may be more likely to react to certain experiences by feeling guilt when Susan reacts by feeling shame.
B) Susan may be more likely to react to certain experiences by feeling guilt when Sachi reacts by feeling shame.
C) Susan's mother probably socializes her primarily through feelings of shame.
D) Sachi's mother probably socializes her primarily through feelings of guilt.

Question 53

All of the following are dimensions of temperament identified by Thomas and Chess EXCEPT:

A) activity level
B) mood
C) rhythmicity
D) soothability

Question 54

Doreen is an uninhibited child, whereas Dawn is an inhibited child.Which of the following is most likely?

A) Doreen will tend to display more positive emotions than Dawn.
B) Doreen will tend display more negative emotions than Dawn.
C) Doreen will display less exploratory behavior in new situations than Dawn.
D) Doreen and Dawn will display different levels of exploratory behaviors but will not differ in their display of emotion.

Question 55

All of the following statements are true of Jerome Kagan's research findings EXCEPT:

A) infants' inhibited behaviors have different biological bases than uninhibited behaviors
B) the tendency to be inhibited or uninhibited can affect other aspects of temperament
C) the tendency to be inhibited or uninhibited interacts with the degree to which certain kinds of emotions are expressed
D) uninhibited infants are more likely to express negative emotions

Question 56

The Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised describes temperamental differences between infants on all of the following dimensions EXCEPT:

A) negative affectivity
B) effortful control
C) rhythmicity
D) surgency/extroversion

Question 57

Trait approaches to temperament focus on three fundamental trait-like categories.Which of the following is NOT one of these trait-like categories?

A) activity level
B) effortful control
C) emotionality
D) sociability

Question 58

All of the following statements about temperament are true EXCEPT:

A) an individual's temperament emerges early in life
B) there is a high degree of heritability in many temperamental attributes
C) temperament is not very stable over time
D) temperament can involve individual differences in self-regulation

Question 59

Hillary gets socks and a pencil as a present from one of her friends at her birthday party.She responds politely and smiles, though she wished she received a toy.Her parents have taught her to respond positively to gifts no matter their content.This illustrates use of:

A) attentional deployment
B) display rules
C) response guidelines
D) situation cues

Question 60

Researchers studied abused children and a control group and presented participants a digitally altered series of images of the same face, with the images gradually transforming from a face with a neutral expression to a face with a strong emotion.They found that children of abusive parents:

A) identified anger at an earlier point than control children
B) identified anger at a later point than control children
C) identified sadness at an earlier point than control children
D) identified sadness at a later point than control children

Question 61

What methods do researchers use to study infants' facial expressions?

Question 62

Describe conditions under which a difficult temperament may be advantageous.

Question 63

What are the two reasons that some emotions are considered "basic"?

Question 64

The concept of ________ suggests that the same environment is not optimal for all children.

A) environmental bias
B) goodness of fit
C) personality matching
D) situation selection

Question 65

What are phobias and how are they explained by the preparedness model?

Question 66

Colby is a challenging child.However, his mother is able to guide him well and they have a strong relationship.This represents:

A) environmental selectivity
B) goodness of fit
C) parental matching
D) situation selection

Question 67

What are complex emotions? Describe why shame is considered a complex emotion.

Question 68

Maysa is an infant whose mother is clinically depressed.Marsha is an infant whose mother is not depressed.Both girls are tested in the still face paradigm.Which outcome is most likely?

A) Both girls will respond similarly.
B) Maysa will be more likely than Marsha to soothe herself through means such as thumb-sucking.
C) Maysa will be more likely than Marsha to use attentional deployment strategies such as looking away.
D) Marsha will be more likely than Maysa to soothe herself through means such as thumb-sucking.

Question 69

In which of the following environments would an easy infant fare better than a difficult infant?

A) a drought area in East Africa
B) a day care center where there are many children and few teachers
C) a large, poor family where there is much competition among children
D) a small family which is not under stress

Question 70

Sibyl is a difficult baby who cries often and is rarely content.Her mother finds this behavior difficult to handle and becomes less patient, leading to even more difficult behavior from the infant.This illustrates a(n):

A) coercive cycle
B) emotional contagion
C) feedback loop
D) response modification

Question 71

Describe how the developmental progression of emotions corresponds to the evolution of emotions and offer an explanation for this finding.

Question 72

Differentiate between situation modification and situation selection.

Question 73

What are display rules and how do they differ across cultures?

Question 74

Define inhibition and provide some evolutionary arguments for inhibited behaviors across species.

Question 75

All of the following statements about goodness of fit are true EXCEPT:

A) the concept of goodness of fit helped launch a major shift in how we view infants and children
B) the same environment is optimal for all children
C) children can actively seek the best-fitting environment
D) parents and teachers can alter the environment to better fit the child

Question 76

What is negativity bias and why might infants demonstrate this response?

Question 77

Describe two strategies/therapeutic approaches for helping children with emotional regulation problems.

Question 78

Differentiate between difficult babies and "slow to warm up" babies.

Question 79

Differentiate between temperament and personality.

Question 80

What is the functionalist approach to emotion?