Deck 12: Morality in Thought and Action

Question 1

________ saw emotions as the basis for moral thought.

A) Hume
B) Golding
C) Locke
D) Rousseau

Answer 1

Hume

Question 2

________ refers to a kind of magical thinking in which accidents are seen as cases of divine retribution.

A) Immanent justice
B) Impersonal justice
C) Inherent reprisal
D) Moral dumbfounding

Answer 2

Immanent justice

Question 3

Dr.Fitch believes that there is no reason to consider moral thought because moral thoughts are largely afterthoughts, which occur after we commit a moral action.Dr.Fitch is likely a ________ theorist.

A) cognitive
B) ethological
C) learning
D) psychodynamic

Answer 3

learning

Question 4

Margaret Mead studied the development of magical thinking in traditional people in Papua New Guinea.She found that:

A) children and adults commonly invoked magical thinking to explain events
B) children were more likely than adults to invoke magical thinking
C) adults were more likely than children to invoke magical thinking
D) children and adults rarely invoked magical thinking to explain events

Question 5

The philosopher Rousseau believed that:

A) young children are inherently antisocial
B) young children are inherently good
C) society socializes young children to be good
D) society has no effect on young children's moral development

Question 6

In his novel, Lord of the Flies, Golding suggests:

A) children are inherently good and uninfluenced by society
B) children must be protected from the corrupting influences of society
C) children are inherently antisocial and need to be civilized by society
D) children are inherently antisocial and these impulses are encouraged by society

Question 7

The French physician, Jean Marc Gaspard Itard, worked with Victor, the "wild child." Which statement best characterizes Itard?

A) He treated Victor with continuous kindness, revealing the boy's deep-seated ability to love.
B) He treated Victor with continuous kindness, revealing to boy's deep-seated inability to love.
C) He found that Victor showed outrage to the random beatings he administered, revealing an unlearned sense of justice.
D) He found that Victor showed indifference to the random beatings he administered, revealing a lack of a sense of justice.

Question 8

Nell is growing up in the United States and Yoko is growing up in Japan.Research on moral thought suggests that:

A) both girls are most likely to make decisions based on notions of individual rights
B) Nell is more likely than Yoko to make decisions based on duties to the larger group
C) Yoko is more likely than Nell to make decisions based on duties to the larger group
D) both girls are most likely to make decisions based on duties to the larger group

Question 9

Researchers used an apparatus to measure cooperation and competition among children.Javier participated in this task in his small Mexican town.Jason participated in this task in Chicago.What is the most likely outcome?

A) Javier cooperated considerably more than Jason.
B) Jason cooperated considerably more than Javier.
C) Jason and Javier both cooperated to the same extent.
D) Neither Jason nor Javier considered cooperating.

Question 10

________ theory argues that younger children often focus on one dimension of a problem while older children are capable of considering several dimensions at once.

A) Assimilation
B) Cognitive developmental
C) Information integration
D) Instrumental

Question 11

According to Piaget, children progress through the stages of moral reasoning in the following order:

A) premoral, autonomous, heteronomous
B) premoral, heteronomous, autonomous
C) autonomous, heteronomous, and postmoral
D) heteronomous, autonomous, and postmoral

Question 12

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Evolutionary psychologists and cultural psychologists both assume children are intrinsically good.
B) Evolutionary psychologists but not cultural psychologists assume children are intrinsically good.
C) Cultural psychologists but not evolutionary psychologists assume children are intrinsically bad.
D) Evolutionary psychologists and cultural psychologists both assume children are neither intrinsically good nor bad.

Question 13

All of the following are true of Piaget's theory of moral development EXCEPT:

A) Piaget claimed that moral thought is a separate cognitive domain with its own patterns of reasoning
B) Piaget proposed that children progress through three qualitatively distinct stages of moral reasoning
C) Piaget believed that some patterns of moral reasoning are not available to children until they reach the relevant stage of moral development
D) Piaget based his theory largely on his examination of children's understanding and use of rules and their judgments of culpability and guilt

Question 14

All of the following statements are true of the evolutionary view of morality EXCEPT:

A) evolutionary psychologists believe that empathy provided a selective advantage for our ancestors
B) evolutionary psychologists believe that aggressive or self-protective behaviors can promote an individual's survival
C) evolutionary psychologists believe that some aspects of morality are universal because all humans share biologically based core morals
D) evolutionary psychologists believe that young children have inherent moral natures and are born good or bad

Question 15

According to Rousseau, the primary goal of child rearing should be:

A) to immerse children in society's positive influences
B) to shield children from society's corrupting influences
C) to use harsh discipline to help the child maintain his inherent goodness
D) to use direct teachings to help the child overcome his inherently antisocial nature

Question 16

The concrete operational stage roughly corresponds with which of the following stages of moral reasoning?

A) autonomous stage
B) direct moral stage
C) heteronomous stage
D) premoral stage

Question 17

Mitchell is in the cognitive developmental stage of formal operations.Which stage of moral reasoning would Mitchell be in?

A) autonomous stage
B) concrete moral stage
C) heteronomous stage
D) postmoral stage

Question 18

All of the following are claims made by cultural psychologists EXCEPT:

A) children are neither intrinsically good nor bad
B) culture influences various aspects of morality
C) different cultural groups have dramatically different patterns of moral reasoning
D) despite cultural variations, there is a single dominant moral belief system

Question 19

Researchers examined preschoolers' ideas about social conventions, moral laws, and inviolable physical laws.They found:

A) preschoolers cannot differentiate between social conventions, moral laws, or physical laws
B) preschoolers understand the difference between physical laws and social conventions, but do not understand the difference between social conventions and moral laws
C) preschoolers understand the difference between physical laws and moral laws, but do not understand the difference between physical laws and social conventions
D) preschoolers understand the essential differences between social conventions, moral laws, and physical laws

Question 20

________ are arbitrary rules jointly agreed to by a group or a society to facilitate interaction and coordinate activity.

A) Cultural concords
B) Moral laws
C) Social conventions
D) Social institutions

Question 21

There are laws about driving on a particular side of the road and laws against stealing.What most accurately describes how each of these rules would be considered?

A) Both would be considered social conventions.
B) Only laws about driving on a certain side would be considered a social convention.
C) Only laws against stealing would be considered a social convention.
D) Both would be considered moral laws.

Question 22

Mark was presented with Kohlberg's dilemma about a man named Heinz who had to decide whether to steal a drug to save his wife's life.Mark says it is acceptable for Heinz to steal the drug because he would not be able to live with himself if he let his wife die.What level of moral development best describes Mark?

A) preconventional morality
B) conventional morality
C) formal operational morality
D) postconventional morality

Question 23

Karen was presented with Kohlberg's dilemma about a man named Heinz who had to decide whether to steal a drug to save his wife's life.Karen says that it is not appropriate to steal the drug because Heinz will be punished.What level of moral development best describes Karen?

A) premoral
B) preconventional morality
C) conventional morality
D) postconventional morality

Question 24

Jimmy is 5 years old and his brother, Fred, is 11 years old.A friend is visiting and accidentally breaks their mother's favorite vase while playing.Which most likely describes the brothers' reaction?

A) Both boys are most likely to judge their friend's culpability based on the act's consequences.
B) Jimmy is more likely to judge his friend's culpability based on the friend's intentions.
C) Fred is more likely to judge his friend's culpability based on the friend's intentions.
D) Both boys are most likely to judge their friend's culpability based on the friend's intentions.

Question 25

Lana was presented with Kohlberg's dilemma about a man named Heinz who had to decide whether to steal a drug to save his wife's life.Lana believes that it is acceptable for Heinz to steal the drug because he would be following implicit, natural laws about not letting others die.What level of moral development best describes Lana?

A) premoral
B) preconventional morality
C) conventional morality
D) postconventional morality

Question 26

According to Gilligan, an individual in the postconventional stage of moral reasoning considers which of the following factors when making moral decisions?

A) only societal laws
B) only care about the self
C) only care about others
D) both care about the self and care about others

Question 27

Danielle focuses on care for others as well as care for herself.When making moral decisions, she considers both factors.According to Gilligan, Danielle would be in which stage?

A) premoral
B) preconventional
C) conventional
D) postconventional

Question 28

George was presented with Kohlberg's dilemma about a man named Heinz who had to decide whether to steal a drug to save his wife's life.George says it is wrong to steal the drug because stealing is against the law.What level of moral development best describes George?

A) premoral
B) preconventional morality
C) conventional morality
D) postconventional morality

Question 29

Which of the following statements is true?

A) The fundamental principle of both Kohlberg's theory and Gilligan's theory is that people should treat each other fairly.
B) The fundamental principle of Kohlberg's theory is that people should help others who are in need or distress whereas Gilligan emphasized that people should treat each other fairly.
C) The fundamental principle of Gilligan's theory is that people should help others who are in need or distress whereas Kohlberg emphasized that people should treat each other fairly.
D) The fundamental principle of both Kohlberg's theory and Gilligan's theory is that people should help others who are in need or distress.

Question 30

Bradley was presented with Kohlberg's dilemma about a man named Heinz who had to decide whether to steal a drug to save his wife's life.Bradley says that it is acceptable to steal the drug because a nice person does not let his wife die.What stage of moral development best describes Bradley?

A) stage 1: obedience and punishment orientation
B) stage 2: instrumental-relativist orientation
C) stage 3: "good boy/good girl" orientation
D) stage 4: law and order orientation

Question 31

Maria's friend accidentally hits her with a soccer ball and she gets a bad bruise.She bases her judgment of the culpability of her friend on the act's consequences rather than her friend's intentions.What stage of moral development best describes Maria?

A) autonomous stage
B) direct moral stage
C) heteronomous stage
D) postmoral stage

Question 32

According to the ________ approach, individuals are not bound to one or two forms of moral thought but instead may switch between several different forms as a function of the situation.

A) contextual
B) individualist
C) pluralistic
D) situational

Question 33

Madison is years old.According to Piaget, she:

A) has no explicit awareness of rules
B) has an understanding of simple rules
C) sees rules as unchanging and external
D) sees rules as human agreements that can be changed

Question 34

Gilligan emphasized all of the following in her theory EXCEPT:

A) care
B) concern
C) empathy
D) justice

Question 35

Gilligan proposed a three-stage sequence of moral development:

A) in which females and males progress at the same rate
B) in which females tend to progress more rapidly than males
C) in which males tend to progress more rapidly than females
D) which applies only to males and not females

Question 36

Studies that include women from a broad spectrum of socioeconomic groups, including women from disadvantaged minorities, find that:

A) justice-oriented reasoning tends to dominate among both sexes
B) large differences exist between men and women, with women using more justice-oriented reasoning
C) large differences exist between men and women, with women using more care-oriented reasoning
D) care-oriented reasoning tends to dominate among both sexes

Question 37

Jerome steals an apple and then a branch falls on his head.Younger children are more likely to see the branch falling on Jerome's head as a kind of retribution caused by God or spirits rather than as a mere accident.This is an example of younger children's beliefs in:

A) immanent justice
B) impersonal justice
C) inherent reprisal
D) moral dumbfounding

Question 38

Nadiya is 9 years old.Which moral principle is she most likely to abide by?

A) good boy/good girl orientation
B) instrumental-relativist orientation
C) principled conscience-driven orientation
D) social contract orientation

Question 39

All of the following were presented as a critique of Kohlberg's theory EXCEPT:

A) it is not clear how each stage logically forms the basis for the next one
B) the theory may be gender biased as Kohlberg based his model on data collected from middle-class boys
C) young children may have had difficulty with Kohlberg's tasks asking them to consider rules typical of most games
D) researchers have found that different cultures show different proportions of the population having reached higher moral levels

Question 40

Genevieve believes that self-sacrifice is good in its own right and is driven by care for others.According to Gilligan, Genevieve would be in which stage?

A) premoral
B) preconventional
C) conventional
D) postconventional

Question 41

All of the following are forms of empathy EXCEPT:

A) cognitive
B) emotional
C) motor
D) social

Question 42

Marion tells her friends to exclude Cindy from their group.When Cindy sits at their lunch table, the group ignores her.This illustrates:

A) direct aggression
B) instrumental aggression
C) social aggression
D) verbal aggression

Question 43

Mrs.Smith caught Joyce cheating on her second grade math test.After math, the class went to the playground and Mrs.Smith caught Bill cheating in a game of tag.Research on consistency of moral behavior suggests that:

A) Joyce was also cheating in tag
B) Bill was also cheating on his math test
C) Both children are likely to cheat in a variety of contexts
D) Joyce's cheating on the test does not necessarily indicate cheating on the playground

Question 44

Donald hears two stories from his teacher.In the first story, a moral transgression was described as occurring between siblings.In the second story, the same transgression was described as occurring between more casual acquaintances.How is Donald likely to respond to the stories?

A) Care-based reasoning will be most prominent in his responding to both stories.
B) Care-based reasoning will be more prominent in his responding to the sibling story than the acquaintance story.
C) Justice-oriented reasoning will be more prominent in his responding to the sibling story than the acquaintance story.
D) Justice-oriented reasoning will be most prominent in his responding to both stories.

Question 45

Justine is about to eat her sandwich at lunch.She realizes that the new girl at school did not bring lunch.Justine gives the girl her sandwich and just eats her apple for lunch.This is an illustration of:

A) adaptive challenge
B) altruism
C) care-based reasoning
D) emotional understanding

Question 46

Genetic factors are:

A) unlikely to influence the emergence of either social or physical aggression
B) more likely to influence the emergence of social aggression
C) more likely to influence the emergence of physical aggression
D) equally likely to influence the emergence of social and physical aggression

Question 47

Students who participated in the Free Speech Movement on the Berkeley campus in the 1960s were:

A) all in Kohlberg's fifth and sixth stages
B) all in Kohlberg's third and fourth stages
C) all in Kohlberg's first and second stages
D) represented several of Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning

Question 48

Marianne drops her keys on the floor and unsuccessfully reaches for them.Her son, Diego, sees that his mother needs help reaching her keys.Diego tries to help his mother even though there are not obvious benefits to him.This illustrates ________ helping.

A) constructivist
B) empathetic
C) instrumental
D) social intuitional

Question 49

Which of the following statements best describes trends in cheating?

A) A large number of elementary school children cheat and the incidence does not drop as they grow older.
B) A large number of elementary school children cheat, but this decreases as they grow older.
C) A small number of elementary school children cheat, but there is a large increase in cheating during middle school.
D) A small number of elementary school children cheat, but there is a large increase in high school.

Question 50

Researchers used an apparatus to measure cooperation and competition among children.The goal was for each child to retrieve a marble from within the container.The results of this study suggest that:

A) there is a general developmental trend of increasing cooperation
B) there is a general developmental trend of decreasing cooperation
C) there are strong individual differences in this task
D) there do not appear to be individual differences in this task

Question 51

According to the ________ approach, the child evaluates the situation and the actors and takes into account culturally specific meanings in order to construct an interpretation specific to the context.

A) collectivist
B) constructivist
C) conventional
D) individualist

Question 52

Leo has a strong "gut feeling" about what is morally right and wrong in a particular situation but is unable to justify those feelings with higher-order reasoning.This phenomenon is referred to as:

A) moral confounding
B) moral dilemmas
C) moral dumbfounding
D) moral intuition

Question 53

According to the ________ model of moral judgment, emotions like anger or contempt can be triggered automatically by perceived violations of norms and rights.

A) affective dumbfounding
B) constructivist
C) personal morality
D) social intuitionist

Question 54

Linda is a 14-month-old.She sees her mother drop a clothespin while hanging up clothes.Her mother reaches but cannot retrieve the clothespin.Linda will likely:

A) stare at her mother with a confused look on her face
B) convey interest in the situation but not try to help
C) try to help her mother only if her mother requests help and offers a reward
D) try to help her mother even when there is no obvious benefit or request for help

Question 55

________ refers to the ability to hold off engaging in an action that will bring a desired result.

A) Delay of antisocial behavior
B) Delay of fulfillment
C) Delay of gratification
D) Delay of prosocial behavior

Question 56

Which of the following statements is true of cognitive and emotional empathy?

A) Cognitive empathy is thought to develop later than emotional empathy and to be evolutionarily more recent.
B) Emotional empathy is thought to develop later than cognitive empathy and to be evolutionarily more recent.
C) Cognitive empathy is thought to develop earlier than emotional empathy and to be evolutionarily more distant.
D) Emotional empathy is thought to develop earlier than cognitive empathy and to be evolutionarily more recent.

Question 57

All of the following are moral modules considered by Haidt and Joseph EXCEPT:

A) adaptive challenge
B) immanent justice
C) proper domain
D) relevant virtues

Question 58

________ is the term used to describe the ability to adjust or recover from adverse events or situations.

A) Adaptability
B) Malleability
C) Plasticity
D) Resilience

Question 59

Eisenberg proposed stages of reasoning about altruism.These stages consist of all of the following EXCEPT:

A) appealing to internalized principles
B) concern with immediate self-interest
C) experiencing compassionate consideration
D) seeking the approval of others

Question 60

All of the following statements about empathy are true EXCEPT:

A) children are incapable of sharing others' distress until the second year of life
B) empathy in young children enables them to engage in moral actions without having to rely on moral reasoning
C) there is some evidence that genes contribute to differences in the ability to feel empathy
D) there is consistency such that children who show prosocial behaviors are more likely to make charitable contributions as adults

Question 61

Tracy is a swimmer.She is happy when her opponent slips and injures herself while getting out of the pool.This illustrates:

A) anti-empathy
B) scadohohn
C) schadenfreude
D) reverse-empathy

Question 62

Who conducted the Bobo doll experiment?

A) Bandura
B) Kohlberg
C) Parke
D) Watson

Question 63

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Guilt and shame orientations do not seem to have any psychological correlates.
B) Guilt and shame orientations seem to have equally severe psychological correlates.
C) Guilt orientations seem to have more adverse psychological correlates than shame orientations.
D) Shame orientations seem to have more adverse psychological correlates than guilt orientations.

Question 64

Describe the major strengths and weaknesses of Piaget's account of moral development.

Question 65

Coach Crutchfield is a coach at a local elementary school.She works with children of all ages.Describe the types of differences Coach Crutchfeld has likely observed about how children in the heteronomous stage differ from children in the autonomous stage in reasoning about rules.

Question 66

Michael has weaker self-regulatory abilities than does Brian.Which of the following statements is most likely?

A) Both boys will be equally likely to act on their impulses before they realize that their actions may hurt others.
B) Michael will be more likely to act on his impulses before he realizes that his actions may hurt others.
C) Brian will be more likely to act on his impulses before he realizes that his actions may hurt others.
D) Both boys are equally likely to give in to temptation, even while knowing that it is better to do otherwise.

Question 67

All of the following statements are true EXCEPT:

A) children who are diagnosed with conduct disorder regularly transgress in ways that impinge on other's rights
B) children who are diagnosed with conduct disorder regularly act in ways that violate social norms
C) children who are diagnosed with conduct disorder show a callous insensitivity in social interactions
D) children who are diagnosed with conduct disorder show early antisocial behavior but the incidence of this behavior rapidly decreases with development

Question 68

All of the following are findings of Gershoff's meta-analysis EXCEPT:

A) physical punishment is associated with more immediate compliance
B) physical punishment is associated with more internalization of morals
C) physical punishment is associated with poorer mental health
D) physical punishment is associated with greater likelihood of suffering physical abuse

Question 69

According to Freud, which is the last part of the mind to emerge?

A) ego
B) id
C) schadenfreude
D) superego

Question 70

Iku is growing up in Japan and Natalie is growing up in the United States.Describe why Iku's culture is considered collectivist and Natalie's culture is considered individualist.In what ways are these cultural differences likely to influence the development of moral thought?

Question 71

According to Freud, the ________ allows the child to channel and direct the id.

A) ego
B) schadenfreude
C) superego
D) superid

Question 72

All of the following are factors associated with greater use of physical punishment EXCEPT:

A) being male
B) being a single parent
C) being high in socioeconomic status
D) following a fundamentalist religion

Question 73

In what ways is Piaget's theory of moral development consistent with his broad, comprehensive theory of the stages of cognitive development?

Question 74

Differentiate between evolutionary and cultural views of morality.

Question 75

Philosophers and other scholars have debated the moral characteristics of young children and how morality develops.Describe the two major views that have characterized the debate on the origins of moral thought.

Question 76

In a study, children were led to believe that they had broken a toy belonging to the experimenter when he was out of the room.Those who appeared driven by shame did all the following EXCEPT:

A) responded similarly to children who seemed motivated by guilt
B) avoided the experimenter when he returned
C) did not tell the experimenter about the mishap
D) did not try to fix the toy on their own

Question 77

Glenn is a new dad.According to the research presented in the textbook, he should do all of the following EXCEPT:

A) deliver punishment early
B) deliver punishment consistently
C) deliver punishment in a way that makes his child fear him
D) deliver punishment accompanied by a reasoned explanation

Question 78

Low levels of arousal:

A) are not associated with adult criminality
B) are associated with increased adult criminality
C) are associated with decreased adult criminality
D) are associated with increased prosocial behavior

Question 79

All of the following factors are associated with greater likelihood of copying a model's behavior EXCEPT:

A) respect for the model
B) fear of the model
C) model's actions are clear
D) model frequently performs actions

Question 80

Research suggests that:

A) punishment delivered early is more effective for dogs but not children
B) punishment delivered early is more effective for children but not dogs
C) punishment delivered early is more effective for both children and dogs
D) punishment delivered late is more effective for children and dogs