Deck 14: Becoming Part of the Family

Question 1

What parenting style is associated with the best developmental outcomes?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) involved
D) permissive

Answer 1

authoritative

Question 2

Less sensitive parenting is more likely when mothers experience stress and their genes trigger lower levels of all of the following EXCEPT:

A) dopamine
B) estrogen
C) oxytocin
D) serotonin

Answer 2

estrogen

Question 3

Girls whose parents are ________ may show a greater tendency to join a deviant peer group.

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) uninvolved

Answer 3

uninvolved

Question 4

Ricki is very warm toward his son, but he also has high standards for his son to follow.What type of parent is Ricki?

A) assertive
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) permissive

Question 5

Who originally proposed the three parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive?

A) Baumrind
B) Brooks-Gunn
C) Maccoby
D) Ross

Question 6

Which type of parents is more likely to use psychological control?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) uninvolved

Question 7

Many parenting interventions are based on the belief that:

A) authoritarian parenting is best for children in these families
B) authoritarian parenting is best for parents in these families
C) authoritarian parenting is best for both the children and parents in these families
D) authoritarian parenting is not best for either the children or parents in these families

Question 8

Joanna is always asking her teenage daughter where she is going on the weekends and who she will be with.This behavior suggests that Joanna is high on:

A) behavioral control
B) enforced control
C) psychological control
D) restrictive control

Question 9

Meagan's dad is less friendly to her when she does not do things his way.Her dad will often stop talking to her until she does what he wants.Meagan's father is high on:

A) affective control
B) behavioral control
C) manipulative control
D) psychological control

Question 10

Sylvie cares a lot about her children and is very warm.She has few rules and her children decide what to eat and when to go to bed.What type of parent is Sylvie?

A) accommodating
B) authoritative
C) lenient
D) permissive

Question 11

Stacy shows her child a great deal of warmth.She responds to her child's needs and changing emotions.Stacy is high on which component of parenting?

A) encouragement
B) engagement
C) monitoring
D) nurturance

Question 12

Which approach emphasizes that contextual factors, including culture and social class, are crucial to understanding the child's development within a family?

A) community and cultural resources approach
B) confluence parenting approach
C) ecological systems approach
D) parenting contexts approach

Question 13

All of the following statements about the interactionist approach are true EXCEPT:

A) genetic effects and child effects necessarily diminish the effects of parenting on children
B) a particular kind of parenting may benefit some kinds of children much more than others
C) critics of the interactionist approach claim that it is difficult to predict interactions in advance
D) this approach implies that effective parents need to be sensitive to their child's nature and adjust parenting accordingly

Question 14

Each of the following is one of the seven components of parenting outlined by Brooks-Gunn and Markman EXCEPT:

A) evaluating
B) discipline
C) monitoring
D) nurturance

Question 15

________ refers to the ways in which parents engage in behaviors and have attitudes toward their children that create a particular parenting environment or climate.

A) Parenting effects
B) Parenting patterns
C) Parenting styles
D) Parenting systems

Question 16

Anjali is a 10-year-old girl whose parents would be classified as authoritarian parents.What is the most likely outcome for Anjali?

A) Anjali will show more hostility than her peers.
B) Anjali will show immature behavior.
C) Anjali will set lower goals for achievement.
D) Anjali will be self-reliant and self-controlled.

Question 17

What type of parent would say: "Do it because I say so!"?

A) autocratic
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) dogmatic

Question 18

Gabriella displays low warmth in her relationship with her children.She has few rules for them and tends to focus on her own issues.What type of parent is Gabriella?

A) authoritarian
B) detached
C) permissive
D) uninvolved

Question 19

Which parenting style is characterized by high warmth and high control?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) involved
D) permissive

Question 20

Mayank is a 9-year-old boy who seems more immature than his peers.He has trouble controlling his own impulses.This type of behavior is often associated with which of the following parenting styles:

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) uninvolved

Question 21

Julia was born with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and her sister Bethany was born without this condition.Which is the most likely outcome?

A) Both girls will have similar toy preferences.
B) Bethany will be more likely than Julia to play with gender-atypical toys.
C) Julia will be more likely to prefer occupations involving "things" (for example, pilot) than Bethany.
D) Julia will be more likely to prefer occupations involving "people" (for example, teacher) than Bethany.

Question 22

Which of the following statements is true of children's biases?

A) Children did not find judgments about exclusion from activities based on either ethnicity or gender to be morally inappropriate.
B) Children find exclusion from activities based on ethnicity to be more morally inappropriate than exclusion based on gender.
C) Children find exclusion from activities based on gender to be more morally inappropriate than exclusion based on ethnicity.
D) Children find judgments about exclusion from activities based on both ethnicity and gender to be equally high in moral inappropriateness.

Question 23

Jim commonly discusses science problems with his teenage son and daughter.Which of the following is most likely in the context of these conversations?

A) Jim will refrain from using cognitively demanding speech with either of his children.
B) Jim will use more cognitively demanding speech with his son.
C) Jim will use more cognitively demanding speech with his daughter.
D) Jim will use an equally high level of cognitively demanding speech with both of his children.

Question 24

Shayla is an affluent mother and Candice is a poor mother who is struggling to make ends meet.What is the most likely outcome?

A) Shayla is less likely than Candice to use authoritarian parenting.
B) Shayla is less likely than Candice to use authoritative parenting.
C) Shayla is less likely than Candice to use permissive parenting.
D) The women are not likely to differ in their parenting styles.

Question 25

All of the following statements are true of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) EXCEPT:

A) CAH is an inherited adrenal gland disorder that influences exposure to hormones in utero
B) boys born with CAH show increased preferences for playing with gender-atypical toys
C) girls born with CAH show increased preferences for playing with gender-atypical toys
D) parents may respond differently to children with CAH because they notice differences in their genitalia

Question 26

Bao is a 10-year-old boy growing up in China and Bradley is a 10-year-old boy growing up in the United States.Both boys have mothers who demonstrate what would be considered an authoritarian parenting style.What is the most likely outcome?

A) This type of parenting style will be associated with positive outcomes for both boys.
B) This type of parenting style will be associated with more positive outcomes for Bao compared to Bradley.
C) This type of parenting style will be associated with more positive outcomes for Bradley compared to Bao.
D) This type of parenting style will be associated with negative outcomes for both boys.

Question 27

When rat mothers lick their offspring more, that increased care can turn on gene pathways that produce more neurotransmitters involved in reducing anxiety.This is an example of a(n):

A) child effect
B) epigenetic effect
C) inducible effect
D) parent effect

Question 28

Gender ________ are cognitive systems for interpreting gender-related activities.

A) concepts
B) maps
C) representations
D) schemas

Question 29

Parents respond more positively to attractive as compared to unattractive infants.This illustrates a(n):

A) child effect
B) cultural effect
C) ecological effect
D) parent effect

Question 30

Stanley is the oldest child in his family.He has a younger brother, Phil, and a younger sister, Amy.What is the most likely outcome?

A) Stanley's parents will have the most influence on his gender role qualities.
B) Phil will have the most influence on Stanley's gender role qualities.
C) Amy will have the most influence on Stanley's gender role qualities.
D) Stanley's parents and siblings will have equal influence on Stanley's gender role qualities.

Question 31

Maddy, a young girl, tends to play with toys that are considered gender atypical.A possible biological explanation for Maddy's behavior may be:

A) lower levels of prenatal progesterone
B) higher levels of prenatal progesterone
C) lower levels of prenatal testosterone
D) higher levels of prenatal testosterone

Question 32

Middle- to upper-class parents differed from impoverished parents in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

A) they talked to their children twice as much
B) they used more language that forbade actions
C) they used less physical coercion
D) they gave more positive feedback

Question 33

Charlotte and Bill have a son and daughter.What is the most likely outcome?

A) Charlotte will be equally likely to offer her son and daughter a truck.
B) Bill will be equally likely to offer his son and daughter a doll.
C) Charlotte will be more likely to offer her son a doll than her daughter.
D) Bill will be more likely to offer his daughter a doll than his son.

Question 34

Jack and Diane are parents of a son and a daughter.Which of the following is LEAST likely to occur?

A) Jack and Diane will both play more roughly with their son.
B) Jack but not Diane will react more negatively to crying in his daughter.
C) Diane but not Jack will play more gently with their daughter.
D) Jack and Diane will offer both children sex-stereotyped toys.

Question 35

Gloria was born with a disorder known as congenital adrenal hyperplasia.This disorder influences hormone levels in utero, such that Gloria experienced:

A) lower levels of prenatal progesterone
B) higher levels of prenatal progesterone
C) lower levels of prenatal testosterone
D) higher levels of prenatal testosterone

Question 36

Marsha is the oldest child in her family, Katina is the middle child, and Sally is the baby.Research suggests that:

A) No differences in intelligence should be expected as a function of birth order.
B) Marsha will likely have the highest intelligence score.
C) Katina will likely have the highest intelligence score.
D) Sally will likely have the highest intelligence score.

Question 37

Older siblings influence younger siblings' gender role qualities:

A) to the same extent as do parents
B) less than parents do
C) more than parents in only same-sex sibling pairs
D) more than parents in both same-sex and mixed-sex sibling pairs

Question 38

Which of the following statements is true about toy preferences in the vervet monkey?

A) Vervet monkeys socialize their children and guide their toy preferences.
B) Vervet monkeys have evolved tendencies to interact with toys in different ways.
C) Young male vervet monkeys prefer playing with trucks.
D) Young male vervet monkeys prefer playing with dolls.

Question 39

Gracie is an adult who interacts with Mason, a compliant and cooperative boy, and Jimmy, a resistant and noncooperative boy.She completes a puzzle with each boy.What is the most likely outcome?

A) She is likely to have adopted an authoritarian style when completing the puzzles with both boys.
B) She is more likely to adopt an authoritarian style when completing the puzzle with Mason.
C) She is more likely to adopt an authoritarian style when completing the puzzle with Jimmy.
D) She is unlikely to have adopted an authoritarian style when completing the puzzles with either boy.

Question 40

Marcy is an African-American mother and Janet is a European-American mother.Both women are participating in Head Start.What is the most likely outcome?

A) Both women will greatly benefit from the program.
B) The intervention will have a larger effect for Marcy than Janet.
C) The intervention will have a larger effect for Janet than Marcy.
D) Both women will be unaffected by participating in the program.

Question 41

Suriya's older brother, Pranav, excelled in school and was president of the math club.Suriya is quite good at sports and is more focused on sports than academics, which he likes because it helps reduce his competition with Pranav in the academic realm.This illustrates:

A) confluent niche selection
B) ecological systems creation
C) resource theory
D) sibling differentiation

Question 42

Siblings who are close in age tend to have a more advanced understanding of ________ because they have practice thinking and talking about mental states of others.

A) internalizations
B) mind schemas
C) perspective effects
D) theory of mind

Question 43

Dr.Gentsch works with children in foster care.She is working with two siblings who display significant behavior problems and sibling conflict.The research suggests that:

A) these children will likely fare the same regardless of whether they are placed in the same foster home or different foster homes
B) these children will fare better if they are placed in separate foster homes
C) the older child but not the younger child will fare better if they are placed in the same foster home
D) the older child but not the younger child will fare worst if they are placed in the same foster home

Question 44

Matilda responds to her parents' divorce with increased sadness and loss of self-esteem.She is showing ________ problems.

A) confluence
B) externalizing
C) internalizing
D) nuclear

Question 45

Which of the following statements is true about the prevalence and patterns of child abuse in the United States?

A) Physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect are equally common.
B) Physical abuse is the most common form of abuse.
C) Sexual abuse is the most common form of abuse.
D) Neglect is the most common form of abuse.

Question 46

Jaxon is a 3-year-old boy whose parents are getting divorced.Marcela is a 3-year-old girl whose parents are also getting divorced.What is the most likely outcome?

A) Neither Jaxon nor Marcela are likely to demonstrate behavioral problems.
B) Jaxon is more likely to demonstrate behavioral problems than is Marcela.
C) Marcela is more likely to demonstrate behavioral problems than is Jaxon.
D) Both Jaxon and Marcela are likely to demonstrate behavioral problems.

Question 47

All of the following statements are true of children who grow up in gay and lesbian families EXCEPT:

A) these children show normal cognitive development
B) these children have higher than typical levels of behavior problems
C) these children show the same profiles of sexual preferences and gender identities
D) these children may have more negative experiences associated with others' homophobia and stigmatizing of their parents

Question 48

Family size varies as a function of race.In the United States, which ethnicity is associated with the largest average household size?

A) Asian-American
B) Black/African-American
C) Hispanic/Latino
D) white/European-American

Question 49

All of the following statements are true about the incidence of divorce EXCEPT:

A) the incidence of divorce rose from the 1950s and peaked in the 1980s
B) approximately 40 percent of all children in the United States will experience a divorce and a transition to a single-parent family
C) there are increasingly higher divorce rates among those with more years of education
D) in the United States, the highest divorce rates occur for non-Hispanic whites

Question 50

Joy lives with her mother, father, brother, and sister.These individuals represent her ________ family.

A) ecological
B) extended
C) immediate
D) nuclear

Question 51

Brooke was the first born.Her parents took her to the museum and talked to her about art.Her youngest brother out of her three siblings is exposed to his family discussing favorite foods and superheroes.This illustrates:

A) confluence theory
B) divergence theory
C) ecological systems theory
D) resource theory

Question 52

All of the following statements are true EXCEPT:

A) most abused children are less than 3 years old
B) girls and boys are equally likely to experience verbal abuse
C) boys are more likely than girls to experience physical abuse
D) girls are more likely than boys to experience sexual abuse

Question 53

Tressa, Linda, and Rosemary are mothers who make very little money.Tressa is single, Linda is unmarried and living with a partner, and Rosemary is married.What is the most likely outcome?

A) All three women are likely to show equal levels of mental and physical illness.
B) Tressa will be more likely to show higher levels of mental and physical illness.
C) Linda will be more likely to show higher levels of mental and physical illness.
D) Rosemary will be more likely to show higher levels of mental and physical illness.

Question 54

Chandler lives with her mother, stepfather, brother, and stepsister.These individuals represent her ________ family.

A) blended
B) extended
C) merged
D) nuclear

Question 55

Maya and Jennifer are 12-year-olds.Maya's parents were in their 40s when they had her, and Jennifer's parents were in their 20s when they had her.What is the LEAST likely outcome?

A) Maya's parents will experience greater economic security than Jennifer's parents.
B) Maya's parents will interact with her in more verbally sophisticated ways than will Jennifer's parents.
C) Maya's parents will have a more stable marriage and developed social network than Jennifer's parents.
D) Maya will report that she identifies more with her parents than does Jennifer.

Question 56

Gustavo is growing up in a family of high socioeconomic status, and Herman is growing up in a family of low economic status.Both Gustavo and Herman are the youngest of three boys.What is the most likely outcome?

A) Both Gustavo and Herman's future outcomes will be similar to their siblings' outcomes.
B) Gustavo's future outcomes will be more similar to his siblings' than is the case for Herman.
C) Herman's future outcomes will be more similar to his siblings' than is the case for Gustavo.
D) Both Gustavo and Herman's future outcomes will be dramatically different from their siblings.

Question 57

The majority of research indicates that:

A) child care has a consistent but small negative effect on child development
B) child care has a large negative effect on child development
C) child care has a large positive effect on child development
D) child care does not seem to have any large, consistent effects on child development

Question 58

In the United States, recent changes in family structure include all the following EXCEPT:

A) increases in single-parent families
B) increases in families with young teen mothers
C) increase in families with same-sex partners
D) increase in families in which parents divorce

Question 59

All of the following statements about jealousy and conflict between siblings are true EXCEPT:

A) a reactive temperament is associated with sibling jealousy among younger children
B) older children show more sibling jealousy if they have poor emotional understanding
C) perceptions of differential treatment by parents influence sibling relationship quality but not parent-child relationship quality
D) a moderate level of sibling conflict can force siblings to negotiate more and increase their theory of mind skills

Question 60

All of the following are true of sex differences in the links between stepparenting and children's development EXCEPT:

A) boys seem to benefit from the presence of a new father figure
B) adolescent girls often seem to have an increase in problems with the arrival of a new father figure
C) girls but not boys seem to have more difficult relationships with stepmothers than stepfathers
D) both boys and girls may resent it when a new stepparent suddenly becomes the more dominant parenting figure

Question 61

Biological explanations have been suggested to help explain young children's early gendered preferences.Provide an overview of this explanation noting the research that supports this view.

Question 62

Define the cycle of abuse and provide three possible explanations for this cycle.

Question 63

Imagine you are designing an intervention to assist stress-ridden families.Based on past experimental studies, describe what your program would entail.

Question 64

One study examined three groups of poor children: children who entered foster care because of child maltreatment, children who endured maltreatment but remained at home, and those who were not maltreated or put into foster care.This study found:

A) all three groups were equally likely to experience negative effects
B) there was no difference between the two groups of maltreated children with both demonstrating high levels of behavior problems
C) the group of maltreated children who remained at home demonstrated the highest level of behavior problems
D) the group of maltreated children who entered foster care demonstrated the highest level of behavior problems

Question 65

Describe the relation between birth order and intelligence and discuss two potential causes for the birth order effect on intelligence.

Question 66

Differentiate between authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parents and explain how each type of parent might approach a child that does not want to go to sleep at night.

Question 67

Ms.Smith has a son and daughter.Describe how she and other parents may socialize their boys and girls differently.

Question 68

What are child effects and why are these important to consider when studying parenting?

Question 69

Describe the child behaviors and traits typically associated with each parenting style.

Question 70

Discuss how divorce influences male and female children differently.

Question 71

Describe the methodological challenges of studying family relationships and interactions.

Question 72

What are the positive and negative effects on children of delaying the childbearing years until the late 30s or 40s?

Question 73

Jasper was physically abused as a child.He is now a parent and is himself abusive toward his children.This illustrates the:

A) abuse effect
B) cycle of abuse
C) ecological system of abuse
D) pattern of abuse

Question 74

How does psychological control differ from behavioral control? Give an example of each form of control.

Question 75

All of the following statements are true about the effects of abuse EXCEPT:

A) for infants and toddlers, psychological abuse is associated with insecure attachment
B) for infants and toddlers, physical abuse is not associated with attachment quality
C) older children who are physically abused show more aggression
D) older children who are psychologically abused show more aggression

Question 76

How can stress at work affect parenting styles?

Question 77

Imagine you have a friend who is the parent of a 6-year-old girl and an 8-year-old girl who frequently fight.What advice would you offer on how your friend could best moderate this conflict?

Question 78

Bonnie is the mother of a 6-month-old child.She is worried about enrolling her daughter in child care so that she can go back to work.She believes day care will negatively affect her daughter's development.Discuss whether this belief is consistent with the existing research evidence on child care and child development.