Deck 15: Becoming Part of the Community

Question 1

One of the main reasons that friendship jealousy is less common in early childhood than in adolescence is believed to be a result of younger children being less sophisticated at:

A) communicating in dyadic relationships
B) making social comparisons
C) perspective-taking
D) understanding relationship needs

Answer 1

making social comparisons

Question 2

At what point in development does bullying tend to be most prevalent?

A) preschool
B) elementary school
C) middle school
D) high school

Answer 2

middle school

Question 3

In which area do parents seem to influence their children more than do peers?

A) career choice
B) clothing
C) personal taste
D) peers always have more influence than parents

Answer 3

career choice

Question 4

Gabby (age 4) is sisters with Kim (age 2).When each sister gets into an argument with a peer, what is the most likely outcome?

A) Both Gabby and Kim will be equally likely to back down.
B) Gabby will be less willing to back down and show higher levels of insistence than Kim.
C) Kim will be less willing to back down and show higher levels of insistence than Gabby.
D) Both Gabby and Kim are equally likely not to back down and to require adult intervention to resolve the conflict.

Question 5

At what point in development do children shift markedly toward interacting with peers of their own sex?

A) preschool
B) elementary school
C) middle school
D) high school

Question 6

Ms.Jane is a teacher in a local infant day care.She notices that if one child grows excited and happy, this tends to induce comparable changes in other children.This illustrates:

A) joint arousal
B) mutual emotion
C) oversensitization
D) relational amplification

Question 7

All of the following statements are true of peer interactions through the elementary school years EXCEPT:

A) peer group sizes increase
B) cross-sex interaction increases
C) children show a decline in pretend play
D) the use of physical aggression in conflicts increases

Question 8

All of the following statements are true about the development of romantic relationships EXCEPT:

A) the incidence of romantic relationships doubles from age 13 to age 17
B) the rise in romantic relationships is more closely tied to hormones than cultural age norms for dating
C) similar age-related norms seem to be found in both different-sex and same-sex relationships
D) compared with other kinds of peer relationships, adolescent romantic relationships tend to have more conflicts

Question 9

Maddy sees the new girl at school sitting alone.Maddy approaches her and invites her to join Maddy's group for lunch.According to your textbook, what term would researchers use to describe this interaction?

A) compassionate
B) empathetic
C) prosocial
D) voluntary

Question 10

According to your textbook, what is the percentage of children who have been bullied?

A) 1 percent
B) 5 percent
C) 10 percent
D) 25 percent

Question 11

According to the psychoanalytic approach, the ________ period is when sexuality is said to be largely dormant and does not overtly influence interactions.

A) agenital
B) dormacy
C) latency
D) phallic

Question 12

All of the following statements about friendship jealousy are true EXCEPT:

A) friendship jealousy is more common in younger adolescents than middle childhood
B) friendship jealousy is not seen after early adolescence due to the understanding that different friends can meet different needs
C) in early adolescence friendship jealousy is more common in girls than it is among boys
D) friendship jealousy may be related to Sullivan's ideas about the emergence of chumships

Question 13

All of the following statements are true about friendships in adolescence EXCEPT:

A) adolescent friendships become less intimate as reliance on texting and online communication grows
B) adolescents develop more specific standards about how they expect their friends to behave including loyalty and support
C) adolescents see friendships as entailing higher levels of disclosure to one another
D) adolescents display increasingly sophisticated social-cognitive skills that enable friends to build stronger trust with each other

Question 14

Naomi is 13 and Eva is 17.Naomi has a boyfriend who is also 13, and Eva has a boyfriend who is also 17.Which is the LEAST likely outcome?

A) Naomi was more likely than Eva to have chosen her partner for superficial reasons including clothing style.
B) Eva was more likely than Naomi to have chosen her partner because of his standing in their peer network.
C) Eva is more likely to resolve conflict in her romantic relationship through compromise than Naomi.
D) Eva's romantic relationship will likely last longer than Naomi's romantic relationship.

Question 15

All of the following statements about friendship are true EXCEPT:

A) infants are capable of developing clear friendships
B) toddlers purposefully choose their friends, usually picking those most like themselves
C) elementary school students realize that friends do not just get assistances from each other, they also provide assistances
D) elementary school girls may victimize their friends in social ways

Question 16

Which of the following statements about imaginary companions is true?

A) Having an imaginary companion is extremely unusual.
B) Have an imaginary companion is a sign of deviancy in children.
C) Children with imaginary companions are very lonely or shy.
D) Children with imaginary companions have vivid imaginations.

Question 17

Becca is a teenager and her friends and mom have different opinions about the way Becca should dress.What is the most likely outcome?

A) Becca will be confused and not make any changes to her clothing.
B) Becca will pay more attention to her friends' input on clothing.
C) Becca will pay more attention to her mom's input on clothing.
D) Becca will be angry and disregard everyone's opinion in updating her clothing.

Question 18

All of the following statements are true of social interactions in the preschool years EXCEPT:

A) preschoolers show considerably richer and more varied repertoires in their social interactions than do infants
B) preschoolers show genuine instances of cooperative exchange
C) pretend play starts to emerge and preschoolers engage in playacting imagined episodes
D) conflict between peers is extremely rare in the preschool years

Question 19

Children with imaginary companions tend to have somewhat:

A) lower levels of some cognitive and social skills
B) lower levels of some cognitive skills and higher levels of some social skills
C) higher levels of some cognitive skills and lower levels of some social skills
D) higher levels of some cognitive and social skills

Question 20

All of the following are levels of affiliation between peers that researchers have identified EXCEPT:

A) dyads
B) interactions
C) groups
D) relationships

Question 21

All of the following statements about social groups in preschool are true EXCEPT:

A) preschoolers form groups, which tend to be temporary, centering on a particular activity
B) girls tend to play in larger groups of same sex peers than do boys
C) girls playing in groups of the same sex tend to be more cooperative than boys playing in groups of the same sex
D) boys playing in groups of the same sex tend to engage in more roughhouse play than do girls playing in groups of the same sex

Question 22

Which of the following characteristics is most likely to influence perceived popularity?

A) perceived kindness
B) perceived power
C) perceived tolerance of diverse beliefs
D) perceived trustworthiness

Question 23

Myra walks up to a group of girls.The group of girls turns up their noses and says Myra cannot play.According to your textbook, this type of behavior is known as ________ aggression.

A) exclusional
B) relational
C) social
D) verbal

Question 24

Lisa knocks Jamie's notebook off of his desk.Rather than thinking this was accidental, Jamie gets really mad and quickly assumes Lisa did this on purpose.This illustrates:

A) hostile attribution bias
B) social attribution bias
C) hostile processing deficit
D) social ascription deficit

Question 25

All of the following are risk factors for being the victim of peer aggression EXCEPT:

A) aggressiveness
B) having popular friends
C) short stature
D) submissiveness

Question 26

Dillon is a bully and John is one of his victims.Which of the following statements is most likely?

A) Both Dillon and John have low self-esteem.
B) Dillon has a higher level of self-esteem than John.
C) John has a higher level of self-esteem than Dillon.
D) Both Dillon and John have high self-esteem.

Question 27

All of the following are defining characteristics of bullying EXCEPT:

A) the behavior is intended to hurt the victim
B) this form of aggression is always physical in nature
C) this form of aggression is always repeated over time
D) the behavior is directed against a victim who cannot defend himself

Question 28

Joan believes that Marcela stole her boyfriend.Both girls now immensely dislike one another.This pattern can be described as (a):

A) dyadic hostility
B) peer aversion
C) mutual antipathy
D) relational animosity

Question 29

Gracie hangs out with a small group of other girls.They voluntarily spend a great deal of time together and seem to actively exclude others.This group may be considered to be a(n):

A) alliance
B) clique
C) crew
D) crowd

Question 30

Researchers have suggested that specific parent-child interaction patterns help instill certain social cognitive processing skills in children that then influence social cognitive processing of interactions with peers, which in turn influences peer acceptance.In practice, it is difficult to tell if such links are causal because the research in this area has largely been:

A) correlational
B) cross-sectional
C) observational
D) quasi-experimental

Question 31

Kim and Kari dislike one another.Each girl is equally hostile and aggressive toward the other and considers each to be the other's enemy.This illustrates a(n):

A) bully-victim relationship
B) controversial relationship
C) hostile relationship
D) inimical relationship

Question 32

Claire compares herself to other students in her swim class.She notices that she is better at front stroke than her classmates but slower at back stroke.This illustrates:

A) inimical relating
B) perspective-taking
C) relational evaluation
D) social comparison

Question 33

All of the following statements about dominance hierarchies are true EXCEPT:

A) dominance hierarchies in children's groups tend to resemble those of many other species
B) subordinate members tend to aggress toward individuals of all status levels
C) dominant members only rarely have to show aggression to assert their higher position
D) preschoolers are not consciously aware of their own status in the hierarchy

Question 34

Xavier takes Kaydon's book away from him because he wants it.This illustrates:

A) acquisitive aggression
B) preemptive aggression
C) proactive aggression
D) reactive aggression

Question 35

Landon is considered to be one of the preppies and Ryder is considered to be one of the punks.These boys are in different:

A) cabals
B) cliques
C) crews
D) crowds

Question 36

All of the following statements about hostile attribution bias are true EXCEPT:

A) children and their parents might share common genotypes that predispose them toward more hostile attributional styles
B) parents' manner of interaction with their children can contribute to more hostile attributional styles
C) rejected children tend to be less likely to make hostile attributions about the actions of others
D) hostile attribution bias is strengthened by the extent to which a child feels a general dislike for another child

Question 37

Which of the following classifications shows the most stability over time?

A) average
B) controversial
C) neglected
D) rejected

Question 38

Rodkin's study of fourth to sixth grade boys found:

A) one distinct group of popular children who were prosocial
B) one distinct group of popular children who were antisocial
C) two distinct groups of popular children-a prosocial group and an antisocial group
D) three distinct groups of popular children-a prosocial group, an antisocial group, and an independent group

Question 39

Lorraine had started a rumor about Margaret.At the cafeteria, Margaret learns that Lorraine had started the rumor and trips her.Margaret's behavior is an example of:

A) proactive aggression
B) reactive aggression
C) relational aggression
D) retaliatory aggression

Question 40

All of the following statements are true about controversial children EXCEPT:

A) they are seen as sociable and as leaders but are also more likely to be seen as aggressive and arrogant
B) they seem to have as many negative developmental outcomes as do children who are classified as rejected
C) the classification of being a controversial child shows less stability over time than being either rejected or popular
D) they may become more popular with peers who value rebelliousness during adolescence

Question 41

Dr.Rubio had parents keep a diary of what television shows their children watched each day, how long they watched, and who was present while they watched.This is an example of a(n) ________ study.

A) experimental
B) naturalistic
C) observational
D) quasi-experimental

Question 42

Jenelle allows her child to watch violent television because she believes that experiencing violence in a pretend setting is a form of release that makes it less likely that her child will release aggressive impulses in real life.Jenelle's belief illustrates the ________ hypothesis.

A) catharsis
B) cleansing
C) desensitization
D) release

Question 43

Jayden, a 7-year-old, watches a really violent show with his father, Andrew.Which of the following is the most likely effect of this viewing?

A) Jayden and Andrew both experience only a brief increase in arousal but no lasting effects.
B) The effects of the violent television viewing are longer lasting for Jayden than Andrew.
C) The effects of the violent television viewing are longer lasting for Andrew than Jayden.
D) Jayden and Andrew both learn new, long-term methods for dealing with difficult situations from the viewing.

Question 44

When television was introduced to a rural area of Fiji, researchers noticed an increase in:

A) aggressive behaviors
B) school test scores
C) substance use
D) symptoms of eating disorders

Question 45

All of the following statements are true of cyberbullying EXCEPT:

A) cyberbullies are often aggressive on the Internet but not in the real, physical world
B) cyberbullies can be anonymous and search out a wider range of vulnerable targets than traditional bullies
C) cyberbullies can more easily find willing accomplices compared to traditional bullies
D) cyberbullies report lower feelings of remorse for their actions than do traditional bullies

Question 46

Dr.Underwood examines the sociometric status of the participants in her study.All of the following are types of children identified with this technique EXCEPT:

A) active
B) neglected
C) popular
D) rejected

Question 47

Taylor's class participates in a peer nomination task.She is nominated as being well liked by most children and disliked by few children.Her status is:

A) accepted
B) controversial
C) dominant
D) popular

Question 48

Maria is a 4-year-old from a middle-class family whereas Lucinda is a 4-year-old with a low socioeconomic background.Both girls watch the same amount of educational television programming.What is the most likely outcome of this viewing on the girls' cognitive development?

A) Educational programming will not affect either girl.
B) Maria will benefit more from watching educational programming.
C) Lucinda will benefit more from watching educational programming.
D) Educational programming will have equally strong effects on both girls.

Question 49

Alden, a 5-year-old, watches a great deal of violent television.He thinks physical fights are normal.This illustrates:

A) catharsis
B) desensitization
C) hostile attribution
D) video deficit

Question 50

The culture in the ________ United States has been labeled a culture of honor.

A) northeastern
B) midwestern
C) southern
D) western

Question 51

Mia is a toddler.She learns a series of actions from her teacher easily.However, she was not able to learn these actions after watching an actor perform them on television.This illustrates:

A) electronic desensitization
B) live enhancement
C) poverty of stimulus
D) video deficit

Question 52

Which of the following statements is true about the effects of television viewing at ages 2 and 3?

A) Children who watch more television at ages 2-3 have less advanced vocabularies at 4-5 regardless of the content.
B) Children who watch more educational television at ages 2-3 have more advanced vocabularies at 4-5, but this does not hold for those watching more entertainment-oriented programs.
C) Children who watch more entertainment-oriented television at ages 2-3 have more advanced vocabularies at 4-5 but this does not hold for those watching more educational programs.
D) Children who watch more television at ages 2-4 have more advanced vocabularies at 4-5 regardless of the content.

Question 53

Studies of Internet use and social interactions among children and teenagers suggest:

A) predominantly negative effects regardless of interaction partner
B) more positive effects when youth interact with those who are part of their offline world
C) more positive effects when youth communicate with those that they do not already know
D) predominantly positive effects regardless of interaction partner

Question 54

All of the following statements about social networking sites are true EXCEPT:

A) many social network sites like Facebook officially prohibit users younger than 14 or 13 years of age
B) some estimates suggest that almost 40 percent of 9-12-year-olds use Facebook
C) some children and adolescents may use social network sites to create role-playing groups
D) most parents carefully monitor their children's activities on social networks

Question 55

Dr.Coie's research focuses on analyzing a group's internal structures and the particular position that an individual occupies in these structures.He is investigating ________ status.

A) inimical
B) popularity
C) relational
D) sociometric

Question 56

Don is the parent of an infant daughter.He is considering buying her a DVD designed to teach infants and help them develop advanced word knowledge.Based on the research, what should he do to best aid his daughter's cognitive development during the first two years of life?

A) Purchase DVDs specially designed for infants with an education focus.
B) Purchase DVDs specially designed for infants with an entertainment-oriented focus.
C) Let her watch public television shows like Barney.
D) Turn off the television and talk to his daughter.

Question 57

Which of the following statements is true regarding the portrayal of prosocial behavior in children's television programming?

A) Prosocial behavior is rarely seen in either education-oriented or entertainment-oriented children's programming.
B) Prosocial behavior is more common in education-oriented programming.
C) Prosocial behavior is more common in entertainment-oriented programming.
D) Prosocial behavior is equally common in education-oriented and entertainment-oriented children's programming.

Question 58

The catharsis hypothesis for television viewing has been:

A) disconfirmed
B) confirmed for only educational programming
C) confirmed for only entertainment-oriented programming
D) confirmed for educational and entertainment-oriented programming

Question 59

Samantha is an elementary school student.Students her age typically spend ________ hour(s) each day watching television.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 5

Question 60

Christopher has begun to play a lot of video games whereas his best friend does not play video games but watches a lot of television.It is likely that:

A) Christopher will show an improvement in attention skills compared to his friend
B) Christopher will show a decrease in attention skills compared to his friend
C) Christopher's attention skills will not be influenced by video game play
D) both boys will be influenced similarly because one plays a lot of video games and the other watches a lot of television

Question 61

Maxwell is 3, Dylan is 5, and Jeff is 10 years old.Who is most likely to insist that firefighters can only be men, even if they have seen female firefighters?

A) All three boys are equally likely to do so.
B) Maxwell
C) Dylan
D) Jeff

Question 62

All of the following are true of the effects of minimal group affiliations EXCEPT:

A) participants' assignments to clearly arbitrary groups can cause immediate biases
B) participants recalled significantly more positive behaviors about in-group characters than out-group characters
C) participants did not differ in their recall of negative behaviors about in-group characters and out-group characters
D) participants strongly prefer in-group characters as playmates

Question 63

Vanessa runs a day care, which cares for children between 2 and 4 years of age.What age differences would she observe in what triggers conflict and how conflict is resolved.

Question 64

Bridget and Monika are both European-American mothers.Bridget uses color-blind language when discussing individuals of different racial backgrounds with her children.Monika also uses color-blind language and has many more non-European-American friends than Bridget.Which of the following is most likely?

A) Both Bridget and Monika's children will demonstrate low racial bias.
B) Bridget's children will demonstrate less racial bias than Monika's children.
C) Monika's children will demonstrate less racial bias than Bridget's children.
D) Both Bridget and Monika's children will demonstrate high racial bias.

Question 65

Describe the advantages that friendship can provide children as well as the possible detrimental effects of friendships on children.

Question 66

All of the following statements are true about the culture of honor EXCEPT:

A) children who are brought up in the southeastern United States are more likely to adopt a culture of honor
B) adherence to the culture of honor is partly learned through different patterns of child rearing
C) southerners demonstrate less anger and lower testosterone levels in response to threats as compared to northerners
D) similar cultures of honor have been found in other regions of the world

Question 67

According to ________ theory, children start to notice perceptually salient group differences and attach these to stereotypes.

A) bias development
B) developmental intergroup
C) group attribution
D) social information processing

Question 68

How do friendships change with the transition to adolescence?

Question 69

Explain how boys and girls tend to act out against friends in different ways during the elementary school years.

Question 70

Gender-based toy preferences are evident by:

A) 1 year of age
B) 2 years of age
C) 3 years of age
D) 4 years of age

Question 71

Julie, age 6, and Meagan, age 11, participated in a novel jobs task.They were presented with two novel jobs: clipster and ziver.The clipster job was explained as one with all male workers and the ziver job was explained as one with all female workers.What is the most likely outcome?

A) Both Julie and Meagan would view the clipster as a lower status job.
B) Julie would judge the clipster as a lower status job than would Meagan.
C) Meagan would judge the ziver as a lower status job than would Julie.
D) Both Julie and Meagan would view the ziver as a lower status job.

Question 72

Jeff's teenage daughter is in a romantic relationship.She argues frequently with her partner and seems unhappy.Jeff does not worry as he thinks this relationship will be short-lived and soon forgotten.Is Jeff correct in believing his daughter's romantic relationship will not have a significant effect on her later development?

Question 73

All of the following are considered individualist cultures EXCEPT:

A) Canada
B) France
C) Japan
D) United States

Question 74

All of the following statements about collectivist and individualistic cultures are correct EXCEPT:

A) researchers found that both forms of cultural values are taught to young children in all cultures despite whether they were labeled collectivist or individualist
B) dominant and powerful members of a culture often find it easier to embrace moral reasoning from a collectivist perspective
C) there are some gender differences in patterns of socialization across cultures, leading to differences in what values are expressed by boys and girls
D) children from individualist cultures show increased tendencies to engage in sociodramatic play

Question 75

Imagine you are a principal and your school has a bullying problem.There are three main types of interventions to curb bullying.Describe these three types of interventions, and note which one you would elect to implement.

Question 76

All of the following statements about gender roles and stereotyping are true EXCEPT:

A) gender-based toy preferences emerge quite early, at least by 2 years of age
B) it is not until about 4 or 5 years of age that a child knows that certain activities are stereotypically done by boys or girls
C) the content of particular gender stereotypes varies from culture to culture
D) there is wide cultural variation in the time children learn gender-based stereotypes

Question 77

Describe the concept of friendship jealousy.When does friendship jealousy peak and why might this be the case?

Question 78

Ms.Blanton is a preschool teacher.She notices that girls in her class tend to play in groups of other girls while boys tend to play in groups of other boys.In what ways has she likely noticed that the girls and boys groups differ from one another?

Question 79

What are social network effects and how have these effects been illustrated by examining happiness?

Question 80

Dr.Scott assesses sociometric status in a school using a peer nomination technique.Explain how she likely used this technique and describe the five possible categories of students she may identify with this method.