Deck 16: Psychopathology in Childhood

Question 1

John Watson instilled anxiety in a child through:

A) classical conditioning
B) exposure therapy
C) observational learning
D) operant conditioning

Answer 1

classical conditioning

Question 2

All of the following statements about individuals with autism are true EXCEPT:

A) they often show significant delays in the emergence of language
B) they may not respond even if their name is called
C) they show excessive empathy for others
D) they may focus on an extremely narrow area of interest

Answer 2

they show excessive empathy for others

Question 3

According to your textbook, which factor accounts for most of the increase in the incidence of autism?

A) increased substance abuse by pregnant mothers
B) increased exposure to environmental toxins prenatally
C) more extensive vaccinations within the first year
D) more extensive developmental screenings

Answer 3

more extensive developmental screenings

Question 4

All of the following statements are true about the DSM-V compared to earlier versions of the manual EXCEPT:

A) the DSM-V lists the same diagnostic features of autism as earlier manuals
B) the DSM-V decreased the strictness of the diagnostic criteria
C) the DSM-V removed the formal diagnosis of Asperger's disorder
D) the DSM-V removed the formal diagnosis of PDD-NOS

Question 5

Jasper is 10 years old.He has difficulty with simple theory of mind tasks.This may be an indication of:

A) autism
B) depression
C) schizophrenia
D) social anxiety

Question 6

Ralph has autism but his brother Jake does not.When interacting with another person, what is the most likely outcome?

A) Both Ralph and Jake will focus on the other person's eyes.
B) Ralph will be more likely than Jake to focus on the other person's eyes.
C) Jake will be more likely than Ralph to focus on the other person's eyes.
D) Both Ralph and Jake will focus on the other person's mouth.

Question 7

What is the most prevalent mental illness in children?

A) anxiety disorders
B) autism
C) conduct disorders
D) depression

Question 8

Juan has genetic factors that put him at risk for a particular disease.This vulnerability may be referred to as a(n):

A) antipathy
B) diathesis
C) proclivity
D) stress

Question 9

Jamal does not like any changes to be made to his room.This is just one sign of his obsession with the preservation of sameness.This may be a sign of:

A) autism
B) depression
C) general anxiety disorder
D) unipolar disorder

Question 10

In studies of videotapes of the first birthdays of children with and without autism, researchers noticed that autistic children differed in all the following ways EXCEPT:

A) fewer hand movements
B) less joint attention
C) less responsiveness to their own name
D) less social interaction

Question 11

Conrad has autism.He frequently repeats back the words and phrases of others verbatim, which is referred to as ________ speech.

A) echolalic
B) elective
C) learned
D) repetitive

Question 12

All of the following are main types of obsessive-compulsive disorder EXCEPT:

A) fear of contamination
B) fear of social settings
C) obsession with order and symmetry
D) obsession with losing important things

Question 13

Lamichael has autism.Which of these characteristics is Lamichael LEAST likely to display?

A) difficulty understanding others' mental states
B) rapid shifts in gaze
C) repetitive movements
D) resistance to change in routine

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true about gender differences in anxiety disorders?

A) Gender differences in anxiety disorders have not been found.
B) Boys are more likely than girls to display anxiety disorders in childhood.
C) Girls are more likely than boys to display anxiety disorders in childhood.
D) Girls are more likely than boys to display anxiety disorder in adolescence.

Question 15

Joe is a young child who is capable of speaking but displays no desire to do so.This is referred to as:

A) discretionary mutism
B) discretionary aphonia
C) elective aphonia
D) elective mutism

Question 16

The ________ hypothesis proposes that some individuals have a genetic or biological vulnerability that causes them to be more likely to show a disease when immersed in a stressful, negative environment.

A) developmental trajectories
B) diathesis-stress
C) life adversity
D) sampling bias

Question 17

In order to better understand symptoms of autism in the first few months, researchers have recently turned to:

A) baby sib studies
B) retrospective reports by parents
C) retrospective reports by siblings
D) sampling studies

Question 18

There are some indications of links of subsequent autistic traits (such as reduced eye contact, more systematizing) to fetal ________ levels.

A) cortisol
B) estrogen
C) progesterone
D) testosterone

Question 19

Adam has severe problems with social interaction and communicating with others.These are defining characteristics of:

A) anxiety
B) autism
C) conduct disorder
D) elective mutism

Question 20

Autism was first diagnosed by:

A) Block
B) Costello
C) Kanner
D) Sylvers

Question 21

Michael is 33 years old and has panic disorder.He was likely diagnosed in:

A) infancy
B) early childhood
C) middle childhood
D) adolescence

Question 22

Joy has generalized anxiety disorder.Her friend Jane does not.What is the more likely outcome?

A) Both girls are equally likely to develop phobias.
B) Joy is more likely to develop phobias than Jane.
C) Jane is more likely to develop phobias than Joy.
D) Both girls are equally unlikely to develop phobias.

Question 23

All of the following are cognitive biases seen in anxious children EXCEPT:

A) paying more attention to aversive stimuli
B) quickly shifting attention from distressing stimuli
C) tendency to interpret ambiguous events in negative ways
D) selective recall of negative memories and events

Question 24

Heritability estimates for anorexia nervosa are at roughly:

A) 5 percent
B) 10 percent
C) 25 percent
D) 50 percent

Question 25

Which of the following statements is true of the incidence of eating disorders?

A) There are no gender differences across development in the incidence of eating disorders.
B) There are gender differences in adolescence but these disappear in adulthood.
C) Females are more likely than males to have an eating disorder across the lifespan.
D) Males are more likely than females to have an eating disorder across the lifespan.

Question 26

Variations in genes that regulate serotonin show significant relations to anxiety when children are in families that have low levels of support, but not when they are in families that have high levels of support.This is an illustration of (the):

A) diathesis-stress model
B) trajectory bias
C) psychosocial support model
D) sampling bias

Question 27

Amenorrhea is a diagnostic feature of:

A) anorexia nervosa
B) bulimia nervosa
C) unipolar depression
D) bipolar disorder

Question 28

All of the following are symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder EXCEPT:

A) frequent panic attacks
B) high incidences of checking various things
C) highly repetitive behaviors
D) persistent, intrusive thoughts

Question 29

Navmi was classified as an insecurely attached infant and her cousin Naina was classified as a securely attached infant.Both girls are now 3 years old.What outcome is most likely?

A) Neither Navmi nor Naina will be likely to develop an anxiety disorder in childhood.
B) Navmi will be more likely than Naina to develop an anxiety disorder in childhood.
C) Naina will be more likely than Navmi to develop an anxiety disorder in childhood.
D) Both Navmi and Naina will be likely to develop an anxiety disorder in childhood.

Question 30

Eating disorders usually first emerge in:

A) early childhood
B) middle childhood
C) adolescence
D) young adulthood

Question 31

All of the following statements about anxiety disorders are true EXCEPT:

A) considered collectively, anxiety disorders are the most prevalent mental illness in children
B) anxiety disorders are among the earliest psychopathologies to emerge
C) anxiety disorders are more common among girls in childhood
D) when anxiety problems are identified in children, they often predict long-term problems.

Question 32

Dr.McAshan is going to conduct a study where she uses computer software that stretches a human body image on either a horizontal or vertical axis.Participants will be able to alter the image on these dimensions until it fits with what they think they look like.Based on reading the existing research, Dr.McAshan hypothesizes:

A) there will be no differences between participants with and without eating disorders on this task
B) only those with anorexia will adjust the image in ways that show a distortion of their body image to higher weights than they really are
C) only those with bulimia will adjust the image in ways that show a distortion of their body image to higher weights than they really are
D) both those with anorexia and bulimia will adjust the image in ways that show a distortion of their body image to higher weights than they really are

Question 33

All of the following are considered features of the security motivational system EXCEPT:

A) detection of potential dangers
B) easy activation
C) fast deactivation
D) orientation toward prevention of future events

Question 34

Myron always considers the worst possible outcome for future events.He frequently engages in:

A) catastrophizing
B) disaster thinking
C) co-ruminating
D) systematizing

Question 35

Which of the following statements about eating disorders is true?

A) Genetic factors have a much larger effect than do environmental factors for both anorexia and bulimia.
B) Anorexia seems to have a more powerful genetic component than bulimia.
C) Bulimia seems to have a more powerful genetic component than anorexia.
D) Environmental factors have a much larger effect than do genetic factors for both anorexia and bulimia.

Question 36

Many behaviors associated with OCD, including cleaning and checking, may be part of a(n) ________ system.

A) diathesis-stress
B) environmental anxiety
C) hygienic monitoring
D) security motivational

Question 37

Marsha is 40 years old and Linda is 8 years old.Both visit the same psychiatrist.He considers a diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder for each of them.In so doing, he:

A) uses identical criteria for both Marsha and Linda
B) looks for physical signs in Linda but not Marsha
C) considers for Marsha but not Linda whether engaging in the compulsive behavior seems to reduce anxiety even though it is not enjoyable
D) considers whether Marsha but not Linda recognizes that the obsessions and compulsions are unreasonable

Question 38

Cindy's family is very intertwined in their relationships.It has been difficult for Cindy to emerge as an individual.This illustrates a family symptom of:

A) deindividualization
B) enmeshment
C) entrapment
D) overprotectedness

Question 39

Polly has an intense fear of gaining weight.She actively works to keep her weight below a normal level for her height.These symptoms suggest Polly may have:

A) amenorrhea nervosa
B) anorexia nervosa
C) bulimia nervosa
D) restrictive nervosa

Question 40

Ross displays excessive levels of worry about a wide range of situations.He likely has:

A) generalized anxiety disorder
B) multipolar anxiety disorder
C) phobia disorder
D) universal anxiety disorder

Question 41

When Mitch has a problem, he has a difficult time shifting his attention away from it.Rather, he focuses intently and only on the problem.This illustrates:

A) catastrophizing
B) co-rumination
C) learned helplessness
D) rumination

Question 42

There are differences in the depressive behaviors of unipolar and bipolar depression.Compared to unipolar depression, bipolar depression is characterized by all the following characteristics EXCEPT:

A) more lethargy
B) more sleeping
C) more changeable mood
D) more ruminative cognition

Question 43

All of the following statements are true about depression EXCEPT:

A) the two types of depression are distinct and occur in different groups of people
B) bipolar disorder is more common in women than men
C) bipolar disorder has an earlier average age of onset than unipolar depression
D) the genetic basis for bipolar disorder is stronger than for unipolar depression

Question 44

Jeff swings between periods of lethargy and low affect to periods of high activity when he does not sleep.Based on these symptoms, Jeff likely has:

A) attention deficit disorder
B) bipolar disorder
C) manic irritability
D) schizophrenia

Question 45

Which of the following statements is true about schizophrenia?

A) Schizophrenia is usually diagnosed in early childhood.
B) Those who go on to develop schizophrenia were almost always seen as odd in childhood.
C) Those who go on to develop schizophrenia were almost always seen as normal in childhood.
D) There may be two different populations who develop schizophrenia: those seen as odd and those seen as normal in childhood.

Question 46

Charlotte is picked on incessantly by her peers.She has developed a cognitive style in which she assumes that her mistreatment is because of something about her rather than about the world.The future looks very bleak to Charlotte and she feels hopeless.This illustrates:

A) obsessive thoughts
B) insecurity motivation
C) learned helplessness
D) rumination

Question 47

Benicio lacks empathy and views others as objects.He does not care about others.This can be referred to as his demonstrating:

A) callousness
B) criminal versatility
C) grandiosity
D) parasitic orientation

Question 48

It is difficult to diagnose bipolar disorder in younger children as distinct from some other types of conditions.The textbook lists three conditions from which it is difficult to distinguish bipolar disorder in younger children.Which of the following is NOT one of these conditions?

A) anxiety disorder
B) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
C) conduct disorder
D) schizophrenia

Question 49

Which of the following statements is true about co-rumination?

A) Co-rumination only adversely influences adjustment.
B) The main negative outcome of co-rumination is increased substance use.
C) The main positive outcome of co-rumination is the promotion of close friendships.
D) Co-rumination only positively influences adjustment.

Question 50

Ciara is driven by the pursuit of goals but does not feel the impediments of morality or empathy toward others.Ciara likely demonstrates:

A) affective disorder
B) psychopathy
C) psychosis
D) schizophrenia

Question 51

Pammy has large uncontrolled eating binges.After these binges she makes herself vomit.These symptoms suggest Pammy may have:

A) amenorrhea nervosa
B) anorexia nervosa
C) binge eating nervosa
D) bulimia nervosa

Question 52

A rat is put in a cage in which it receives shocks that it can neither escape nor have any control over.This may lead to:

A) obsessive thoughts
B) learned helplessness
C) observational hopelessness
D) insecurity motivation

Question 53

All of the following are behavior categories considered in the diagnosis of conduct disorder EXCEPT:

A) aggression against people or animals
B) substance use
C) theft or violation of trust
D) willful destruction of property

Question 54

All of the following are symptoms of psychopathy EXCEPT:

A) impulsivity
B) irresponsibility
C) low self-worth
D) stimulation seeking

Question 55

Researchers found support for the link between prenatal infection and the development of schizophrenia following a worldwide epidemic of:

A) cytomegalovirus
B) gonorrhea
C) influenza
D) rubella

Question 56

Which of the following statements is true about the diagnosis of psychopathy?

A) Psychopathy is more common in low socioeconomic groups compared to high socioeconomic groups.
B) Parenting practices and family factors directly predict the emergence of psychopathy.
C) Psychopathy can only be diagnosed in adulthood.
D) Psychopathy was originally included in the larger category of antisocial personality disorders.

Question 57

Research suggests that those with psychopathy have a deficit in which brain region?

A) amygdala
B) hippocampus
C) lateral sulcus
D) thalamus

Question 58

Juno and her friends tend to focus on the negative.When one of the members of their group has a problem, they will continuously rehash the specifics of it.This illustrates:

A) co-rumination
B) coercive cycles
C) group think
D) rumination

Question 59

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Early maturing girls are more at risk for depression than later maturing girls.
B) Early maturing boys are more at risk for depression than later maturing girls.
C) Later maturing girls are more at risk for depression than early maturing girls.
D) Pubertal timing has no effect on risk for depression in either boys or girls.

Question 60

________ represents the separate genetic, affective, and cognitive factors that combine to create depression.

A) Depressogenic vulnerability
B) Diathesis stress
C) Internalized susceptibility
D) Learned helplessness

Question 61

Differentiate between generalized anxiety disorder and phobias.

Question 62

Dr.Bigazzi is a behavioral therapist.She commonly uses all the following forms of behavioral therapies EXCEPT:

A) classical conditioning
B) modeling
C) operant conditioning
D) psychoanalysis

Question 63

Dr.Prabhakar wishes to study what the first year is like for autistic children.What challenges may she face and what strategies can she use to overcome these?

Question 64

Sri is a child with an anxiety disorder.What cognitive and attention biases may contribute to his anxiety?

Question 65

Minuchin coined the term anorexic families to describe families in which patterns of interactions may be related to the emergence of anorexia in the child.Describe the traits and behaviors seen in anorexic families.

Question 66

What are some of the potential explanations for the increased incidence of autism?

Question 67

________ therapy is based on the idea that a person's problems stem from how she sees and thinks about the world and how abnormal perceptions and cognitions cause problem behaviors.

A) Cognitive-behavioral
B) Model
C) Social learning
D) Psychoanalysis

Question 68

Describe why autism is often referred to as a pervasive developmental disorder.

Question 69

Toni experiences delusions.Delusions are considered a ________ symptom of schizophrenia.

A) disorganized
B) negative
C) positive
D) systematic

Question 70

David was diagnosed with ADHD.What is the most likely drug that his doctor will prescribe for this condition?

A) citalopram
B) fluoxetine
C) methylphenidate
D) risperidone

Question 71

Imagine you are speaking to a group of parents of teenage girls about anorexia and bulimia.How would you describe the diagnostic features of each condition?

Question 72

Allen is extremely afraid of spiders.His therapist exposes him repeatedly to images of spiders, toy spiders, and eventually real spiders in a manner that extinguishes any fear response.This is an example of a(n) ________ approach.

A) classical conditioning
B) modeling
C) operant conditioning
D) punishment

Question 73

What has become the most widely used of all therapies?

A) cognitive-behavioral therapy
B) family therapies
C) modeling therapy
D) psychoanalytic therapies

Question 74

Dr.Rogers is a pediatrician in the United States and Dr.Vittrup is a pediatrician in Germany.Which of the following statements is most likely?

A) Neither doctor is likely to prescribe antidepressants for depressed teenagers.
B) Dr.Rogers is more likely than Dr.Vittrup to prescribe antidepressants for depressed teenagers.
C) Dr.Vittrup is more likely than Dr.Rogers to prescribe antidepressants for depressed teenagers.
D) Both doctors are likely to prescribe antidepressants for depressed teenagers.

Question 75

A counseling center working with young children carefully consults the research literature to find therapies that have proven effectiveness when used with children.These types of treatments that are supported by research are referred to as:

A) clinician-endorsed therapy
B) evidence-based therapy
C) model therapy
D) research-supported therapy

Question 76

Apply the diathesis-stress model to the development of anxiety disorders.

Question 77

All of the following statements about early-onset and late-onset schizophrenia are true EXCEPT:

A) late-onset schizophrenia is associated with loss of cortical gray matter
B) early-onset cases are thought to be more severe than late-onset cases
C) early-onset cases have a stronger genetic predisposition than late-onset cases
D) those with early-onset schizophrenia have a higher incidence of relatives with the disorder

Question 78

Cori is 4 years old and was diagnosed with autism.Based on the knowledge that Cori is autistic, how accurately can you describe what Cori is like?

Question 79

Albert was diagnosed with schizophrenia.As a child, he showed less pronounced emotions than did his brother who did not develop schizophrenia.Albert's less frequent use of responses that indicate emotions is referred to as affective:

A) blunting
B) dampening
C) inhibiting
D) muting

Question 80

A meta-analysis of studies examining the long-term effects of psychoanalytic therapy suggests:

A) there are no significant effects of psychoanalytic therapy with kids
B) psychoanalytic therapy consistently produces positive results in many adults
C) psychoanalytic therapy consistently produces negative results in many adults
D) there are no significant effects of psychoanalytic therapy in adults