Deck 17: Development after Childhood and Adolescence

Question 1

Which of the following statements is true of complex reaction times?

A) Complex reaction times are stable across development regardless of the nature of the stimuli used in the task.
B) With novel stimuli, there is a U-shaped developmental curve in complex reaction times.
C) In areas of high expertise, there is a U-shaped developmental curve in complex reaction times.
D) Complex reaction times decrease across development regardless of the nature of the stimuli used in the task.

Answer 1

With novel stimuli, there is a U-shaped developmental curve in complex reaction times.

Question 2

All of the following statements are true about circadian rhythms EXCEPT:

A) middle-aged adults seem most alert in the late evenings
B) college students seem to be most alert in the late afternoon or evening
C) children seem most alert in the morning
D) older adults seem to be most alert in the morning

Answer 2

middle-aged adults seem most alert in the late evenings

Question 3

Jackson is an administrative assistant.He has experienced more problems remembering phone messages as he has aged.Thus, he has begun to log every call in a notebook.This illustrates:

A) alleviation
B) compensation
C) maximization
D) optimization

Answer 3

compensation

Question 4

All of the following statements are true EXCEPT:

A) muscle endurance declines more quickly than muscle mass and strength
B) type 2 muscles tend to decline more quickly than slow-twitch muscles
C) the loss of muscle endurance is thought to reflect loss of mitochondria in muscle cells
D) the level of exercise can affect rates of muscle atrophy

Question 5

Which of the following statements about attraction effects is true?

A) Both older and younger adults are unlikely to commit reasoning errors because of an attraction effect.
B) Older adults are more likely to commit reasoning errors because of an attraction effect than are younger adults.
C) Younger adults are more likely to commit reasoning errors because of an attraction effect than are older adults.
D) Both older and younger adults are likely to commit reasoning errors because of an attraction effect.

Question 6

Jill and her brother Jack are both in their late 60s.Which of the following statements is most likely?

A) Both will have a total muscle mass equal to 15 percent of their body weight.
B) Both will have a total muscle mass equal to 30 percent of their body weight.
C) Jack will lose muscle at a faster rate than Jill.
D) Jill will lose muscle at a faster rate than Jack.

Question 7

Which of the following statements is true about how the senses change in late adulthood?

A) Declines in taste, olfaction, touch sensitivity, vision, and hearing occur at similar rates.
B) Declines in taste, olfaction, and touch sensitivity tend to be more modest than declines
In vision and hearing.
C) Declines in vision and hearing tend to be more modest than declines in taste, olfaction, and touch sensitivity.
D) Declines in taste, olfaction, vision, and hearing tend to be accompanied by increases
In touch sensitivity.

Question 8

Which of the following statements is true?

A) There is a similar decline on measures of fluid and crystallized intelligence with aging.
B) There is more of a decline in performance on fluid intelligence tasks with aging.
C) There is more of a decline in performance on crystallized intelligence tasks with aging.
D) There is a similar increase on measures of fluid and crystallized intelligence with aging.

Question 9

Mas is a sprinter and Del is marathon runner.Which outcome is most likely?

A) Both will show accelerated decline by their late 20s.
B) Mas will be more likely to remain an effective sprinter as she ages compared to Del's ability as a marathon runner.
C) Del will be more likely to remain an effective marathon runner as she ages compared to Mas's ability as a sprinter.
D) Both will show stamina in their sports into their late 60s.

Question 10

All of the following statements about telomeres are correct EXCEPT:

A) telomeres are located at the ends of the chromosomes
B) telomeres prevent chromosomes from fusing with other chromosomes
C) telomeres protect the chromosomes from deteriorating
D) telomeres become a bit longer with each cell division

Question 11

________ have been termed the "energy factories" of the cell.

A) Fast-twitch fibers
B) Mitochondria
C) Nucleolus
D) Telomeres

Question 12

Patrick, a 30-year-old, and Matt, a 55-year-old, both want to be the president of the company they work for.Which of the following statements is most likely?

A) Matt will have greater working memory capacity than Patrick.
B) Matt will do better than Patrick in tasks that measure processing speed.
C) Matt will do better in tasks requiring emotional regulation.
D) Matt will always do worse than Patrick on a given task because he is older.

Question 13

Ms.Stout teaches third graders.She wants to give them an exam when the students are most alert.What time would that be?

A) morning
B) midafternoon
C) late afternoon
D) evening

Question 14

Some argue that cells can divide only a limited number of times.This cell division limit is known as the ________ limit.

A) Hayflick
B) natural
C) prospective
D) telomerase

Question 15

Hena is an elderly woman who has experienced a decline in hearing.All of these factors may have contributed to the decline in the sensitivity of her hearing EXCEPT:

A) hair cells in the inner ear (organ of Corti) became damaged or fragile
B) hair cells in the inner ear (organ of Corti) have died
C) nerves from hair cells diminished in number
D) the bones that transmit sounds into the hair cells become less calcified

Question 16

Which of the following statements about loss of muscle is true?

A) Men and women lose muscle at the same rate throughout the life course.
B) Gender differences in muscle loss do not emerge until late adulthood.
C) Men lose muscle at a faster rate than women.
D) Women lose muscle at a faster rate than men.

Question 17

All of the following are physical changes in the body that occur later in life EXCEPT:

A) people decrease in height
B) the skin becomes thicker and gains fat and collagen content
C) the kidneys show a decline in the ability to filter blood
D) the ability to circulate blood declines as the arteries become more clogged

Question 18

Muscle mass and strength:

A) gradually decline beginning in early adulthood and the rate of decline accelerates
In middle adulthood
B) gradually decline beginning in middle adulthood and the rate of decline accelerates
In late adulthood
C) gradually decline beginning in late adulthood
D) decline in an accelerated fashion beginning in late adulthood

Question 19

________ refer to pathological accumulations of protein fragments that collect between nerve cells.

A) Cholinergic fibers
B) Fiber tangles
C) Plaques
D) Telomeres

Question 20

Remembering to take your medication in the evening illustrates:

A) autobiographical memory
B) imminent memory
C) prospective memory
D) short-term memory

Question 21

Jasmine is given a test of word meanings.This is measuring:

A) configurative intelligence
B) crystallized intelligence
C) fluid intelligence
D) optimized intelligence

Question 22

Hannah is 22 years old and her aunt is 55 years old.Based on average developmental trends, which is the LEAST likely?

A) Hannah demonstrates better speed of processing than her aunt.
B) Hannah demonstrates better working memory than her aunt.
C) Hannah demonstrates better long-term memory than her aunt.
D) Hannah demonstrates better world knowledge than her aunt.

Question 23

How has the link between exercise and cognitive functioning been examined?

A) Researchers have been limited to correlational studies.
B) Researchers have been able to use experimental studies but these have been limited to animal subjects and subsequent performance.
C) Researchers have been able to examine brain activation levels and exercise only when conducting animal studies.
D) Researchers have been able to examine brain activation levels and exercise in experimental studies with human participants.

Question 24

________ occurs when certain dopamine-producing cells in the midbrain start to die off.

A) Alzheimer's disease
B) General dementia
C) Hayflick's disease
D) Parkinson's disease

Question 25

Estimates indicate that approximately ________ people over 65 have some form of dementia.

A) 1 out of 1000
B) 1 out of 100
C) 1 out of 20
D) 1 out of 5

Question 26

Martin has begun to decline very rapidly beginning in his mid-60s.This illustrates:

A) accelerated aging
B) extreme aging
C) pathological aging
D) unsuccessful aging

Question 27

Which of the following statements is true about the effects of diet and exercise?

A) Both diet and exercise influence physical health but not cognitive functioning.
B) Only diet influences cognitive functioning.
C) Only exercise influences cognitive functioning.
D) Both diet and exercise influence both physical health and cognitive functioning.

Question 28

Which of the following statements is true about diet and cognitive decline?

A) Diet is only associated with physical health and not cognitive functioning.
B) A restricted diet is most strongly associated with decreased cognitive decline.
C) A moderate diet is most strongly associated with decreased cognitive decline.
D) A calorie-rich diet is most strongly associated with decreased cognitive decline.

Question 29

Whitney is a caregiver at a facility for individuals with Alzheimer's disease.All of the following statements are likely true of her patients EXCEPT:

A) the majority of her patients are younger than 60
B) many of her patients show language difficulty
C) many of her patients have experienced mood changes
D) the disease is progressing at different rates for different patients

Question 30

________ is the idea that some people have more brain capacity to begin with and are thus better able to function cognitively in late adulthood.

A) Cognitive capacity
B) Cognitive potential
C) Cognitive rhythms
D) Cognitive reserve

Question 31

Micah is in his 70s.He has difficulty remembering if he heard something from a friend, read about it in the news, or experienced it first-hand.This illustrates challenges with:

A) episode-specific memories
B) memory identification
C) prospective memory
D) source monitoring

Question 32

Mario is an architect in his 60s.He has decided to specialize in a specific area as he gets older and further develop a particular niche of expertise.This illustrates:

A) alleviation
B) compensation
C) maximization
D) optimization

Question 33

Martin is exposed to new stimuli in a pattern recognition task.This is measuring:

A) configurative intelligence
B) crystallized intelligence
C) fluid intelligence
D) optimized intelligence

Question 34

Martin's family noticed that he has had difficulty solving problems, remembering recent events, and confusing recent memories with earlier ones.These may be warning signs of:

A) Alzheimer's disease
B) Hayflick's disease
C) osteoporosis disease
D) Parkinson's disease

Question 35

All of the following statements are true about the study of older college professors and older people selected from the general population EXCEPT:

A) rates of decline in the older professors versus the elderly in the general population differed as a function of the task examined
B) older professors showed less decline in simple speed tasks than did the elderly in the general population
C) older professors showed less decline in the recall of a prose passage than did elderly in the general population
D) the findings of the study suggest that a cognitive reserve explanation cannot be the entire story

Question 36

Sidney is an elderly gentleman who visits the ophthalmologist (eye doctor).During his visit, the doctor notices that the central area of Sidney's retina has become pigmented and has developed thinning layers.This suggests that Sidney may have:

A) cataracts
B) glaucoma
C) macular degeneration
D) strabismus

Question 37

Dawn is at the store and looking at running shoes.She knows a good quality pair of shoes costs $80 and a medium quality pair costs $50.In making her decision about which is a better buy, Dawn is influenced by knowing that a poor quality pair of shoes costs $30.This illustrates a(n):

A) attraction effect
B) compensation
C) estimation bias
D) source monitoring

Question 38

Aisha is in her 70s.She will most likely have experienced decline in all areas EXCEPT:

A) episodic memory
B) source monitoring
C) spatial memory
D) speed of processing

Question 39

Which of the following statements is true of simple reaction time?

A) Simple reaction time slows down from infancy to childhood.
B) Simple reaction time slows down from childhood to adolescence.
C) Simple reaction time speeds up from adolescence to young adulthood.
D) Simple reaction time speeds up from young adulthood to middle adulthood.

Question 40

Environments may accelerate the rate of telomere shortening.This has led some researchers to believe that telomere length may be seen as a ________ marker.

A) plastic
B) psychobio
C) psychosocial
D) sensitive

Question 41

All of the following traits show strong genetic influences EXCEPT:

A) conscientiousness
B) neuroticism
C) openness to experience
D) positivity bias

Question 42

Anita is an adult who was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease.All of the following are symptoms of this disease EXCEPT:

A) difficulty walking
B) memory problems
C) rapid movements
D) shaking hands

Question 43

In one study, participants of different ages were shown photos of positive events, negative events, and neutral events.This study found that:

A) the elderly were equally likely to forget positive, negative, and neutral events
B) the elderly recalled more positive images than either neutral or negative images
C) middle-age adults recalled more positive images than either neutral or negative images
D) young adults recalled more positive images than either neutral or negative images

Question 44

Jenny is a teenager.According to Erikson, her most important relations will be with her:

A) primary caregiver
B) family
C) peer group
D) partner

Question 45

Marissa is in college and her grandmother, Gloria, is in her 70s.They both experience a stressful life event.Which outcome is most likely?

A) Both are equally likely to become depressed due solely to genetic factors.
B) Both are equally likely to become depressed due solely to experiencing the same event.
C) Marissa is more likely to become depressed as a result of experiencing the stressful event.
D) Gloria is more likely to become depressed as a result of experiencing the stressful event.

Question 46

________ analysis is a technique which looks for relatively independent groupings of traits and has been used to examine personality dimensions.

A) Meta
B) Factor
C) Grouping
D) Trait

Question 47

All of the following statements about continuity of personality are true EXCEPT:

A) continuity is found especially for traits with the strongest genetic influences
B) personality traits influenced by the environment continue to change into old age
C) over time, individuals tend to occupy the same rankings relative to their peers in terms of how they score on the Big Five traits
D) there appears to be less potential for change in individuals who suffer from personality disorders than for personality changes in their peers who do not manifest such psychopathologies

Question 48

As a group, people who grew up during the Great Depression experienced a gradual personality shift in that they became better able to thrive in the face of adversity.This illustrates a:

A) cohort effect
B) psychohistorical effect
C) psychosocial effect
D) unit effect

Question 49

The ________ perspective emphasizes key transitions that occur in various social contexts.

A) developmental change
B) life course
C) progressive trajectories
D) successive aging

Question 50

Yuko lives in a culture where it is common to follow a restricted diet.Sally lives in a culture where it is common to consume a calorie-rich diet.Which is most likely?

A) Both Yuko and Sally will show rapid rates of cognitive decline.
B) Yuko will show a slower rate of cognitive decline than Sally.
C) Sally will show a slower rate of cognitive decline than Yuko.
D) Both Yuko and Sally will show slow rates of cognitive decline.

Question 51

Which brain region shows less activation in response to negative stimuli than to positive stimuli in older adults, while showing strong responses to both kinds of stimuli in younger adults?

A) amygdala
B) dorsal striatum
C) hippocampus
D) thalamus

Question 52

________ proposed eight stages of psychosocial development.

A) Adler
B) Erikson
C) Freud
D) Levinson

Question 53

Bridget is 20 years old and Barbara is 70 years old.These women are LEAST likely to differ on which personality trait?

A) agreeableness
B) conscientiousness
C) emotional stability
D) openness to experience

Question 54

Martina is 45 years old.According to Erikson, Martina would be in which stage?

A) generativity versus stagnation
B) industry versus inferiority
C) integrity versus despair
D) intimacy versus isolation

Question 55

Raymond is in his 70s and exercises every day.The effects of exercise will be strongest for his performance on:

A) controlled tasks
B) executive tasks
C) spatial tasks
D) speed tasks

Question 56

Which of the following statements is true of the study examining how younger and older adults track faces?

A) Older adults tracked information about negative faces most effectively.
B) Older adults tracked information about positive faces most effectively.
C) Older adults tracked information about neutral faces most effectively.
D) Older adults did not differ in their tracking of negative, positive, and neutral faces.

Question 57

All of the following are considered to be part of the Big Five traits EXCEPT:

A) agreeableness
B) disinhibition
C) neuroticism
D) openness to experience

Question 58

Dr.Smith is an older college professor and his friend Mr.Fields is a sales associate of the same age.Which is the most likely outcome?

A) Both men will show rapid decline in simple speed tasks.
B) Both men will show rapid decline in the recall of a prose passage.
C) Dr.Smith will show less rapid decline than Mr.Fields in simple speed tasks.
D) Dr.Smith will show less decline in recalling a prose passage than Mr.Fields.

Question 59

Which of the following statements is true of exposure to stressful life events?

A) Women and men are equally likely to become depressed as a result of exposure to stress across the lifespan.
B) Women are more likely to become depressed as a result of exposure to stress in late adulthood.
C) Men are more likely to become depressed as a result of exposure to stress in late adulthood.
D) Gender differences in stress and depression are evident in early adulthood but disappear in later adulthood.

Question 60

Huan is at the stage of his life where he is considering the contributions he made to the world and the next generation.He considers his children, volunteer service, and successes at work.This illustrates what Erikson refers to as:

A) generativity
B) industry
C) psychosocial conflict
D) integrity

Question 61

Margaret is 25 years old and her mother, Joan, is 60 years old.Describe the stages Erikson believed each woman would be experiencing.

Question 62

Kanji is growing up in Japan, which is considered to be a collectivist culture, whereas Keith is growing up in the United States, which is considered to be an individualist culture.It is most likely that:

A) both Kanji and Keith will view older individuals as limited in cognitive capacity
B) Kanji will have more favorable views of older individuals' cognitive competence
C) Keith will have more favorable views of older individuals' cognitive competence
D) both Kanji and Keith will view older individuals as cognitively capable

Question 63

Differentiate between Alzheimer's disease and general dementia.

Question 64

Inaccurate negative biases toward the elderly are often known as:

A) ageism
B) generationism
C) age gapping
D) generation gapping

Question 65

Recent studies suggest that:

A) both Eastern and Western cultures revere the elderly
B) many Eastern cultures view the elderly with more positive regard than Western cultures
C) many Western cultures view the elderly with more positive regard than Eastern cultures
D) negative views of the elderly are common in Western and Eastern cultures

Question 66

Discuss the limitations of using a correlational design to study the relation between calorie restriction and cognitive functioning.

Question 67

In order to be president of the United States, a candidate must be at least 35 years old.According to developmental research, why might these age limits be important?

Question 68

Briefly describe three different patterns of physical change in the body that occur later in life.

Question 69

Dr.Lodi is studying cognitive functioning in older and younger adults.What consideration does she need to give to the time of day that she completes her cognitive testing? That is, how does time of day interact with patterns of cognitive functioning in older and younger adults?

Question 70

Joey talks to his elderly grandfather in a patronizing fashion.This makes his grandfather feel like he is having difficulty communicating, which leads Joey to be even more patronizing.This illustrates a:

A) negative feedback loop
B) negativity bias
C) positive feedback loop
D) regulatory cascade

Question 71

What are some consequences of negative stereotypes of the elderly?

Question 72

Differentiate between fluid and crystallized intelligence.Note how each of these forms of intelligence changes with development.

Question 73

Lamar is a physical trainer who works with the elderly.What aspects of muscle function should he notice decline most with age?

Question 74

Muriel is in her 60s.Her ability to remember to perform future acts has improved in some areas.Provide two reasons why this may be the case.

Question 75

Imagine you are a researcher studying reaction time.Give an example of a task to measure simple reaction time and a task to measure complex reaction time.

Question 76

What are some reasons that older adults are more likely to demonstrate a positivity bias than younger adults?

Question 77

What are some of the reasons that an individual's personality may change over the course of the lifespan?

Question 78

The stereotype that older people are grumpy:

A) reflects the increasing tendency to notice negative events with age
B) reflects the increasing tendency to remember negative events with age
C) reflects increasing focus on end of life issues with age
D) is not supported by research findings

Question 79

Describe how telomere length can be viewed as a psychobiomarker.

Question 80

Differentiate between optimization and compensation and provide an example of each.