Deck 1: Introduction

Question 1

The capacity to become aware of and report on mental representations and thr processes that operate on them is called

A)sentience
B)informational access
C)self knowledge
D)serial processing

Answer 1

informational access

Question 2

Which of the following is true?

A)Emotion has traditionally not been studied by cognitive scientists, but it is today.
B)Cognitive processes are unaffected by emotion.
C)Emotion has always been a central concept in the field of cognitive science.
D)Symbolic processing architectures are best suited to model emotional cognition.

Answer 2

Emotion has traditionally not been studied by cognitive scientists, but it is today.

Question 3

Active parts of the brain require greater blood flow.This can be detected with

A)X-ray scans
B)CAT scans
C)PET scans
D)ERP scans

Answer 3

PET scans

Question 4

Which of the following is not a common problem for cognitive scientists to study?

A)knowledge representation
B)intelligence
C)consciousness
D)dream interpretation

Question 5

The pattern recognition process causes information to pass from the _____ to the _____ in the three-store model of human memory.

A)sensory store...long-term store
B)long-term store...short-term store
C)sensory store...short-term store
D)short term store...long-term store

Question 6

Which physiological method of studying the brain provides the best spatial resolution

A)fMRI
B)PET
C)EEG-ERP
D)All of the above

Question 7

Which of the following emphasize study of errors in children's speech as it naturally occurs in the environment in the interdisciplinary area of cognitive science?

A)philosophers
B)linguists
C)AI researchers
D)psychologists

Question 8

Which physiological method of studying the brain provides the best temporal resolution

A)fMRI
B)PET
C)EEG-ERP
D)All of the above

Question 9

A well-designed laboratory experiment may use

A)reaction time
B)error rates
C)PET scans
D)all of the above

Question 10

The method of subtraction is used to ________________.

A)isolate a single stage of processing
B)eliminate incorrect hypotheses
C)calibrate EEG recordings
D)determine the ecological validity of findings

Question 11

In an experiment on long-term memory, a psychologist presented either a list of words or the same words used in a story.She measured the number of ideas recalled in each case.The number of ideas recalled is a(n)_____ .

A)independent variable
B)ecologically valid variable
C)dependent variable
D)confounding variable

Question 12

The rehearsal process causes information to pass from the _______ to the _______ in the three-store model of human memory

A)sensory store...long-term store
B)long-term store...short-term store
C)sensory store...short-term store
D)short-term store...long-term store

Question 13

What is one major difficulty a structural psychologist encounters while researching?

A)determining what part of the brain is more active during exercise
B)documenting the different parts that make up the whole of a problem
C)issues concerning the objective measurement of behavior
D)relying on introspection as the only valid scientific method

Question 14

The mind can be broken down into smaller systems, such as short-term memory.This illustrates which theme of cognitive psychology?

A)resource limits
B)automatic vs.conscious processes
C)constructive cognition
D)none of the above

Question 15

The study of cognitive science draws upon all of the following fields except

A)linguistics
B)physics
C)computer science
D)biology

Question 16

Which of the following emphasize controlled experimentation in the interdisciplinary area of cognitive science?

A)philosophers
B)linguists
C)AI researchers
D)psychologists

Question 17

Which of the following is not one possible meaning of the concept of consciousness?

A)informational access
B)sentience
C)self-knowledge
D)semantic memory

Question 18

Event related potentials are measured using

A)x-rays
B)EEG recordings
C)blood flow tomography
D)positron emission tomography

Question 19

In an experiment on long-term memory, a psychologist presents subjects with a list of random words or a list of words used in a story that the subjects read.She measures the number of ideas recalled in each case.The list vs.story variable is a(n)______ .

A)independent variable
B)ecologically valid variable
C)dependent variable
D)confounding variable

Question 20

A method used by cognitive psychologists to isolate the properties of a single stage of processing is called

A)the method of titration
B)the method of verbal protocols
C)the method of interaction
D)the method of subtraction

Question 21

The default network of the brain includes

A)the interior cingulate gyrus
B)the medial temporal lobe and hippocampus
C)the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
D)the thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 22

Sentience is _________.

A)the basic capacity for sensations, feelings, and other subjective experiences
B)one of the several meanings of consciousness
C)the issue at the root of the mind-body problem
D)all of the above

Question 23

A neuron includes dendrites, a cell body, and an axon.The dendrites in the neuron

A)protect the neuron
B)receive signals from other neurons
C)feed the neuron
D)transmit a signal to other neurons via a synaptic connection

Question 24

A common behavioral measure in cognitive research is

A)verbal protocols
B)proportion of errors
C)reaction times
D)all of the above

Question 25

Connectionist models are based on parallel processing.

Question 26

Which of the following is a fundamental assumption of cognitive psychology?

A)humans have no features in common with primates
B)the mind and brain are products of evolution
C)déjà vu is a cornerstone of the psychological sciences
D)both a and c

Question 27

Mental representations:

A)can be viewed by people around us
B)can be viewed by scientists through imaging devices
C)can be unconscious
D)none of the above

Question 28

The most recently evolved part of the cerebral cortex, a part of the brain that is well-developed only in mammals, is called the

A)neocortex
B)occipital lobe
C)temporal lobe
D)neuroncortex

Question 29

Like the body, the mind is a hierarchical system.

Question 30

Two techniques that are now widely used provide an indirect measure of more localized brain activity, as compared to electrical scalp recordings.These two techniques are

A)positron emission tomography (PET)and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
B)functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)and parallel distributed processing (PDP)
C)parallel distributed processing (PDP)and positron emission tomography (PET)
D)functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)and event-related potential (ERP)

Question 31

The ______ pathway projects from the occipital lobe to the parietal lobe-the "where pathway."

A)temporal
B)ventral
C)dorsal
D)occipital

Question 32

A psychologist's objective is to find evidence that one cognitive function is served by one brain region, while a different function is served by another brain region.To do this, the investigator seeks to find _______ .

A)dual dissociations
B)double dissociations
C)dual differentiations
D)double differentiations

Question 33

The brainstem, basal forebrain, and diencephalon are essential for maintaining the basic life support mechanisms of the body.They provide homeostatic control over variables such as

A)hyper order thought processing, hormone, sleep, and appetite
B)being happy, eating, sleep, and immune system
C)cognition, heart rate, sleep, and sadness
D)internal temperature, pH, hormone, and glucose levels

Question 34

The most widely used methods for studying the functions of brain structures are

A)behavioral observation, electrophysiology, and interviewing with subject
B)studying lesions, electrophysiology, and neuroimaging
C)studying tumors, neuroimaging, and behavioral observation
D)studying lesions, pet scans, and behavioral observation

Question 35

An EEG signal that reflects the brain's response to the onset of a specific stimulus is called a(n)

A)event-related potential (ERP)
B) positron emission tomography (PET)
C)functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
D)parallel distributed processing (PDP)

Question 36

Recent research with fMRI has revealed a ________________network that is active when the mind is free to daydream, recollect about the past, or fantasize about the future.

A)symbolic
B)serial
C)occipital
D)default

Question 37

A neuron includes dendrites, a cell body, and an axon.The axon is used for

A)receiving signals from other neurons
B)protecting the neuron
C)transmitting a signal to other neurons via a synaptic connection
D)feeding the neuron

Question 38

The four areas of the brain that make up the cerebral cortex are

A)frontal lobe, limbic system, hindbrain, temporal lobe
B)frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe
C)brainstem, occipital lobe, cerebellum, thalamus
D)hypothalamus, thalamus, frontal lobe, temporal lobe

Question 39

Electrophysiological measures of brain activity such as _________ show excellent temporal resolution.But it is not possible to identify the specific location, within a few millimeters, of the neuronal networks that generate the evoked potentials and fields.

A)electroencephalogram (EEG)and event-related potential (ERP)
B)positron emission tomography (PET)and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
C)electroencephalogram (EEG)and positron emission tomography (PET)
D)functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)and electroencephalogram (EEG)

Question 40

A ______ pathway projects from the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe-the so-called "what pathway."

A)ventral
B)dorsal
C)occipital
D)vertical

Question 41

The rapid development of language skills in children can be seen as an evolutionary trait coded in the human genome.

Question 42

Name two disciplines represented in the field of cognitive science and explain their contributions to the field.

Question 43

Describe how the method of subtraction is used in a experiment with neuroimaging.

Question 44

The slower a subject's reaction time in an experiment, the higher the rate of error.

Question 45

Anthropology and linguistics make contributions to cognitive science.

Question 46

Explain how the visual system makes use of parallel processing in recognizing an object located across a room.

Question 47

In order to transfer input into sensory store, one needs to recognize patterns.

Question 48

The limbic system is associated with the processing of emotion.