Deck 4: Memory Systems

Question 1

The serial position curve has been important in distinguishing short-term memory from long-term memory because

A)the primacy effect may be explained as long-term memory and the recency effect as short-term memory
B)chunking explains the primacy and recency effect
C)rehearsal is very important in explaining both the primacy and recency effects
D)memory for primacy and recency items is about the same, but the middle items are poorly recalled

Answer 1

the primacy effect may be explained as long-term memory and the recency effect as short-term memory

Question 2

Milner described a young man, HM, who lost part of his temporal lobes and hippocampus in a brain operation.HM suffered

A)a reduction in general IQ
B)an inability to remember events prior to the operation
C)an inability to calculate arithmetic problems
D)an inability to store new experiences in memory

Answer 2

an inability to store new experiences in memory

Question 3

The loss of a recency effect that is observed while performing distracting tasks, such as counting backwards, in a memory experiment demonstrates

A)that short-term memory is different from iconic memory
B)that long-term memory is different from permastore
C)that short-term memory is different from long-term memory
D)that long-term memory is different from PAS

Answer 3

that short-term memory is different from long-term memory

Question 4

Storage and retrieval of personally dated, autobiographical experiences is called

A)long-term memory
B)semantic memory
C)schematic memory
D)episodic memory

Question 5

Data on memory confusion (e.g., b confused with v)shows that coding in short-term memory is often

A)iconic
B)semantic
C)acoustic-articulatory
D)propositional

Question 6

When learning new material disrupts retention of old material, there is

A)trace decay
B)retroactive interference
C)proactive interference
D)assimilation

Question 7

One's general knowledge of facts and concepts is often referred to as

A)short-term memory
B)episodic memory
C)procedural memory
D)semantic memory

Question 8

A fundamental objection to the distinction between short-term memory and long-term memory is based on

A)failure to replicate the Brown-Peterson data
B)the lack of attention to processing assumptions in the modal model
C)the lack of any convincing evidence that the principles of memory differ as a function of the retention interval
D)the failure to locate precise physiological mechanisms corresponding to the two memory systems

Question 9

Which memory system requires maintenance rehearsal to prevent forgetting?

A)sensory
B)short-term
C)long-term
D)episodic

Question 10

Which of the following is a type of non-declarative memory?

A)episodic memory
B)motor skills
C)echoic memory
D)all of the above

Question 11

The characteristics that best describe short-term memory are

A)large capacity and long duration
B)small capacity and long duration
C)large capacity and short duration
D)small capacity and short duration

Question 12

A record of things just attended to is called

A)sensory memory
B)short-term memory
C)long-term memory
D)implicit memory

Question 13

Which of the following is evidence that there is a distinction between short-term memory and long-term memory?

A)partial report is greater than whole report
B)physical cues work best for the primary effect
C)the recency effect disappears when a subject must count backwards before recall
D)the primacy effect disappears when a subject must count backwards before recall

Question 14

In Atkinson and Shiffrin's multistore model of memory, rehearsal, coding, decisions, and retrieval strategies are all examples of __________ processes associated with short-term memory.

A)control
B)pattern recognition
C)problem solving
D)automatic

Question 15

Without rehearsal, meaningless information will be lost almost completely from short-term memory in about

A)20 milliseconds
B)2 seconds
C)20 seconds
D)2 minutes

Question 16

Suppose you learn list A and then list B.A test shows that you have forgotten items on list A.This illustrates

A)decay
B)consolidation
C)proactive interference
D)retroactive interference

Question 17

The multi-store model assumes that information first enters into _________ memory.

A)sensory
B)short-term
C)long-term
D)non-declarative

Question 18

Which memory system seems to have an unlimited capacity?

A)sensory
B)short-term
C)long-term
D)iconic

Question 19

A well-established method for improving short-term memory is

A)dividing attention
B)top down processing
C)learning how to chunk information
D)counting backwards to prevent rehearsal before calling

Question 20

Which theory blames forgetting on the lack of availability of memories?

A)cue dependent
B)decay
C)proactive interference
D)retroactive interference

Question 21

Which memory system shows decay in 2 or 3 seconds?

A)short-term
B)episodic
C)iconic
D)echoic

Question 22

What do Sternberg's results indicate about retrieval from short-term memory?

A)retrieval involves a serial self-terminating search
B)retrieval involves a serial exhaustive search
C)retrieval involves a parallel self-terminating search
D)retrieval involves a parallel exhaustive search

Question 23

Which model of working memory predicts that both irrelevant speech and bursts of white noise would disrupt recall of letters from the verbal short-term memory store?

A)Baddeley's multicomponent model
B)Jones' episodic buffer model
C)Wicken's proactive interference model
D)Cowan's embedded process model

Question 24

The ___________ , located in the temporal lobe of the brain, is critical in storing new information into long-term memory.

A)medulla
B)thalamus
C)hippocampus
D)corpus callosum

Question 25

This component of Baddeley's multicomponent model of working memory provides supervisory control, focuses and switches attention, and retrieves representations from long-term memory

A)visual-spatial sketch pad
B)episodic buffer
C)phonological loop
D)central executive

Question 26

Which short-term store of working memory involves neural activation in the right hemisphere of the brain?

A)verbal
B)visual
C)spatial
D)all of the above

Question 27

Baddeley's model of working memory includes

A)a phonological loop
B)a visual-spatial scratch pad
C)an executive control system
D)all of the above

Question 28

This component of Baddeley's multicomponent model of working memory provides transient storage of verbal representations and maintains active memory via rehearsal

A)visual-spatial sketch pad
B)episodic buffer
C)phonological loop
D)central executive

Question 29

One difference between echoic memory and iconic memory is that

A)echoic memory is auditory, while iconic memory is visual
B)echoic memory holds about one item
C)only echoic memory is involved in pattern recognition
D)none of the above

Question 30

The phenomenon described in question 23 is called the

A)Stroop effect
B)serial position effect
C)cocktail party phenomenon
D)parallel position effect

Question 31

The difficulty in remembering events that occur after the onset of amnesia is called
anterograde amnesia.

Question 32

People forget things that were stored in long-term memory because it is necessary to make room for new information.

Question 33

Researchers presented Elizabeth's right eye with a 10,000-dot pattern for 1 minute.A few seconds later, they presented a slightly different 10,000-dot pattern to her left eye, and asked her to superimpose the two patterns to perceive a three-dimensional object.Elizabeth's ability to do this successfully indicated

A)her iconic memory was abnormally persistent
B)her long-term memory was abnormally three-dimensional
C)her eidetic imagery was typical of most people
D)echoic memory was abnormally transient

Question 34

In contrast to Freud, Loftus and others have proposed that early experiences from infancy cannot be remembered because

A)the memories do not exist because they were not encoded or were lost through decay
B)the memories are repressed
C)the memories exist only as emotional experiences that cannot be verbally expressed
D)the memories are too emotionally upsetting to recall

Question 35

Successfully recall a word from a particular serial position could reflect retrieval from either the short or long-term memory store.

Question 36

Jeff is at a party and is introduced to nine new people.He will most forget the names of

A)the first three
B)the middle four
C)the last three
D)both a and b

Question 37

Which of the following searches would take the longest?

A)serial exhaustive search of ten items
B)parallel search of thirty items
C)serial self-terminating search of the fifth of twenty items
D)parallel search of ten items

Question 38

Iconic and echoic are both types of ______ memory.

A)long-term
B)epidodic
C)sensory
D)short-term

Question 39

Current evidence on childhood memory shows that

A) all early experience is repressed
B) 2-year-olds can recall events from 6 months in the past
C) most all of the first year of life is remembered
D) birth experiences are remembered accurately under hypnosis

Question 40

People who suffer from amnesia exhibit the effects of priming like normal individuals.

Question 41

Patients who were put under general anesthesia show the effects of having been primed to respond to cues.

Question 42

Hypermnesia illustrates the concept that seemingly forgotten information can be made accessible under the right conditions.

Question 43

Transfer appropriate processing is an argument against multiple memory systems.

Question 44

Psychologists have agreed that there are multiple memory stores represented within long-term memory.

Question 45

Describe three of the following types of memory: echoic sensory memory, iconic sensory memory, short term memory, long term memory.Remember to include characteristics such as capacity and duration.

Question 46

Explain the difference between anterograde and retrograde amnesia.

Question 47

Auditory sensory memory is much shorter in duration than visual sensory memory.

Question 48

Confusions in recall from short-term memory by switching the letter b with v is caused by a failure in the central executive control system.