Deck 2: Biological Bases of Behavior

Question 1

There are short, thin fibers protruding from neurons that are responsible for receiving impulses and transmitting them into the cell body. Those are known as:

A)The myelin sheath
B)Axons
C)Dendrites
D)Neuron fibers

Answer 1

Dendrites

Question 2

Which type of neuron is responsible for carrying information from the central nervous system to glands and muscles?

A)Motor neurons
B)CNS neurons
C)Dendrite neurons
D)Sensory neurons

Answer 2

Motor neurons

Question 3

Multiple sclerosis is caused by damage to which of the following parts of the central nervous system (CNS)?

A)Myelin sheaths
B)Axons
C)Motor neurons
D)Sensory neurons

Answer 3

Myelin sheaths

Question 4

The forebrain controls many different processes, including the ability to learn and store complex information, the control of forceful emotions, and formation of memories. Which of the following is not part of the forebrain?

A)Medulla oblongata
B)Hippocampus
C)Cerebral cortex
D)Amygdala

Question 5

The limbic system is part of the central nervous system. Which of the following is a feature or function of the limbic system?

A)It is involved in regulation of emotion and motivation.
B)It is part of the forebrain.
C)It is part of the midbrain.
D)It plays a role in memory formation.

Question 6

General adaptation syndrome (GAS), developed by Hans Selye, is a model of response to severe stress, and identifies particular stages an individual goes through. In which of those stages is the body alert, but also more vulnerable to physical symptoms of stress (like headaches and fatigue)?

A)Alarm
B)Resistance
C)Acceptance
D)Exhaustion

Question 7

Dementia is defined as short- or long-term memory impairment, coupled with at least one of four other conditions. Which of the following conditions is not a sign of dementia?

A)Aphasia
B)Dystonia
C)Agnosia
D)Apraxia

Question 8

Amnestic disorders involve impairments in short- or long-term memory that significantly interfere with functioning. Korsakoff's syndrome, most often expressed in anterograde amnesia, is thought to be caused by what?

A)Alcoholism
B)Thiamine deficiency
C)Wernicke's encephalopathy
D)Lithium overdose

Question 9

Which of the following neuropsychological disorders is marked by normal speech patterns (rhythm, syntax, etc.) paired with incorrect or incoherent language content?

A)Parkinson's disease
B)Wernicke's aphasia
C)Broca's aphasia
D)Kluver-Bucy syndrome

Question 10

Broca's aphasia, a neuropsychological disorder, is characterized by difficulty in both speech and writing. Speech is uneven and word recall is poor; patients have trouble constructing sentences. Damage to which parts of the brain is responsible for Broca's aphasia?

A)Anterior regions such as the inferior frontal gyrus
B)Posterior regions such as the superior temporal gyrus
C)Midbrain regions such as the cerebral peduncle
D)Areas of neurons such as the axons

Question 11

What neuropsychological occurrence or disorder is characterized by purposeless movements or short losses of time (a few seconds)?

A)Partial seizures
B)Petit mal seizures
C)Dissociative episodes
D)Apraxia

Question 12

The thalamus, located between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain, is responsible for relay of mist sensory modalities. Which of the following is NOT relayed through the thalamus?

A)Taste
B)Sound
C)Olfaction
D)Hearing

Question 13

The limbic system is the part of the brain significantly responsible for emotions. Which of the following brain structures is NOT part of the limbic system?

A)Hypothalamus
B)Hippocampus
C)Amygdala
D)Cerebellum

Question 14

Gerstmann's syndrome results in finger agnosia (people are not able to recognize their fingers as part of their body) and right-left disorientation. Which part of the brain is associated with this syndrome?

A)The frontal lobes
B)The left hemisphere
C)The parietal lobes
D)The temporal lobes

Question 15

The automatic nervous system controls involuntary or automatic functions. There are two subsystems of the automatic system. Which one is responsible for decreasing the processes of digestion and elimination?

A)The sympathetic nervous system
B)The somatic nervous system
C)The parasympathetic nervous system
D)The central nervous system

Question 16

Severe, treatment-resistant epilepsy is sometimes treated with surgery resulting in split-brain. Which part of the brain is surgically altered?

A)The frontal lobes
B)The corpus callosum
C)The hypothalamus
D)The left hemisphere

Question 17

Which of the following degenerative disorders is most often treated by using L-dopa to increase the functional level of dopamine in the brain?

A)Huntington's
B)Alzheimer's
C)Multiple system atrophy
D)Parkinson's

Question 18

CNS stimulants are the primary drug treatment for ADHD. Which of the following statements is not true regarding this treatment?

A)A higher dose is required to reduce activity levels
B)Not all children improve with stimulant treatment
C)Improvements following initiation of treatment may be short-lived
D)Social behaviors are improved with a lower dose

Question 19

There are different types of antidepressant medications: Tricyclics, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), Monoamine-Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs), and unclassified types. Which of the following brand name medications is not an SSRI?

A)Strattera
B)Lexapro
C)Wellbutrin
D)Paxil

Question 20

Antipsychotics are one class of drug used to treat certain disorders, such as schizophrenia, brief psychotic disorder, and delusional disorder. Which of the following is considered a novel (or atypical), rather than traditional, antipsychotic?

A)Haldol
B)Clozaril
C)Navane
D)Prolixin

Question 21

Antipsychotics are one class of drug used to treat certain disorders, such as schizophrenia, brief psychotic disorder, and delusional disorder. As with any psychiatric drug, they have a range of side effects varying from mild to severe. Which of the following antipsychotics is associated with agranulocytosis (a sudden drop in the granulocyte count), which manifests as a sore throat and high fever?

A)Haldol
B)Clozaril
C)Stelazine
D)Prolixin

Question 22

There are different types of antidepressant medications: Tricyclics (TCAs), Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), Monoamine-Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs), and unclassified types. Which of those subcategories of antidepressants is thought to be most useful to treat inpatient, melancholic, or geriatric depression?

A)TCAs
B)SSRIs
C)MAOIs
D)Unclassified types

Question 23

There are different types of antidepressant medications: Tricyclics (TCAs), Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), Monoamine-Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs), and unclassified types. Which of these types has the functions of inhibiting the activity of an enzyme in the brain, which results in greater levels of two important neurotransmitters?

A)SSRIs
B)MAOIs
C)TCAs
D)Unclassified types

Question 24

Antipsychotics are associated with a range of mild and serious side effects. Which of the following side effects can potentially occur with any drug in the antipsychotic class?

A)Extrapyramidal symptoms
B)Akathisia
C)Tardive dyskinesia
D)Stevens-Johnson syndrome

Question 25

Benzodiazepines are typically used to treat anxiety disorders or sleep problems. They are considered anxiolytics when used to treat anxiety. Which of the following anxiolytics is NOT a benzodiazepine?

A)Chlordiazepoxide
B)Lorazepam
C)Halazepam
D)Buspirone

Question 26

During adulthood, the brain changes biologically. These changes are attributed to:

A)Developmental timelines
B)Behavioral experience
C)Individual traits
D)Physical deterioration

Question 27

It was once thought that brain structure was entirely determined by genetics; that after childhood development, brain structure and function was permanently set. Now it is recognized that brains adapt to changing environmental circumstances. This process is known as:

A)Brain adaptivity
B)Neuroplasticity
C)Synapse development
D)Learning response

Question 28

Brain structure changes in certain ways in response to environment over the course of an adult life. Durbach (2000) identified ways in which brain structure changes. Which of the following is one of the processes he identified?

A)Increase in the number of synapses between neurons
B)Change in the internal structure of neurons
C)Both of these
D)Neither of these

Question 29

Mood disorders are thought to be caused by a combination of genetic, physiological, and environmental factors. A number of theories have been proposed to explain the etiology of mood disorders. Which of the following theories suggests norepinephrine and serotonin levels are major factors in the onset of depression?

A)Catecholamine hypothesis
B)Permissive theory
C)Beck cognitive theory
D)Rehm's self-regulating model

Question 30

There are various scientific processes that have been developed to test brain function and view brain structure. Which of those processes shows the functional capacity of a particular brain region?

A)Magnetic resource imaging (MRI)
B)Positron Emission Topography (PET)
C)Computerized axial tomography (CAT)
D)Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

Question 31

Phrenology posits that different __________ areas have specific __________ .

A)Brain, drawbacks
B)Brain, functions
C)Brain, shapes
D)Heart, functions

Question 32

Psychobiology was one of the eight schools of thought at the onset of what is considered contemporary psychology. Psychobiology studies:

A)Connections between physiology and human relationships
B)Connections between body and physiology
C)Connections between behavior and body
D)None of the above

Question 33

Which of the following sense systems are correctly matched with the function they perform?

A)Somatosensory system - pain; Vestibular system - hearing
B)Somatosensory system - touch; Vestibular system - hearing
C)Somatosensory system - taste; Vestibular system - balance
D)Somatosensory system - pain; Vestibular system - balance

Question 34

Some psychologists believe that we need to sleep at night in order to restore energy levels and repair wear and tear from the body's activities. Which theory of sleep is this?

A)Preserve and protect hypothesis
B)Restore and repair hypothesis
C)Consolidation theory
D)Energy conservation theory

Question 35

Having a chronic health condition, such as diabetes, may increase one's:

A)Role conflict
B)Cognitive performance
C)Conflict within the family
D)Perceived stress

Question 36

Sertraline (i.e., Zoloft) is commonly used to treat which disorder(s)?

A)Schizophrenia
B)Major depression and some anxiety disorders
C)Bipolar disorder
D)Borderline personality disorder

Question 37

A dog trainer is teaching a dog to open a door by pulling on a rope that is attached to it. He first teaches the dog to play with the rope and rewards the dog with food every time he touches the rope. He then rewards the dog every time he pulls the rope hard. Finally, he rewards the dog after the pulls to rope when it is attached to the door. The training method that the trainer used is called:

A)Shaping
B)Backward chaining
C)Forward chaining
D)Token economy

Question 38

The James-Lange theory on emotions:

A)Was developed independently by William James and Carl Lange.
B)States that emotions result in physiological changes.
C)Emotions are the result of physiological events evoked by the somatic nervous system.
D)Was based partly on work conducted at the Stanford University.

Question 39

According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions:

A)Emotions result from the cognitive appraisal of one's physiological state.
B)Emotions are the result of physiological appraisal.
C)Emotions cause physiological arousal.
D)Facial movement influences our emotions.

Question 40

After a child's temper tantrum, the caregiver decides to take the child's toy away. The caregiver is using:

A)Positive reinforcement
B)Negative reinforcement
C)Positive punishment
D)Negative punishment

Question 41

A cat has learned that he can only get food by pressing a bar when the red light is on. The cat's behavior in this experiment is:

A)Stimulus control
B)Generalized
C)Blocked
D)Overshadowed

Question 42

According to laboratory studies, which memory system is likely to be affected the most by age?

A)Procedural memory
B)Episodic memory
C)Semantic memory
D)Long-term memory

Question 43

The working memory storage responsible for temporarily integrating sensory information is called:

A)Central executive
B)Visuospatial sketchpad
C)Episodic buffer
D)Phonological loop

Question 44

Which one of the following is a treatment method that is based on classical conditioning?

A)Covert sensitization
B)Chaining
C)Overcorrection
D)Functional behavioral assessment