Deck 5: Growth and Lifespan Development

Question 1

Developmental psychology includes the study of maturation, which includes the development of physical processes and resultant changes in behavior. Which of the following is NOT an example of maturation?

A)Language skills
B)Motor skills
C)Mathematical abilities
D)Social behaviors

Answer 1

Mathematical abilities

Question 2

Developmental psychology includes the study of maturation, which includes the development of physical processes and resultant changes in behavior. Which of the following statements is true of the connection between maturation and skill acquisition?

A)Maturation results in readiness for learning skills; if readiness is not reached, certain skills cannot be learned
B)Skill acquisition is a result of maturation
C)Some people do not experience maturation, and therefore cannot learn new skills
D)Skill acquisition is easiest before readiness through maturation is reached

Answer 2

Maturation results in readiness for learning skills; if readiness is not reached, certain skills cannot be learned

Question 3

Mitosis, the process of forming new cells through cell division, occurs more rapidly at some points in the lifespan. During which of the following periods does mitosis occur most rapidly?

A)In healthy, fully-grown adults
B)While a body repairs injuries
C)During young adulthood
D)During illness that occurs in middle age

Answer 3

While a body repairs injuries

Question 4

Konrad Lorenz discovered, in his work with birds, that ducklings that imprinted on him between 12 and 17 hours after birth continued to follow him even when other ducks became available to them. What does this phenomenon refer to?

A)Non-normative development
B)Environment-influenced development
C)Critical periods
D)Sensitive periods

Question 5

Physical development is largely determined by genetic heredity. Some physical development is environment-specific, while other genes will express as physical characteristics in all environments. How is the feature of having blue eyes described?

A)Genetic code
B)Genotype
C)Phenotype
D)Optical genes

Question 6

Prenatal development is divided into stages. During what stage does the development of eyes and ears begin?

A)Germinal period
B)Fetal period
C)Embryonic period
D)Cephalocaudal period

Question 7

Infants have a number of reflexes, developed in utero, that disappear within the first year of life. One of those reflexes consists of extending limbs and fingers when startled. What is that reflex known as?

A)Grasp reflex
B)Startle reflex
C)Babinski reflex
D)Moro reflex

Question 8

Although senses are not completely formed at birth, infants are born with relatively strong senses. Which of the five senses is the first to develop?

A)Taste
B)Touch
C)Hearing
D)Vision

Question 9

Brain development is rapid during childhood. At what age is it believed that a brain has lateral functioning and sensory integration?

A)5-6
B)4-5
C)7-8
D)9-10

Question 10

Carol Gilligan criticized Kohlberg's theory of moral development for excessive focus on male values. She suggested an alternative model of moral development. Which of the following ideas is not outlined in that model?

A)Orientation of individual survival
B)Morality of nonviolence
C)Goodness as self-sacrifice
D)Ethics of justice

Question 11

Emotional expression in children develops gradually after birth. A one-year-old who becomes excited when her mother is excited is demonstrating which of the following?

A)Mirroring
B)Social referencing
C)Easy temperament
D)Empathy

Question 12

Lawrence Kohlberg's stage theory is an adaptation of Piaget's psychological theory. Kohlberg discusses six stages of moral development. At what stage is a person entirely guided by his or her own conscience, according to Kohlberg's theory?

A)Stage 1
B)Stage 2
C)Stage 5
D)Stage 6

Question 13

In Piaget's 3-stage moral development theory, heteronymous morality is characterized by which of the following:

A)Viewing rules as unchanging and unchangeable
B)Awareness that rules can be changed
C)Awareness that rules can be modified by agreement
D)None of the above

Question 14

Lawrence Kohlberg's stage theory is an adaptation of Piaget's psychological theory. Kohlberg discusses six stages of moral development. In this theory, a person who behaves ethically in order to gain approval from others is in what stage?

A)Stage 1
B)Stage 3
C)Stage 2
D)Stage 5

Question 15

Which biological theory of aging suggests the eventual development of diseases like osteoarthritis?

A)Free radicals theory
B)Programmed cell death theory
C)Neuron theory
D)Wear and tear theory

Question 16

Kübler-Ross developed an emotional theory commonly known as the five stages of grief. Which of the following is not one of those emotional stages?

A)Depression
B)Confusion
C)Acceptance
D)Bargaining

Question 17

Piaget's model of childhood development identifies four stages of cognitive development that individuals move through as they grow up. Which of those stages is defined by the ability to retain mental representations of things when they are not physically present?

A)Preoperational stage
B)Sensorimotor stage
C)Formal operations stage
D)Concrete operational stage

Question 18

The information processing view of cognitive development competes with Piaget's model. Which of the following theories of information processing does not counter the corresponding stage of development in Piaget's model?

A)Children cannot coordinate memory with visual and manual tasks; sensorimotor stage
B)Children understand conservation tasks, but cannot distinguish between different types of conservation due to language limitations; concrete operational stage
C)Memory storage and the ability to use logic and deductive reasoning are not consistently present, but a result of better information-processing skills acquired by some children; formal operations stage
D)Children are able to mentally transform an object and reverse this transformation, but may not be able to perform number conservation; preoperational stage

Question 19

James Marcia's theory of identity achievement claims that there are two distinct parts to adolescent identity development: time of choosing (or crisis) and commitment. He proposed four identity statuses of psychological identity development based on this theory. Which of those statuses refers to someone who is in the midst of a crisis but has not made commitments?

A)Identity diffusion
B)Identity foreclosure
C)Identity moratorium
D)identity achievement

Question 20

Freud's exploration of the Oedipus conflict and possible sexual etiologies of neurosis contributed to his theory of psychosexual development. His theory includes three stages that children go through early in life. In what order do those three stages occur, according to Freud?

A)Anal, oral, phallic
B)Oral, anal, phallic
C)Phallic, oral, anal
D)Oral, anal, genital

Question 21

The separation-individuation theory of childhood development, proposed by Mahler, delineates a few main phases and several overlapping sub-phases that occur in children between birth and two or more years of age. Which main phase does the sub-phase rapprochement occur during?

A)Normal symbiotic phase
B)Normal autistic phase
C)Separation-individuation phase
D)Normal hatching phase

Question 22

Erik Erikson, a Neo-Freudian, postulated eight stages of psychosocial development, rather than Freud's original five. He believed that each stage was marked by a conflict and an event that brought about resolution of that conflict. Which of the stages in his theory is marked by the conflict between trust and mistrust?

A)Love
B)Hope
C)Fidelity
D)Competence

Question 23

Developmental psychologists have proposed two kinds of change: qualitative and quantitative. Proponents of quantitative change believe that development is gradual and continuous. Which of the following psychologists adheres to this belief?

A)Piaget
B)Case
C)Kohlberg
D)Erikson

Question 24

Piaget's model of childhood development identifies four stages of cognitive development that individuals move through as they grow up. Which of those stages involves animistic thinking-giving inanimate objects psychological attributes?

A)Preoperational stage
B)Sensorimotor stage
C)Conservation stage
D)Formal operational stage

Question 25

Personality development is considered to be a lifelong process. According to Levinson's theory, Seasons of a Man's Life, what phase of development is a man who is making personality judgments as a result of abandoning his early adulthood perspective in?

A)Age 30 transition
B)Mid-life transition
C)Middle adulthood
D)Settling down

Question 26

Mary Ainsworth studied the attachment relationship between infants and caregivers and identified three levels of attachment. Which of the following is not one of the types of attachment identified by Ainsworth?

A)Secure attachment
B)Disorganized attachment
C)Avoidant attachment
D)Ambivalent attachment

Question 27

James Marcia's theory of identity achievement claims that there are two distinct parts to adolescent identity development: time of choosing or crisis and commitment. He proposed four identity statuses based on this theory. A teenager who has committed to a goal without exploring alternatives is in which state?

A)Identity achievement
B)Identity diffusion
C)Foreclosure
D)Moratorium

Question 28

Research into potential negative effects of maternal employment and daycare on children has concluded which of the following?

A)High quality daycare may negatively impact children.
B)High quality daycare may be less detrimental to boys than to girls.
C)High quality daycare may have a positive effect on children's development of social skills.
D)Maternal employment can lead to gender stereotyping.

Question 29

Diana Baumrind studied socialization in the context of the parent-child relationship, and identified three parenting patterns. Which of the following is not one of those patterns?

A)Authoritarian
B)Authoritative
C)Permissive
D)Avoidant

Question 30

Divorce is thought to be potentially detrimental to childhood development. Based on studies and common conclusions, which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the effect of divorce on development?

A)Girls experience more internalizing behaviors and sleeper effects.
B)Boys experience fewer short- and long-term consequences than girls.
C)Preschool-age children experience the worst short-term effects.
D)Living with the same sex parent after divorce is usually better.

Question 31

Health varies over a lifespan and is impacted by a number of factors, including age, diet, drug use, stress levels, and psychosocial factors. The Holmes and Rahe Social Readjustment Rating Scale was developed to measure the relationship between poor health and which factor?

A)Drug use
B)Stress
C)Diet
D)Age

Question 32

Developmental psychopathology looks at risk and protective factors during childhood and adolescence that can lead to illness. Garmezy published early research on protective factors, such as supportive family environment. Which of the following terms is defined by his ideas?

A)Resilience
B)Stable environment
C)Emotional strength
D)Interpersonal protection

Question 33

Certain chromosomal abnormalities cause disorders that significantly impact physical and cognitive capabilities. Which of the following disorders is indicated by rapid speech, abnormal facial structure, and working memory impairment in males?

A)Klinefelter's syndrome
B)Fragile X syndrome
C)Down's syndrome
D)Asperger syndrome

Question 34

Rett's disorder, a pattern of developmental regression that results in permanent behavioral and communicative problems, becomes apparent in childhood. How long after birth is development typically normal before signs of the disorder manifest?

A)Four months
B)Four years
C)Six months
D)Three years

Question 35

Vascular dementia is the second most common type of dementia in older adults. Which of the following is NOT true of vascular dementia?

A)Rapid deterioration can occur
B)Cause is related to cerebrovascular disease
C)Intellectual impairment is patchy rather than uniform
D)Intellectual impairment is global and uniform

Question 36

What cognitive disorder involves both atypical movements and dementia in all cases?

A)Pick's disease
B)Huntington's disease
C)Parkinson's disease
D)Vascular dementia

Question 37

Donald Super's Archway Model of Career Determinants theory explains how these three factors impact an individual's career development over a lifetime.

A)Physiological, sociological, psychological
B)Biographical, sociological, psychological
C)Biographical, physiological, economical
D)Sociological, psychological, physiological

Question 38

In Donald Super's development of self-concept theory, he establishes five stages of career and life development. One of these stages is the exploration stage, which is characterized by __________ . Choose all that apply.

A)Examines variety of careers
B)Development of skills
C)Discerns which career choices are realistic
D)All of the above

Question 39

Elderly couples are concerned about which of the following?

A)Finances
B)Physical health
C)Memory loss
D)All of the above

Question 40

Adolescence is the period of growth, and maturity that typically falls between the ages 12 and 18. Adolescence is often a hard time for children. Some of these difficult experiences can include __________ . Choose all that apply.

A)Sexual exploration
B)Attachment
C)Peer pressure
D)Physical changes

Question 41

One way to move away from an age-segregated society, and towards an age-integrated society is to __________ .

A)Eliminate requirement to identify with an age bracket on official forms
B)Restructure work-related opportunities
C)Change age limitations on gambling, purchasing alcohol, etc.
D)Require age bracket identification on all official forms

Question 42

According to Erikson's trust vs. mistrust stage of development, why might a child grow up transferring a feeling of mistrust from relationship to relationship?

A)Parental care was consistent in first year of life
B)Parental care was inconsistent in teenage years
C)Parental care was inconsistent in first year of life
D)Education was insufficient in elementary school

Question 43

Generativity refers to the feeling of obligation to, and concern for __________ .

A)The ageing population
B)Future generations
C)Psychological health
D)None of the above

Question 44

M. Holden explores impediments to persona, and transpersonal development. Holden posits a major barrier to development is cognitive immaturity, which examines an individual's consideration, and awareness of one's own __________ .

A)Biases
B)Lack of introspection
C)Thought processes
D)Communication

Question 45

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development identifies eight stages people go through in the course of a lifetime. Each stage is connected to a psychosocial predicament that one must work through, in order to move on to the next developmental stage. In the identity vs. role confusion stage, what question might a person ask himself or herself as part of working towards the next stage?

A)"Can I Love?"
B)"Is it OK to be Me?"
C)"Can I Make My Life Count?"
D)"Who Am I?"

Question 46

During Erikson's ego integrity vs. despair stage of psychosocial development, people seek to reflect back on life. If this stage proves to be unproductive, this means an individual may be left feeling __________ .

A)Regretful
B)Accomplished
C)Desperate
D)Angry

Question 47

Lawrence Kohlberg moral stages of development are broken down into three distinct levels. The first level is called Pre-conventional Morality, where an individual learns __________ . Choose all that apply.

A)Punishment Orientation
B)Individualism
C)Interpersonal Relationships
D)Universal Principles

Question 48

Erikson's autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage of psychosocial development identifies __________ as an important event/happening during this phase of maturation.

A)Social relationships
B)Exploration
C)Toilet training
D)School

Question 49

In which stage of Erikson's psychosocial theory of development is caring for others a main focus?

A)Trust vs. Mistrust
B)Integrity vs. Despair
C)Generativity vs. Stagnation
D)Initiative vs. Guilt

Question 50

Piaget's concrete operational stage of development is known as a turning point for a person's cognitive development. This is because it indicates the start of __________ thinking.

A)Cognitive
B)Logical
C)Introspective
D)Conservative

Question 51

Smith's thinking has improved with age in some areas and declined in others. This description best illustrates which theory of development?

A)Psychoanalytic theory
B)Baltes' selective optimization with compensation
C)Erikson's age linked tasks
D)The contextualist lifespan developmental approach

Question 52

According to Erikson's autonomy vs. shame stage, toddlers need to begin to assert their independence. Parents and caregivers can either support, or discourage this independence. If a parent or caregiver is overly __________ of the child, the result can be feelings of inadequacy and increased dependence on others.

A)Contradictory
B)Unsupportive
C)Approving
D)Critical and/or controlling

Question 53

In 1890, William James suggested that infants grasped only the basic emotions: happy, sad, and angry. Recent research has revealed:

A)James was wrong. Long before babies form their first words or attempt to sit up, they are already mastering complex emotions (e.g., jealousy, empathy, frustration).
B)James was wrong. Immediately following their first words, infants master complex emotions (e.g., jealousy, empathy, frustration).
C)James was right. Infants do not have the capacity for complex emotions (e.g., jealousy, empathy, frustration).
D)James was right. Infants do have the capacity for complex emotions, but are too focused on other aspects of development and thus do not develop the complex emotions until later (e.g., jealousy, empathy, frustration).

Question 54

In the strange situation, an infant who explores her environment independently, but returns to her father occasionally, exhibits distress when her father leaves, and goes to him when he returns, is said to be:

A)Securely attached
B)Avoidant
C)Resistant
D)Disorganized

Question 55

A child whose parents are going through a divorce may experience a myriad of feelings including __________ .

A)Confusion
B)Abandonment
C)Guilt
D)All of the above

Question 56

Genie, a victim of severe child abuse and neglect, did not begin to learn to speak until she was almost 14 years old. Though she developed language, she was never able to speak as fluently or with as much vocabulary as a child who was not subjected to neglect and social isolation. This case gives evidence for which type of development?

A)Continuity
B)Stages
C)Stability
D)Critical periods

Question 57

What does socioeconomic status (SES) have to do with aging and health? Choose all that apply.

A)A person can afford better medical care and food with a higher income
B)More money makes everything look better, even aging
C)If you have a better income, you can afford to travel or join a gym
D)None of the above

Question 58

Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most prevalent diagnosis for children under the age of ten. What is something (besides hyperactivity) a parent could look out for in a child who may have ADHD. Choose all that apply.

A)Completing homework/chores
B)Taking turns
C)Sharing
D)All of the above

Question 59

Proliferation refers to:

A)The process in which new neurons travel to their final destination
B)Production of new cells
C)The process of myelin sheath formation
D)The process during which cells specialize

Question 60

A child named Ann tells you that it is okay for her to steal a candy bar from a store in order to make her friends like her more. According to Kohlberg's theory, she is likely to be at what stage of her moral development?

A)Law and Order
B)Good-boy/good-girl
C)Punishment and Obedience
D)Instrumental Hedonism

Question 61

The stepfather-stepchild relationship is likely to be the most problematic when:

A)The stepchild is a kindergarten aged girl
B)The stepchild is a teenage girl
C)The stepchild is a kindergarten aged boy
D)The stepchild is a teenage boy

Question 62

At what stage are children using magical thinking according to Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory?

A)Formal Operational Stage
B)Preoperational Stage
C)Sensorimotor Stage
D)Concrete Operational Stage

Question 63

Sharon's parents have a permissive parenting style. When she grows up she is likely to:

A)Have juvenile delinquencies
B)Have high self-esteem
C)Be low in achievement
D)Be aggressive

Question 64

A child participating in Piaget's experiment has just learned to imagine how the room in which she is sitting must look like from Piaget's perspective. How old is the child likely to be according to Piaget?

A)0-2-years old
B)2-7-years old
C)7-11-years old
D)Over 11-years old

Question 65

According to Marcia, adolescents who have not experienced identity crisis but have adopted their parent's ideologies are at what stage?

A)Identity Foreclosure
B)Identity Achievement
C)Identity Diffusion
D)Identity Moratorium

Question 66

Some studies suggest that bilingual children perform better than monolingual children in studies measuring:

A)Vocabulary size
B)Executive functions
C)Sound discrimination abilities in noise
D)Academic achievements

Question 67

Instead of a sensitive period, there is a critical period in:

A)Being able to attach to a caretaker
B)Learning a second language
C)Being able to combine information from two eyes
D)Learning to play an instrument

Question 68

When investigating risk factors that could negatively influence a child's psychological growth, Rutter (1985) identified six family risk factors. Which of the following is NOT a risk factor identified by Rutter:

A)Parental criminality
B)Living in a single-parent household
C)Low socioeconomic status
D)Maternal psychopathology

Question 69

A child's parents argue constantly and often have foul moods. Whenever they talk to the child, he is left feeling anxious. As a result of constantly worrying at home, the child often feels tired at school and has trouble answering questions from his teachers. Which component of Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model (2004) best describes this situation?

A)Microsystem
B)Mesosystem
C)Exosystem
D)Macrosystem

Question 70

Alterations in chromosome structure can occur through a number of ways. Which of the following describes inversion?

A)A chromosome broken in two places is reattached upside down
B)A segment of a chromosome is transferred to another
C)A part of a chromosome goes missing
D)None of the above

Question 71

Which one of these statements concerning fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal alcohol effects (FAE) is true?

A)FAS is more common than FAE.
B)The symptoms of both FAS and FAE are not permanent.
C)Compared to FAS, the symptoms of FAE are more severe.
D)Children with FAE are less likely to be born with facial abnormalities and intellectual disabilities than children born with FAS.

Question 72

According to the framework created by Baumrind and her colleagues (1991), an authoritative parent is one who:

A)Has high demands, low responsivity, imposes standards on how to behave, and uses threats and punishments
B)Combines both reasoned control and responsivity to create high standards and uses rewards, praise, and explanations
C)Shows little responsivity or demands while likely being hostile towards the child
D)Cares deeply for the child but sets very few demands and is generally non-punitive