Deck 7: Social and Cultural Bases of Behavior

Question 1

Self-conception refers to a person's beliefs about their attributes. The overjustification hypothesis suggests that:

A)Rewarding people for doing something enjoyable can undermine their interest in the activity.
B)Not rewarding people for doing something enjoyable can undermine their interest in the activity.
C)Emotion can be experienced only after someone has experienced a physiological arousal and a cognitive interpretation of that arousal.
D)When lacking strong internal cues, people infer by observing their behavior in the situational context.

Answer 1

Rewarding people for doing something enjoyable can undermine their interest in the activity.

Question 2

Social psychology studies the way individual behavior and social contexts influence each other. Attribution theory focuses on the explanations individuals generate to explain specific events or outcomes. Fritz Heider, one of the early developers of this theory, proposed that people make two types of attributions. What does he call those attributions?

A)Dispositional and distinctive
B)Dispositional and situational
C)Situational and distinctive
D)Consensus-based and consistency-based

Answer 2

Dispositional and situational

Question 3

Social psychology studies the way individual behavior and social contexts influence each other. Attribution theory focuses on the explanations individuals generate to explain specific events or outcomes. Harold Kelley discussed types of information people consider when they make attributions. According to Kelley, people tend to make internal attributions when behavior has what qualities?

A)Low in distinctiveness and consensus, high in consistency
B)Low in consistency and consensus, high in distinctiveness
C)High in consistency and distinctiveness, low in consensus
D)High in consistency and consensus, low in distinctiveness

Answer 3

Low in distinctiveness and consensus, high in consistency

Question 4

Social psychology studies the way individual behavior and social contexts influence each other. Attribution theory focuses on the explanations individuals generate to explain specific events or outcomes. Bernard Weiner developed elements of attribution theory to further explain internal and external dimensions of attributions. Which of the following elements was NOT explained by Weiner in his elaboration of attribution?

A)Stability
B)Locus
C)Controllability
D)Distinctiveness

Question 5

Attribution theory focuses on the explanations individuals generate to explain specific events or outcomes. There are common biases that accompany attributions. What is bias toward internally attributing the behavior of others while overlooking situational variables called?

A)Fundamental attribution bias
B)Actor-observer bias
C)Self-serving bias
D)Dispositional bias

Question 6

Attribution theory focuses on the explanations individuals generate to explain specific events or outcomes. There are common biases that accompany attributions. Which bias involves attributions only about one's own behavior?

A)Fundamental attribution bias
B)Personal bias
C)Actor-observer bias
D)Hedonic bias

Question 7

In social psychology, heuristics refers to short or efficient cognitive methods of categorizing people or events and making decisions. These methods are simple, but often incorrect. What common heuristic refers to judgment made about a person or event based on what the individual making the judgment believes to be a typical example?

A)Availability heuristic
B)Representative heuristic
C)Simulation heuristic
D)Anchoring heuristic

Question 8

In social psychology, heuristics refers to short or efficient cognitive methods of categorizing people or events and making decisions. These methods are simple, but often incorrect. What common heuristic refers to judgments made based on the capability of forming a mental image about a situation?

A)Simulation heuristic
B)Representative heuristic
C)Familiarity heuristic
D)Gaze heuristic

Question 9

In social psychology, heuristics refers to short or efficient cognitive methods of categorizing people or events and making decisions. These methods are simple, but often incorrect. What is involved in the anchoring and adjustment?

A)Determining likelihood of a situation based on level of exposure to it
B)Focusing on one trait or piece of information while overlooking others in decision-making
C)Basing decisions on similarities between current and past situations
D)Determining likelihood of a situation based on ability to envision it

Question 10

Social psychology studies the way individual behavior and social contexts influence each other. George Kelley's personal construct theory discussed how people develop and maintain views of the external world. Which of the following ideas is NOT part of his theory?

A)People perceive the world based on anticipation and prediction.
B)People base expectations of future experiences on past experiences.
C)People make judgments about the world based on specific memory of past events.
D)People based opinions and feelings on various constructs that represent polar opposites of one impression or feeling.

Question 11

It has been observed that cyclists tend to have faster racing times when practicing with a team as compared to practicing alone. What is this phenomenon known as?

A)Social facilitation
B)Shaping
C)Modeling
D)Social influence

Question 12

A researcher conducting a study wants to elicit cognitive dissonance from her subjects. Based on Festinger and Carlsmith's 1959 experiment, which of the following options is the best way to do so?

A)Pay subjects a large sum of money
B)Pay subjects a small sum of money
C)Allow subjects to determine amount of pay
D)Do not pay subjects

Question 13

In social psychology, the Zeigarnik effect refers to which phenomenon?

A)People remember uncompleted or interrupted tasks better than completed ones
B)People remember completed tasks better than uncompleted or interrupted ones
C)People perform a task better when being observed by others
D)People experience tension when being observed by others while performing a task

Question 14

In social psychology, an attitude refers to a predisposition to respond to certain stimuli or situations. Which of the following is NOT one of the three components of an attitude?

A)Cognitive
B)Intuitive
C)Affective
D)Behavioral

Question 15

In social psychology, an attitude refers to a predisposition to respond to certain stimuli or situations. What did Richard LaPiere's experiment in the mid-1930s demonstrate about the correlation between different components of attitudes?

A)There is a weak negative correlation between thoughts, feelings, and subsequent behaviors.
B)There is a weak positive correlation between feelings and thoughts, and between feelings and subsequent behaviors
C)There is are strong positive correlations between feelings, thoughts, and behaviors
D)There is a weak positive correlation between thoughts and feelings, and subsequent behaviors

Question 16

In social psychology, an attitude refers to a predisposition to respond to certain stimuli or situations. There are a number of consistency theories about how attitudes are formed in relation to environment and other people. Which of those theories, proposed by Heider, states that when all elements of attitudes between two people are negative, they will work to change their feelings?

A)Symmetry theory
B)Balance theory
C)Congruity theory
D)Self-perception theory

Question 17

In social psychology, an attitude refers to a predisposition to respond to certain stimuli or situations. Newcomb extended the first consistency theory, proposed by Heider in 1946, to factor in the strength of a relationship between two people. What is this theory known as?

A)Balance theory
B)Symmetry theory
C)Congruity theory
D)Self-perception theory

Question 18

In social psychology, an attitude refers to a predisposition to respond to certain stimuli or situations. Friend T and friend X have a strong relationship with each other and T dislikes a political candidate, while X likes that candidate. According to Osgood's congruity theory, what is the likely outcome of this situation?

A)Friend T will change his attitude about the candidate to a more positive or neutral one
B)Friend X will change his attitude about the candidate to a more negative or neutral one
C)Both X and T will change attitudes about the candidate in response to the other's attitude
D)Both X and T will change attitudes about each other

Question 19

In social psychology, an attitude refers to a predisposition to respond to certain stimuli or situations. Consistency theories propose ways that attitudes are formed or changed in relation to environment and other people. The phenomenon of effort justification belongs to which consistency theory?

A)Symmetry theory
B)Congruity theory
C)Self-perception theory
D)Cognitive dissonance

Question 20

In social psychology, an attitude refers to a predisposition to respond to certain stimuli or situations. Cognitive dissonance is a consistency theory that focuses on how people change attitudes in response to discomfort around inconsistencies between their own thoughts and actions. Which of the following types of cognitive dissonance explains a situation in which an individual emphasizes the negative features of a desirable action they did not perform because of a small impediment?

A)Postdecisional dissonance
B)Effort justification
C)Self-perception
D)Insufficient deterrence

Question 21

In social psychology, an attitude refers to a predisposition to respond to certain stimuli or situations. Consistency theories propose ways that attitudes are formed or changed in relation to environment and other people. Which of the following is NOT an example of a consistency theory?

A)Cognitive dissonance
B)Congruity theory
C)Self-perception theory
D)Effort justification theory

Question 22

A number of social psychology theories have been proposed to explain how people maintain and adjust self-conceptions. Which of the following is NOT one of those theories?

A)Cognitive dissonance
B)Self-verification theory
C)Behavioral confirmation
D)Self-enhancement theory

Question 23

A number of social psychology theories have been proposed to explain how people maintain and adjust self-conceptions. Which theory explains the following situation? Someone with low self-esteem seeks out or encourages negative feedback.

A)Behavioral confirmation
B)Self-verification theory
C)Self-enhancement theory
D)Effort justification theory

Question 24

In social psychology, an attitude refers to a predisposition to respond to certain stimuli or situations. Attitude change is often accomplished through persuasion. Someone is introduced to a mild version of an argument and refutes it in order to later avoid being persuaded by a stronger version of that argument. What is that known as?

A)Reactance
B)Inoculation
C)Primacy
D)Justification

Question 25

In social psychology, an attitude refers to a predisposition to respond to certain stimuli or situations. Attitude change is often accomplished through persuasion. What is considered to be the most important factor in persuasion when trying to change important beliefs?

A)Similarity
B)Validation
C)Credibility
D)Recency effect

Question 26

In social psychology, an attitude refers to a predisposition to respond to certain stimuli or situations. Attitude change is often accomplished through persuasion. When you are trying to convince someone who is well informed on the subject of something that person does not already believe, what would Hovland claim is the best tactic?

A)Strong presentation of one your side of the argument
B)Presentation of both sides of the argument
C)Point out the flaws in the other person's side of the argument
D)Multiple presentations of your side of the argument

Question 27

In social psychology, an attitude refers to a predisposition to respond to certain stimuli or situations. Attitude change is often accomplished through persuasion. According to the elaboration model of persuasion, what is used in the following situation? An expert on the subject speaks to an audience of a similar demographic to the speaker and focuses on an array of details about the subject?

A)Peripheral route
B)Central route
C)Similarity route
D)Gradual route

Question 28

Social psychology outlines three main types of conflicts that occur when people are forced to make a choice between incompatible options. A person is deciding between two new cars; once she becomes more favorably inclined toward one, she will likely find the other less appealing. What is this known as?

A)Approach-avoidance conflict
B)Approach-approach conflict
C)Primacy conflict
D)Avoidance conflict

Question 29

Prejudice has roots in a number of psychological and environmental factors. Theodor Adorno designed a test known as the F-scale to measure a certain personality trait that contributes to prejudice. What does the F-scale measure?

A)Sexism
B)Authoritarianism
C)Neuroticism
D)Competitiveness

Question 30

Research on reducing prejudice has discovered that reducing competition is somewhat effective. What concept did Sherif's Robbers Cave study demonstrate is valuable in combating prejudice?

A)Superordinate goals
B)Conflict resolution
C)Teaching acceptance
D)Inoculation

Question 31

Person perception refers to ways people form impressions of others. Rosenhan conducted a pseudopatient experiment in 1973 to explore the social context of forming impressions. In that experiment, who recognized that patients were simply pretending to be psychotic rather than actually experiencing psychosis?

A)Other patients
B)Doctors
C)Other medical staff
D)No one

Question 32

A Japanese woman asks an acquaintance for a referral to a good therapist to discuss current stressors in her life. The acquaintance refers her to a counselor who uses Zen meditation in his practice. What is the acquaintance demonstrating?

A)Racism
B)A culturally appropriate referral
C)Confirmation bias
D)Fundamental attribution error

Question 33

Studies of communication have noted various gender differences in terms of styles of communication. Which of the following is NOT a commonly-observed trait of women's speech?

A)Rapport-building
B)Hesitations
C)Asking rhetorical questions
D)Using cogent arguments

Question 34

There is a situation in which a number of people witness the extended murder of someone on the street without doing anything to help. What phenomenon is operating here?

A)Social influence
B)Social loafing
C)Diffusion of responsibility
D)Confused responsibility

Question 35

Theories about aggression focus on both internal (biological) and external (social learning) factors. What theory was proposed by Dollard in 1939?

A)Social learning theory
B)Frustration-aggression hypothesis
C)Crowding theory
D)Group membership theory

Question 36

Studies on the relationship between viewing violence on TV and performing violence suggest a positive relationship. What theory of aggression do those findings contradict?

A)Group membership theory
B)Social learning theory
C)Catharsis theory
D)Crowding theory

Question 37

Conformity refers to changing individual behavior in response to concrete or imagined social pressure. Sherif's 1935 study on conformity examined what phenomenon?

A)The phi phenomenon
B)The autokinetic effect
C)Minority influence
D)Groupthink

Question 38

Conformity refers to changing individual behavior in response to concrete or imagined social pressure. In 1951, Asch studied conformity in responses to a simple identification task performed in groups. After further experimentation, Asch concluded that which of the following factors had a major influence on degree of conformity?

A)Intelligence, attractiveness
B)Group size, attractiveness
C)Unanimity, intelligence
D)Group size, unanimity

Question 39

Milgram's classic studies on obedience explored the influence of authority on obedience; more than half his subjects performed what they perceived to be serious harm under instruction. What technique might have played a role in his experiment?

A)Foot-in-the-door technique
B)Forceful suggestion technique
C)Fear-induced compliance
D)Risky shift technique

Question 40

Zimbardo studied group influence on behavior in a couple of different experiments that put randomly selected individuals in positions of power over other randomly selected individuals. His experiments demonstrated the power of what two factors of group influence?

A)Groupthink, power struggles
B)Deindividuation, anonymity
C)Anonymity, conformity
D)Deindividuation, conformity

Question 41

Research on behavior during group task performance has resulted in varying theories about social influence on task performance. Someone working with a group on a difficult class project does less work because of the complexity of the project. Which phenomenon does this situation likely demonstrate?

A)Social facilitation
B)Social loafing
C)Social inhibition
D)Social intimidation

Question 42

Research on delinquency and aggression in children and teenagers points to one major source of these social problems. Patterson's coercion model of aggression presents three steps that lead to delinquency. What is the first step of this model?

A)Observing coercive behavior in parents
B)Observing coercive behavior of peers
C)Peer rejection due to conduct problems
D)Observing coercive behavior on television

Question 43

Studies on educational issues suggest a strong link between teachers' expectations and students' performance. What is this connection known as?

A)Montessori effect
B)Rosenthal effect
C)Perry effect
D)Bandura effect

Question 44

In 1999, Chartrand and Bargh conducted a study on interpersonal communication and behavior which resulted in a theory called the chameleon effect. What does this theory claim?

A)That people are likely to adopt personality traits of those around them they like and respect
B)That people unconsciously change linguistic patterns and styles of communication to match those they are interacting with
C)That people unconsciously mimic physical behaviors and mannerisms of those they are interacting with
D)That people tend to respond to others' emotional states by either counterbalancing with their own emotional state or matching it to those they are interacting with

Question 45

In his work on group therapy techniques, Irvin Yalom identified twelve factors of group therapy that contribute to the benefits of those being involved in a group. Which of those factors is considered to be the single most important component of group therapy?

A)Insight
B)Interpersonal learning
C)Cohesiveness
D)Altruism

Question 46

Beth, a team supervisor, likes Tom, one of her coworkers, least out of all her subordinates. She gives him a high rating when asked to rate all her colleagues. Based on Fiedler's contingency theory, which of the following is true about Beth? Choose all that apply.

A)She would be an effective leader in a moderately favorable situation
B)She would be an effective leader in a very unfavorable situation
C)She would be an effective leader in a very favorable situation
D)None of the above

Question 47

Andy readily complies with direction or requests from his immediate superior because they get along well and Andy respects his intelligence. Based on theories of power in the workplace, what type of power does Andy likely feel?

A)Reward power
B)Legitimate power
C)Referent power
D)Expert power

Question 48

Joan is inclined towards creativity and experimentation in her job. She is given projects that allow her to express creativity and fulfill that need. Which of the following theories claims that chain of events will lead to her need for creativity becoming stronger, rather than simply being satisfied?

A)McClelland's acquired needs theory
B)Alderfer's ERG theory
C)General expectancy theory
D)Locke's goal setting theory

Question 49

An employee who has been capable of producing excellent results in the past when working on her own performs at a mediocre level when working with a team of coworker who typically produces standard results. What is this known as?

A)Ringelmann effect
B)Laziness
C)Job dissatisfaction effect
D)Social facilitation

Question 50

Ecological systems theory, developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner, discusses four types of nested environmental systems that influence each other. Which of those systems is composed of connections between immediate environments?

A)Microsystem
B)Macrosystem
C)Mesosystem
D)Chronosystem

Question 51

Instincts are one path psychologists use to explain certain human behaviors. There are four criteria that must be met in order for a behavior to be considered instinctive. Which of the following is NOT one of those criteria?

A)It is characteristic of one species
B)It is characteristic of all species
C)It is consistent
D)It occurs in both the absence and presence of specific stimuli

Question 52

Instincts are characteristics of one species that are innate and organized. A fixed action pattern (FAP) is a description of certain instinctive behavior. What is the best description of a fixed action pattern?

A)It is an innate response to a certain stimuli
B)It is the failure of an organism to respond to certain stimuli
C)It is a behavioral sequence that is unlearned and runs to completion
D)It is the action in the brain that triggers instinctive behavior in response to certain stimuli

Question 53

Evolutionary heritage refers to psychological functions that result directly from brain functions. Which of the following is NOT an example of evolutionary heritage?

A)Sweet tooth
B)Memory ability
C)Sexual behavior
D)Pain perception

Question 54

What was Stern's theory about behavior and ability in the nature vs. nurture debate?

A)Rubber-band hypothesis
B)Stretching hypothesis
C)Rubber-egg hypothesis
D)Hereditary hypothesis

Question 55

Which of the following beliefs or practices are common to both cognitive therapy and psychoanalysis?

A)They focus on links between repressed emotions and current behavior
B)They are structured and long term
C)The psychologist will often take notes during sessions
D)They assume that behavior may be influenced by subconscious beliefs

Question 56

Transactional analysis (TA) integrates theories of psychoanalysis, cognitive, and humanist approaches to therapy, and is meant to simplify a patient's understanding of maladaptive behavior. Which of the following is not a philosophy or specific concept of TA?

A)There are three main ego states: Adult, Child, and Parent.
B)A person's life position-their unconscious feeling about life-influences daily interactions.
C)The goal of TA therapy is to affect permanent change in the way the patient makes decisions and create freedom from childhood patterns, rather than to simply understand these issues better and progress towards changing them.
D)Transactions refer to the interplay of different ego states within a patient.

Question 57

Defense mechanisms, according to Freudian psychology, are employed by the ego to cope with pressures of reality and resolve conflicting drives of the id. Which of the following defense mechanisms is characterized by identifying the self and others as either good or bad?

A)Projection identification
B)Displacement
C)Splitting
D)Rationalization

Question 58

What is the correct meaning of catharsis as it is defined in psychoanalysis?

A)Recall of unconscious information leading to emotional release
B)Emotional release resulting from finding solutions to a primary maladaptive behavior
C)Making connections between current behaviors and unconscious information
D)Learning how to adapt current behavior to alleviate stressful emotional states

Question 59

Behaviorist views have received criticism from a number of other schools of thought. Ethologists, for example, claim that behaviorists ignore evolutionary built-in biases in learning. They also disagree with which of the following behaviorist practice?

A)The use of humans in lab experiments
B)The use of trial-and-error
C)The use of animals in lab experiments
D)The use of the operant conditioning principle

Question 60

Client-centered therapy (also known PCT and associated with Carl Rogers) is a form of talk therapy in which the therapist encourages and facilitates personal growth in a supportive environment. Which of the following concepts associated with this therapeutic model is NOT correctly defined?

A)Incongruence: conflict between self-awareness and experiences
B)Unconditional positive regard: client learns to fully accept themselves without judgment or disapproval
C)Empathy: understanding a client's internal frame of reference
D)Goal: self-actualization and decreasing incongruence

Question 61

Neo-Freudians like Erich Fromm focused on sociocultural personality determinants, downplaying the role of instincts in personality development. One of Fromm's theories refers to two ways individuals relate to the world-assimilation and socialization-and negative character types that develop from these relational strategies. Which of the following character types is not one of those four?

A)Productive
B)Exploitative
C)Receptive
D)Marketing

Question 62

Erich Fromm, a Neo-Freudian, postulated eight basic needs that people have in relation to the world. Which of the following is not one of those eight?

A)Transcendence
B)Relatedness
C)Effectiveness
D)Independence

Question 63

Imagine that you have a client who, in order to avoid becoming anxious, is replacing unacceptable urges with polar opposite urges. According to the Freudian psychoanalytic theory, what type of defense mechanism is your client displaying?

A)Repression
B)Reaction formation
C)Denial
D)Projection

Question 64

The Big Five model of personality types is a comprehensive explanation of personality commonly accepted in contemporary psychology. An employee at a large firm who is considered to be accepting, easy to work with, and caring falls into which personality type?

A)Extraversion
B)Agreeableness
C)Conscientiousness
D)Openness to experience

Question 65

Social learning theory, one idea of behaviorist thought, is the idea that people can learn new behaviors through observational learning. There are different modeling procedures based on this concept. Which of those procedures involves observation of a film in which a model demonstrates progressively more intimate interactions with a certain setting or object?

A)Live modeling
B)In-vivo modeling
C)Symbolic modeling
D)Visual modeling

Question 66

Social learning theory, one idea of behaviorist thought, is the idea that people can learn new behaviors through observational learning. There are different modeling procedures based on this concept. Which of those procedures involves viewing a model interacting with a patient's negative stimulus and also interacting with the model directly?

A)Visual modeling
B)Symbolic modeling
C)Guided modeling
D)Participant modeling

Question 67

Freud's theory of human nature divides personality into three parts: the id, the ego, and the superego. Each component is responsible for different aspects of thoughts, behaviors, and beliefs. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the id, the ego, or the superego, according to Freud?

A)The ego serves to balance and limit basic instincts and biological drives.
B)The ego is somewhat unconscious and is believed to be present at birth.
C)The superego keeps the id in check.
D)The id balances the superego by enforcing basic biological drives.

Question 68

Freud identified two types of mental functioning, delineated by their level of consciousness and involvement with the external world. What are those two kinds?

A)Ego and id processes
B)Primary and secondary processes
C)Internal and external processes
D)Instinctual and moral processes

Question 69

According to Freud, ego-defense mechanisms are employed by the brain and distort reality in order to reduce anxiety. He believed that anxiety was the result of urges from the id entering consciousness, rather than being successfully controlled by the ego. Defense mechanisms work to ignore those urges, rather than to successfully remove them from consciousness. Which defense mechanism involves retreating to an earlier stage of functioning that is safer and less demanding?

A)Repression
B)Regression
C)Displacement
D)Protection

Question 70

According to Freud, ego-defense mechanisms are employed by the brain and distort reality in order to reduce anxiety. He believed that anxiety was the result of urges from the id entering consciousness rather than being successfully controlled by the ego. Defense mechanisms work to ignore those urges, rather than to successfully remove them from consciousness. Which defense mechanism can be seen at work in the development of phobias?

A)Projection
B)Rationalization
C)Displacement
D)Sublimation

Question 71

According to Freud, ego-defense mechanisms are employed by the brain and distort reality in order to reduce anxiety. He believed that anxiety was the result of urges from the id entering consciousness rather than being successfully controlled by the ego. Defense mechanisms typically work to ignore those urges, rather than to successfully remove them from consciousness. Which defense mechanism involves finding socially acceptable outlets for impulses?

A)Reaction formation
B)Splitting
C)Sublimation
D)Projection

Question 72

Theodore Millon drew connections between Freud's ego-defense mechanisms and various personality disorders, claiming that certain personality disorders rely on a primary defense mechanism. Which defense mechanism does someone with borderline personality disorder utilize, according to Millon?

A)Reaction formation
B)Intellectualization
C)Regression
D)Dissociation

Question 73

A number of psychologists expanded on Freud's theories and classical psychoanalysis by integrating newer ideas into his original framework. One subset, the ego-psychologists, focused on the ego as a guiding force in an individual's mastery of life, rather than simply a component of personality forced to constantly contend with the id. Which ego psychologist first proposed the idea that the ego developed parallel to the id, rather than after the id?

A)Anna Freud
B)Heinz Hartmann
C)Margaret Mahler
D)Alex Unger

Question 74

A number of psychologists expanded on Freud's theories and classical psychoanalysis by integrating newer ideas into his original framework. One subset, the ego-psychologists, focused on the ego as a guiding force in an individual's mastery of life, rather than simply a component of personality forced to constantly contend with the id. Which ego psychologist expanded on Freud's theory of personality development with an eight-stage model?

A)Anna Freud
B)Erik Erikson
C)Heinz Hartmann
D)Erich Fromm

Question 75

A number of psychologists expanded on Freud's theories and classical psychoanalysis by integrating newer ideas into his original framework. Which Neo-Freudian subset focused on integrating parts of the self and integrating good with bad to form whole object representations?

A)Ego psychologists
B)Object-relations theorists
C)Object formation development theorists
D)Neo-Freudians

Question 76

A number of psychologists expanded on Freud's theories and classical psychoanalysis by integrating newer ideas into his original framework. Object-relations theory focuses on integrating parts of the self and integrating good with bad to form whole object representations, which are thought to be necessary for satisfying relationships. Which object-relations theorist identified splitting as a defense mechanism used by infants when they felt ambivalent toward their caretakers?

A)Melanie Klein
B)D)W. Winnicott
C)Anna Freud
D)Margaret Mahler

Question 77

A number of psychologists expanded on Freud's theories and classical psychoanalysis by integrating newer ideas into his original framework. Object-relations theory focuses on integrating parts of the self and integrating good with bad to form whole object representations, which are thought to be necessary for satisfying relationships. Which object-relations theorist developed a theory to explain the process of separation and individuation in children?

A)Margaret Mahler
B)D)W. Winnicott
C)Melanie Klein
D)Scott Stuart

Question 78

A number of psychologists expanded on Freud's theories and classical psychoanalysis by integrating newer ideas into his original framework. Which psychologist, operating in the school of self-psychology, expanded on the stages of development in infants and children with the idea of primary narcissism?

A)Anna Freud
B)Heinz Kohut
C)Karen Horney
D)Alfred Adler

Question 79

A number of psychologists expanded on Freud's theories and classical psychoanalysis by integrating newer ideas into his original framework. Neo-Freudians (also known as social psychologists) studied the impact of social and cultural factors on personality development. Which Neo-Freudian defined neurosis as a cultural construct that indicated deviation from common behaviors in a given culture?

A)Erich Fromm
B)Karen Horney
C)Heinz Kohut
D)Alfred Adler

Question 80

Neo-Freudians (also known as social psychologists) studied the impact of social and cultural factors on personality development. Harry Stack Sullivan focused on interpersonal theory and proposed three modes of existence in childhood development. Which of those modes is marked by temporal sequence as the only conception of causality?

A)Prototaxic
B)Parataxic
C)Syntaxic
D)Chronotaxic