Deck 4: Diversity

Question 1

Language is defined as a system of symbols imbued with meaning that permits for communication of innumerable ideas. Which theory regarding the connection between language and culture posits that language structure (concepts and categories) influences or determines cognition?

A)Linguistic relativity principle
B)Language of thought hypothesis
C)Cultural evolution theory
D)Innovative language use

Answer 1

Linguistic relativity principle

Question 2

The APA ethics code has evolved over time to reflect awareness of differences between people. Which of the following terms refers to a view that accounts for cultural background, as opposed to being culturally neutral?

A)Etic
B)Emic
C)Epic
D)Mcet

Answer 2

Emic

Question 3

Berry's theory of acculturation-the process by which members of one cultural group shift attitudes and behaviors to align with a different cultural group- proposes four strategies. Which of the following is NOT one of those strategies?

A)Separation
B)Assimilation
C)Marginalization
D)Enculturation

Answer 3

Enculturation

Question 4

Cultural differences impact views and diagnoses of mental health. Which of the following disorders is similar in symptomatology and prevalence rate across cultures?

A)Depression
B)Schizophrenia
C)Borderline personality disorder
D)Bulimia

Question 5

There are a number of theories about the identity development of different ethnic groups. Which of the following models discusses six stages of racial identity development for white people?

A)Cross's model
B)Atkinson's model
C)Helms' model
D)Boyd's model

Question 6

Margaret Mead studied the development of personality across cultures. She believed that femininity and masculinity were based not on genetic sex, but on which of the following factors?

A)Interpersonal relationships
B)Cultural environment
C)Moral code
D)Economic class

Question 7

Which of the following words or phrases would be the best choice for parents to use when answering their children's questions about a classmate with a disability?

A)Not Normal
B)Can
C)Can't
D)Handicapped
E)Special

Question 8

What is the primary purpose of an Individualized Education Program (IEP)?

A)To place the special needs child in a special class or school in order not to impede either the teacher's established lesson plan or the progress of children who do not require individual attention.
B)To place the special needs child in whatever special class or school is most appropriate for that child's level of functioning.
C)To combine regular classes and special classes in a way that would enable special needs children to participate in regular school activities-both academic and non-academic-and interact with their non-special education classmates.
D)To greatly reduce the need for special schools and classes by structuring an individualized instruction plan that would work entirely in a regular classroom setting.

Question 9

What does the educational practice called Mainstreaming entail?

A)Keeping special needs children not only in regular schools, but regular classrooms.
B)Keeping special needs children in regular schools, but putting them together with non-special needs children just in the main homeroom class.
C)Placing special needs children in special classes in special schools, but with the plan to transfer the higher functioning special needs children to special classes in regular schools.
D)Placing special needs children in special classes in regular schools with the plan to integrate the higher functioning special needs children into regular classes.

Question 10

Large sample size research studies show that there is a substantially higher dropout rate after just one therapy session for minority group clients than for Caucasian clients. This disturbing phenomenon can be primarily traced to what factor?

A)Less comprehensive diagnosis assessments for minority group clients.
B)Less experienced therapists being assigned to the minority group clients.
C)Inappropriate treatment being recommended more often for minority group clients.
D)Poor professional interaction between the therapist and minority group clients.

Question 11

What was a major problem with the widespread use of the earlier individual standardized tests of children's intelligence?

A)An insufficient number of items at the lower end of difficulty.
B)An insufficient number of items at the upper end of difficulty.
C)Test norms skewed in favor of certain segments of the population.
D)Too much scatter in the scores on different subtests.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is a probable reason why there is so much more emphasis on culture, ethnicity, and diversity in 21st century psychology than there used to be?

A)The former notion that the basic principles of behavior were universal and therefore the same for people of any culture is no longer tenable.
B)Psychologists used to be almost exclusively North Americans or Europeans who happened to be white. This is no longer the case.
C)The American population is becoming much more diversified so research studies conducted almost exclusively with white subjects are no longer relevant.
D)All of the above.

Question 13

What would be the least advisable thing for a clinical psychologist to do when the different ethnicity of the psychologist and the client could be adversely affecting the therapeutic process?

A)Assume the problem will eventually resolve itself as the client continues coming for treatment and becomes more comfortable confiding in the therapist.
B)Remain on the case, but talk to a cultural consultant.
C)Request that another psychologist take over the case.
D)Undergo psychological counseling himself.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about dyslexia is most accurate?

A)Most of the children who are dyslexic also have below average intelligence.
B)Dyslexic children frequently have difficulty interacting socially with other children.
C)The presence of emotional problems makes the symptoms of dyslexia worse.
D)There are no known neurobiological conditions contributing to the development of dyslexia.

Question 15

Jamal Glover is a bright and inquisitive 6-year-old in first grade who, according to his mother, is already reading at a third-grade level. His mother has been trying for some time to get him placed in his school district's Gifted and Talented program, with no success. Jamal is now beginning to display disruptive behavior in school, which his mother blames on his being bored. If she were to file a complaint against the school district, what might be a valid argument supporting her case?

A)Low achieving students are being given higher priority than gifted students for Individualized Education Programs (IEP) placement.
B)There are not enough Gifted and Talented program slots available to accommodate everyone applying.
C)Jamal might possibly have been given higher priority with test results and a recommendation coming from a private psychologist, but Mrs. Glover can't afford one.
D)All of the above.

Question 16

Supporting Emotional Needs of the Gifted (SENG) is an organization that works together with both parents and professionals to better serve the needs of gifted children. Which of the following can SENG do for a parent interested in finding more services for a gifted child?

A)Provide additional training about giftedness through reading materials, webinars, and conferences.
B)Test a child for giftedness or provide a referral for someone to do it.
C)Make special referrals to a therapist who specializes in working with gifted children.
D)Recommend a good school for a gifted child.

Question 17

Why might a young therapist in a clinic accepting Medicaid patients and serving an inner city, predominantly black community have a problem implementing psychoanalytic theory?

A)The therapy would not be covered by the patients' insurance.
B)The research studies on which Freud's theories were based used upper class white Austrian women as its samples.
C)The psychologist would need to talk to the patients in terminology that the patients, mostly not college-educated, would not understand.
D)The psychologist's formal academic training focused primarily on newer theories of personality, so the psychologist would not be qualified to use psychoanalysis.

Question 18

Damian Smith, a 14-year-old Afro-American youth from South Chicago, was referred to a therapist because of poor grades and a poor attitude. The boy had a chip on his shoulder and was annoyed about having to see the psychologist when he much rather be playing basketball. He also thought a lot about how his older brother, Sean, had gotten involved with a bad crowd and wound up being arrested. He felt his brother was bullied by the police and got a raw deal. The clinical psychologist who evaluated Damian, an older white man, reported a diagnosis of Antisocial Personality and Cognitive Behavior Disorder. However, the school guidance counselor disagreed with the diagnosis and arranged to have Damian re-evaluated by a different psychologist. That psychologist concurred with the guidance counselor. What might have led to the first psychologist's incorrect diagnosis?

A)The psychologist was having a bad day and took it out on Damian.
B)The psychologist over-diagnosed the severity of Damian's behavior problem because he failed to take cultural attitudes into account.
C)It had been years since the psychologist had seen a patient at all like Damian, so his diagnostic skills pertaining to the type of behavior he displayed were rusty.
D)He was a bigot who just didn't like Afro-Americans.

Question 19

What area of study is of primary interest in the branch of ethnic psychology called Hispanic psychology?

A)Intracultural group differences among Latinos living in the United States or Puerto Rico.
B)Intercultural group differences between Latinos and Non-Latinos living in the United States or Puerto Rico.
C)Intracultural group differences between persons of Latin American origin living in the United States or Puerto Rico and persons of Latin American origin living elsewhere.
D)Intercultural group differences between persons of Latin American origin living in any country and persons not of Latin American origin living in the United States or Puerto Rico.

Question 20

Would it be a good idea, and why, for a non-Hispanic psychologist who is treating a Hispanic child or teenager to meet the other members of the family?

A)Yes, to observe first-hand how they interact with one another and what their family roles are.
B)Yes, because one or more of the other members of the family might need therapy also.
C)No, because it would take time away from treating the person who was referred-the child.
D)No, because the other family members might resent the intrusion into their privacy.

Question 21

A young psychologist named Rivka Brown has just become the assigned therapist for a girl named Maria Lopez. The whole Lopez family, including Maria, her siblings, and grandparents, used to live in Mexico, but later relocated to the United States. Dr. Brown comes from a blended family. Her mother is white and Jewish and her father, divorced from his first wife, is Afro-American. She has a sister who is an engineer and brother who is a hair stylist. The foreign language she studied in school was French, not . Maria was reluctant to see a psychologist to begin with and the therapy is not going well. What do you think is the major problem?

A)Maria doesn't want therapy.
B)Dr. Brown doesn't speak Spanish.
C)Maria is one of Dr. Brown's first patients. She needs more experience to develop into a good therapist.
D)Therapy is complicated by the cultural differences and clashing values of the participants.

Question 22

It has been well established that the school dropout rate for Hispanics, as compared to other students in American schools, is disproportionately high. The findings from Hispanic psychology research suggest that this anomaly can be largely attributed to what factor?

A)Due to the Hispanic students' limited knowledge of the English language, they get poor grades and lose interest in school.
B)The Hispanic students' parents don't consider education that important, so neither do they.
C)The Hispanic students fail to see how staying in school will benefit them.
D)Racially discriminatory practices still persist in American schools.

Question 23

Reasoner is throwing a birthday party for her 10-year-old twin girls, Jana and Joanna. It is going to be a big party with lots of children and she is having a tough time deciding what food to serve that every child will like and be able to eat. Making her task even more of a challenge is that the group of children is so diverse. One child is the son of an orthodox Rabbi. Then there is a Hispanic child, newly arrived with his parents from Santo Domingo. A third child is allergic to shellfish. Mrs. Reasoner e-mails all of the parents, asking for their suggestions, and now has the choice narrowed down to four dishes. Can you help her decide which dish to serve?

A)Hot dogs and beans.
B)Pizza, with three separate serving bowls for toppings.
C)Shrimp empanadas.
D)Cheeseburgers with kosher ketchup.

Question 24

Carol Cohen, a psychotherapy client at the Parker Innovative Therapy for Youth program has just been transferred to a new psychologist, Dr. Cruz. Easter is coming up in two weeks, and Dr. Cruz will be on vacation for a week, so he would like to schedule Ms. Cohen for two appointments the preceding week so she won't fall behind in her therapy. However, Carol explains to the doctor that she can't keep either appointment because on the first day her brother's Bar Mitzvah is taking place and the second appointment date is the first day of Passover. The psychologist feels that Carol is just making excuses because she really doesn't want to be in therapy at all. What is really happening, and why?

A)Everyone is entitled to a vacation, so Carol is being unreasonable. She should agree to at least one of the two appointments being scheduled by her therapist.
B)The doctor should reschedule his vacation another time so it does not disrupt his client's therapy.
C)The doctor needs to be more in tune with and respectful of his client's Jewish heritage.
D)This is an isolated instance of a Jewish holiday and a Christian holiday coming one right after the other in the calendar. There is no real problem because Carol can resume her therapy as soon as the doctor comes back from his vacation.

Question 25

What, besides language barriers, is a major obstacle in getting many parents in Asian-American families to participate in family therapy for themselves and their children?

A)Insufficient education to understand what the psychologist is telling them about their child.
B)Anger with the therapist for intruding into their lives.
C)Shame and being afraid that admitting their child is mentally ill reflects poorly on them as parents.
D)Distrust of adults who are authority figures.

Question 26

Which of the following is a major contributing factor in the high incidence of suicidal ideation among Asian-American adolescent girls?

A)Excessive chores at home.
B)Falling behind in schoolwork.
C)Lack of clear direction about career.
D)Reluctance to seek treatment for depression.

Question 27

Why is there a greater incidence of disobedient hyper-aggressive children being referred for psychotherapy in the United States than in Thailand?

A)In Thailand, children are taught by their culture to be submissive and deferent, whereas children in the United States are encouraged to be assertive and competitive.
B)There are more emotionally disturbed children in the United States than in Thailand.
C)Psychologists in the United States are better trained so there are fewer instances of behavior disorder going undetected.
D)Americans are more pro-active in requesting professional intervention in managing their out-of-control children.

Question 28

A girl in Lauren's first grade class has been talking a lot about the fact that instead of being raised by a traditional mother and father, she has two married girlfriends as parents. Lauren's mother was unprepared when one day Lauren came home from school and, out of the blue, asked "Mommy, what's a lesbian?" How should Lauren's mother answer her daughter?

A)"Lauren, you're too young to be asking me that kind of question. Go do your homework."
B)"A lesbian is a woman who prefers the company of another woman. But you already know that. It isn't natural and these people should not be parents."
C)"A lesbian is a woman who feels more comfortable being with another woman than with a man. That other woman may be her wife whom she loves, and they may have children, too. Tomorrow I will bring home a book about a family like that and we'll read it together."
D)"What does your teacher have to say? If your teacher thinks this is something important for you to know, she will talk about it in class."

Question 29

8-year-old Paul watches a lot of TV, but has yet to raise any questions about what it means to be gay. What, if any, initiative should his parents take to ensure that Paul doesn't get any misconceptions from what he hears on TV or elsewhere?

A)Anytime it is convenient, just ask Paul if he knows what being "gay" means.
B)The next time the word comes up on TV, ask Paul if he knows what it means.
C)Leave a pamphlet about homosexuality lying around for Paul to pick up and read.
D)Don't say anything. When the child is ready, he will ask on his own.

Question 30

16-year-old Taylor recently "came out of the closet" and revealed to his parents that he is gay. The result was heated arguments between Taylor's mother and father who completely disagree on what, if anything needs to be done. The father thinks that Taylor is in desperate need of help and wants him to start therapy immediately. He can't understand how their son "turned out that way" when neither of them did anything wrong as parents. The mother says their son doesn't need therapy and is just a teenager going through a phase which he will outgrow. The father shouts back that she is in denial. Taylor, meanwhile, has had enough of all this arguing and is regretting ever telling his parents anything. He wants to drop out of school, get a job, and move out of the house. Which member or members of the family should start therapy?

A)Taylor only.
B)Taylor's mother only.
C)Taylor's father only.
D)Both parents, but not Taylor.
E)Both parents and Taylor.

Question 31

What would be the best way for psychologists to respond to clients making a racial slur or other disparaging remark about a certain minority group during therapy?

A)Dismiss the comment as an accidental slip of the tongue and proceed as if it didn't happen.
B)Dismiss the comment for now, but if there is a recurrence, reprimand the client.
C)Tell the client that the remark is inappropriate.
D)Say "I see you said: ______." Then, after repeating the client's own words verbatim, ask the client why he said what he did.