Deck 9: Theory

Question 1

Kubler-Ross developed an emotional theory commonly known as the five stages of grief. Which of the following is not one of those emotional stages?

A)Depression
B)Confusion
C)Acceptance
D)Bargaining

Answer 1

Confusion

Question 2

Behaviorist views have received criticism from a number of other schools of thought. Ethologists, for example, claim that behaviorists ignore evolutionary built-in biases in learning. They also disagree with which of the following behaviorist practice?

A)The use of humans in lab experiments
B)The use of trial-and-error
C)The use of animals in lab experiments
D)The use of the operant conditioning principle

Answer 2

The use of animals in lab experiments

Question 3

Self-conception refers to a person's beliefs about their attributes. The overjustification hypothesis suggests that:

A)Rewarding people for doing something enjoyable can undermine their interest in the activity.
B)Not rewarding people for doing something enjoyable can undermine their interest in the activity.
C)Emotion can be experienced only after someone has experienced a physiological arousal and a cognitive interpretation of that arousal.
D)When lacking strong internal cues, people infer by observing their behavior in the situational context.

Answer 3

Rewarding people for doing something enjoyable can undermine their interest in the activity.

Question 4

Erich Fromm, a neo-Freudian, postulated eight basic needs that people have in relation to the world. Which of the following is not one of those eight?

A)Transcendence
B)Relatedness
C)Effectiveness
D)Independence

Question 5

Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences addressed the idea that methods of measuring intelligence may not be accurate or scientific and suggested that the traditional concept of intelligence did not address the wide scope of abilities humans display. Which of the following is not one of the eight types of intelligence suggested in this theory?

A)Spatial intelligence
B)Linguistic intelligence
C)Bodily intelligence
D)Intuitive intelligence

Question 6

Freud's exploration of the Oedipus conflict and possible sexual etiologies of neurosis contributed to his theory of psychosexual development. His theory includes three stages that children go through early in life. In what order do those three stages occur, according to Freud?

A)Anal, oral, phallic
B)Oral, anal, phallic
C)Phallic, oral, anal
D)Oral, anal, genital

Question 7

Erik Erikson, a Neo-Freudian, postulated eight stages of psychosocial development, rather than Freud's original five. He believed that each stage was marked by a conflict and an event that brought about resolution of that conflict. Which of the stages in his theory is marked by the conflict between trust and mistrust?

A)Love
B)Hope
C)Fidelity
D)Competence

Question 8

Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence (first introduced in 1977) includes three facets of intelligence. The ability to understand and cope with daily tasks describes which of those three subtheories?

A)Componential
B)Experiential
C)Contextual
D)Practical

Question 9

Behavioral theory postulates that behavior is in response to external factors and situational stimuli; thus, behaviorists believe that psychopathology is a result of learned patterns, not innate deficits. Behavioral interventions are divided into three categories. Which of those categories does counterconditioning fall into?

A)Operant conditioning
B)Classical conditioning
C)Social learning
D)Reinforcement learning

Question 10

Social learning theory, one idea of behaviorist thought, is the idea that people can learn new behaviors through observational learning. There are different modeling procedures based on this concept. Which of those procedures involves observation of a film in which a model demonstrates progressively more intimate interactions with a certain setting or object?

A)Live modeling
B)In-vivo modeling
C)Symbolic modeling
D)Visual modeling

Question 11

In the early 20th century, criticism of behaviorist theory included the idea that there are internal processes that affect learning (cognition) that also need to be understood and addressed in therapy. A number of theorists collaborated in the development of an alternative to behaviorist therapy, Gestalt psychology. Wolfgang Kohler, one of those psychologists, took part in an experiment that contributed to the development of Gestalt. What was the discovery of that experiment?

A)Phi phenomenon
B)Persistence of vision
C)Insight
D)Psychoacoustics

Question 12

Beck's cognitive therapy is based on the idea that emotional and psychological disturbances result from maladaptive beliefs. In the course of developing his theories, Beck coined a term that refers to a way in which depressed people slant objective reality to support self-deprecating thoughts. What is that term?

A)Faulty conceptions
B)Logical errors
C)Automatic thoughts
D)Self-signals

Question 13

Freud identified two types of mental functioning, delineated by their level of consciousness and involvement with the external world. What are those two kinds?

A)Ego and id processes
B)Primary and secondary processes
C)Internal and external processes
D)Instinctual and moral processes

Question 14

Theodore Millon drew connections between Freud's ego-defense mechanisms and various personality disorders, claiming that certain personality disorders rely on a primary defense mechanism. Which defense mechanism does someone with borderline personality disorder utilize, according to Millon?

A)Reaction formation
B)Intellectualization
C)Regression
D)Dissociation

Question 15

Neo-Freudians (also known as social psychologists) studied the impact of social and cultural factors on personality development. Harry Stack Sullivan focused on interpersonal theory and proposed three modes of existence in childhood development. Which of those modes is marked by temporal sequence as the only conception of causality?

A)Prototaxic
B)Parataxic
C)Syntaxic
D)Chronotaxic

Question 16

Wilhelm Wundt, considered the father of experimental psychology, developed many concepts that became the foundation of structuralism. In 1893, he presented his tridimensional theory of feeling. Which of the following pairs of feelings is NOT part of his theory?

A)Excited/depressed
B)Tense/relaxed
C)Pleasant/unpleasant
D)Anxious/content

Question 17

Edward Thorndike studied animal behavior and learning processes. He formulated a theory of learning based on his research. The law of effect is one component of that theory. What does this law state?

A)Conditioned responses cannot be unlearned.
B)Learning is lost through not performing learned behaviors.
C)Responses may be altered by a resulting state of affairs in the environment.
D)Environment largely controls responses.

Question 18

Albert Bandura's work in personality psychology and social cognitive theory has significantly shifted perspectives on learning and behavior. What was his conclusion from the 1961 Bobo doll experiment?

A)That aggression is largely learned through observation and imitation
B)That aggression is largely innate, but is fostered by environment
C)That aggression is a result of unhealthy same-sex relationships in childhood
D)That males and females are equally inclined towards aggression, but social pressures impact each group's expression of the trait

Question 19

Different types of punishment produce varying types of change. When moderate punishment is used in combination with the opportunity to learn acceptable responses, what type of change typically results?

A)Temporary change
B)Permanent change
C)Modular change
D)Systematic change

Question 20

F. Skinner spent much of his time analyzing behavior and coined the term operant conditioning. How did he define punishment?

A)"a necessary evil to motivate a subject"
B)"the highest level of persuasion"
C)"the commonest technique of control in modern life"
D)"the most valuable technique of control in modern life"

Question 21

A child observed an attack of someone on the street by a man in a yellow jacket. Now he is afraid of any man in a yellow jacket he encounters. What is this phenomenon known as?

A)Second-order conditioning
B)Transference
C)Reaction shifting
D)Signal strength

Question 22

Object relations theory dealt with interpersonal relations, particularly those between parent and child. In a theoretical situation where a woman frustrated with a friend imagines herself yelling, but in reality remains quiet, what personality theory is being portrayed?

A)Introvert
B)Passive
C)Kohut effect
D)Object introject

Question 23

The ideas of Carl Jung's analytic psychology are similar to psychoanalytic techniques involving dream analysis and free associations. Which of the following ideas does NOT represent Jungian theory?

A)There are two levels of unconscious.
B)Personal unconscious arises from repression.
C)We all turn from the introversion of youth to the extroversion of adulthood.
D)Transference involves projecting unconscious beliefs onto another person, namely a therapist.

Question 24

William Glasser developed reality therapy based on the idea that all people have five basic, innate needs. This method of therapy focuses on developing awareness of what we want or need at all times and behaving in a way to effectively receive those things. Which of the following is NOT one of the five basic needs Glasser identified?

A)Survival
B)Connection
C)Responsibility
D)Freedom

Question 25

Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), developed by Ellis, is based on the belief that irrational beliefs are the cause of emotional disturbances. This method of therapy is based on the ABC model (activating events, beliefs about events, and consequences of events). Ellis suggests three main insights of REBT. Which of the following statements does NOT belong to one of those insights?

A)Insight alone rarely enables individuals to resolve emotional disturbance.
B)Irrational beliefs are the main source of emotional disturbance and consequences.
C)Individuals will continue to hold onto irrational beliefs as long as they are disturbed.
D)Confronting and changing irrational beliefs can result in solving emotional disturbances and avoiding them in the future.

Question 26

Systems theory, as it applies to family therapy, maintains that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts and that families must be studied as a system, rather than a group of individuals. One idea of family systems theory posits that the same outcome can be reached through many different methods. What is this idea called?

A)Equipotentiality
B)Equifinality
C)Feedback loop
D)Morphostasis

Question 27

Murray Bowen developed extended family systems therapy to address his belief that levels of differentiation between family members lower from one generation to the next, causing severe stress in family units. His theory is based on eight interlocking concepts. Which of the following is NOT one of those concepts?

A)Emotional cutoff
B)Sibling position
C)Metacommunication
D)Triangles

Question 28

Carl Rogers, a humanist psychologist, developed a theory of the self based on nineteen original propositions. Which of the following statements is not in line with those propositions?

A)Psychological tension arises from denying awareness of sensory experiences.
B)Emotion facilitates goal-oriented behavior.
C)Individuals are surrounded by a phenomenal field that makes up their reality.
D)Individuals must strive to inject meaning into their perceptual field.

Question 29

Client-centered therapy, a humanistic method developed by Carl Rogers, is based on the idea that all people have the innate capacity to develop into positive, healthy beings. What does this model attribute pathology and behavioral problems to?

A)Negative environmental circumstances
B)Lack of opportunity to learn positive traits
C)Incongruence between true feelings and experience
D)Incongruence between true feelings and the external world

Question 30

Gestalt therapy, based on Gestalt theory, focuses on a patient becoming aware of the whole personality by connecting to aspects of personality that are currently blocked. Polster and Polster identified five disturbances to that contact. Which of the following is NOT one of those disturbances?

A)Retroflection
B)Rejection
C)Introjection
D)Deflection

Question 31

The Big Five model of personality is the result of years of research into the nature and development of personality. Which set of researchers published the most recent description of this theory?

A)Saville and team, the Pentagon model
B)Costa and McCrae, the NEO inventory
C)Tupes and Christal
D)Goldberg, Takemoto-Chock, Comrey, and Digman

Question 32

Instincts are characteristics of one species that are innate and organized. A fixed action pattern (FAP) is a description of certain instinctive behavior. What is the best description of a fixed action pattern?

A)It is an innate response to a certain stimuli
B)It is the failure of an organism to respond to certain stimuli
C)It is a behavioral sequence that is unlearned and runs to completion
D)It is the action in the brain that triggers instinctive behavior in response to certain stimuli

Question 33

Social psychology studies the way individual behavior and social contexts influence each other. Attribution theory focuses on the explanations individuals generate to explain specific events or outcomes. Harold Kelley discussed types of information people consider when they make attributions. According to Kelley, people tend to make internal attributions when behavior has what qualities?

A)Low in distinctiveness and consensus, high in consistency
B)Low in consistency and consensus, high in distinctiveness
C)High in consistency and distinctiveness, low in consensus
D)High in consistency and consensus, low in distinctiveness

Question 34

In social psychology, heuristics refers to short or efficient cognitive methods of categorizing people or events and making decisions. These methods are simple, but often incorrect. What common heuristic refers to judgments made based on the capability of forming a mental image about a situation?

A)Simulation heuristic
B)Representative heuristic
C)Familiarity heuristic
D)Gaze heuristic

Question 35

Social psychology studies the way individual behavior and social contexts influence each other. George Kelley's personal construct theory discussed how people develop and maintain views of the external world. Which of the following ideas is NOT part of his theory?

A)People perceive the world based on anticipation and prediction.
B)People base expectations of future experiences on past experiences.
C)People make judgments about the world based on specific memory of past events.
D)People based opinions and feelings on various constructs that represent polar opposites of one impression or feeling.

Question 36

It has been observed that cyclists tend to have faster racing times when practicing with a team as compared to practicing alone. What is this phenomenon known as?

A)Social facilitation
B)Shaping
C)Modeling
D)Social influence

Question 37

In social psychology, an attitude refers to a predisposition to respond to certain stimuli or situations. Friend T and friend X have a strong relationship with each other and T dislikes a political candidate, while X likes that candidate. According to Osgood's congruity theory, what is the likely outcome of this situation?

A)Friend T will change his attitude about the candidate to a more positive or neutral one
B)Friend X will change his attitude about the candidate to a more negative or neutral one
C)Both X and T will change attitudes about the candidate in response to the other's attitude
D)Both X and T will change attitudes about each other

Question 38

A number of social psychology theories have been proposed to explain how people maintain and adjust self-conceptions. Which theory explains the following situation? Someone with low self-esteem seeks out or encourages negative feedback.

A)Behavioral confirmation
B)Self-verification theory
C)Self-enhancement theory
D)Effort justification theory

Question 39

Prejudice has roots in a number of psychological and environmental factors. Theodore Adorno designed a test known as the F-scale to measure a certain personality trait that contributes to prejudice. What does the F-scale measure?

A)Sexism
B)Authoritarianism
C)Neuroticism
D)Competitiveness

Question 40

Person perception refers to ways people form impressions of others. Rosenhan conducted a pseudopatient experiment in 1973 to explore the social context of forming impressions. In that experiment, who recognized that patients were simply pretending to be psychotic rather than actually experiencing psychosis?

A)Other patients
B)Doctors
C)Other medical staff
D)No one

Question 41

Studies on the relationship between viewing violence on TV and performing violence suggest a positive relationship. What theory of aggression do those findings contradict?

A)Group membership theory
B)Social learning theory
C)Catharsis theory
D)Crowding theory

Question 42

Conformity refers to changing individual behavior in response to concrete or imagined social pressure. Sherif's 1935 study on conformity examined what phenomenon?

A)The phi phenomenon
B)The autokinetic effect
C)Minority influence
D)Groupthink

Question 43

Studies on educational issues suggest a strong link between teachers' expectations and students' performance. What is this connection known as?

A)Montessori effect
B)Rosenthal effect
C)Perry effect
D)Bandura effect

Question 44

John Watson's experiment with a young child and a white rat demonstrated the effectiveness of classical conditioning. He paired exposure to the rat with a loud noise and the child learned to be afraid of the rat. The child also demonstrated fear around other white furry objects. What is this an example of?

A)Conditioned generalization
B)Stimulus generalization
C)Stimulus extrapolation
D)Backward conditioning

Question 45

In 1999, Chartrand and Bargh conducted a study on interpersonal communication and behavior which resulted in a theory called the chameleon effect. What does this theory claim?

A)That people are likely to adopt personality traits of those around them they like and respect
B)That people unconsciously change linguistic patterns and styles of communication to match those they are interacting with
C)That people unconsciously mimic physical behaviors and mannerisms of those they are interacting with
D)That people tend to respond to others' emotional states by either counterbalancing with their own emotional state or matching it to those they are interacting with

Question 46

Defense mechanisms, according to Freudian psychology, are employed by the ego to cope with pressures of reality and resolve conflicting drives of the id. Which of the following defense mechanisms is characterized by identifying the self and others as either good or bad?

A)Projection identification
B)Displacement
C)Splitting
D)Rationalization

Question 47

Which of the following beliefs is not characteristic of behaviorism theory?

A)Behavior is driven by complex inner needs.
B)All behaviors are acquired through conditioning.
C)Behavior can be studied and explained without any regard for internal mental states.
D)The study of human emotions is a waste of time.

Question 48

Which theory of personality refers to children as "little scientists?"

A)Bandura's Social Learning Theory
B)Piaget's Stage Theory of Cognitive Development
C)Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory
D)Watson's Behaviorism Theory

Question 49

Which one of the following statements is most consistent with the basic premise of the concept formulated by Vygotsky called the "Zone of Proximal Development?"

A)Children can always accomplish more with the help of an adult or other more experienced person than they can accomplish independently.
B)Children's closeness with their mother facilitates their ability to learn.
C)As a child matures, tasks that initially could only be performed with help can be performed independently.
D)Children frequently left alone to fend for themselves are more likely to develop behavior problems.

Question 50

The term used in psychoanalytic theory to describe the persistence of earlier modes of dealing with crises is called what?

A)Avoidance
B)Defense Mechanism
C)Fixation
D)Regression

Question 51

John Bowlby, the pioneer of Attachment Theory, was heavily influenced by which person's contributions to the field of child psychology?

A)Jean Piaget
B)Sigmund Freud
C)Erik Erikson
D)Abraham Maslow

Question 52

Which one of the following is not a frequently cited criticism of Attachment Theory?

A)There is too much emphasis on the mother as the primary attachment figure and not on meaningful attachments with other people.
B)Children's peers may have a greater influence than their parents on many aspects of their personality.
C)The reason some people have a much easier time than others making friends may be in part neurobiological, which Attachment Theory doesn't consider.
D)Children's attachments can be to pets or inanimate objects as well as to people.

Question 53

According to Albert Adler, why do some people develop an "Inferiority Complex?

A)They can't live up to their parents' high expectations.
B)They have a genetic predisposition toward this personality trait.
C)They feel guilty about something bad they did.
D)They never overcame their childhood feelings of inferiority.

Question 54

Who was credited with formulating the Psychosocial Stage Theory of Personality Development?

A)Albert Bandura
B)Erik Erikson
C)Abraham Maslow
D)Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 55

Actualization, the highest level of needs on Maslow's hierarchy of needs pyramid, is defined as primarily exhibiting what type of behavior?

A)Accepting oneself as one is at present and being content with that.
B)Accepting the constructive criticism of others in order to improve.
C)Accepting the fact that not everything one wishes for can become reality.
D)Realizing one's potential and becoming the best one can be.