Deck 3: CLEP: Educational Psychology

Question 1

Behavioral Perspective
-Which of the following is a behavior?

A)Having blue eyes
B)Throwing a baseball
C)Earning an A in a class
D)All of the above

Answer 1

B
A behavior is typically defined as anything measurable, observable and manipulable that a person says or does. An individual's eye color is not related to anything they say or do and is not manipulable. Earning an A in a class is the result of a behavior, such as studying. Therefore, throwing a baseball is the only correct answer.

Question 2

Behavioral Perspective
-Susan loves to gamble. Even though she usually loses, she keeps trying because she enjoys winning. This is an example of what reinforcement schedule?

A)Fixed ratio schedule
B)Variable interval schedule
C)Variable ratio schedule
D)None of the above

Answer 2

C
A variable ratio schedule is reinforced after an unknown or unpredictable number of responses. Susan does not know when her gambling will be reinforced and she continues to gamble hoping for reinforcement. A fixed ratio schedule is reinforced after a set number of responses. A variable interval schedule is reinforced after an unknown or unpredictable amount of time has elapsed.

Question 3

Behavioral Perspective
-Mike makes coffee in his coffee maker every morning. He is hired at a restaurant and asked to make coffee. The coffee maker at the restaurant is different than his coffee maker at home, but he is able to use it without reading the instructions. This is an example of:

A)Stimulus generalization
B)Operant conditioning
C)Response generalization
D)None of the above

Answer 3

A
Stimulus generalization occurs when a learned skill is applied in a different but similar situation. Mike was able to apply, or generalize, the skills used for his home coffee maker to operate the restaurant coffee maker. Operant condition is the process of strengthening behavior by rewarding it or weakening behavior by punishing it. Response generalization occurs when a new or different response is applied in a familiar situation.

Question 4

Behavioral Perspective
-Darcy gives her students tickets for answering questions correctly. Eventually, the students can use tickets to buy small prizes such as pencils, candy, and stickers. This is an example of:

A)Unconditioned response
B)Classical conditioning
C)Token economy
D)All of the above

Question 5

Behavioral Perspective
-Shannon is studying to become a behavioral psychologist. After she graduates from school, how can she apply her knowledge?

A)Working in early childhood education
B)Helping people with developmental disabilities
C)Helping adults with schizophrenia
D)All of the above

Question 6

Behavioral Perspective
-Steve is a kindergartener who has a hard time sitting in his desk during school. He often fidgets or stands up during class. To help Steve sit still, his teacher often gives him a sticker when she sees him sitting quietly. This is an example of:

A)Positive reinforcement
B)Token economy
C)Operant behavior
D)All of the above

Question 7

Behavioral Perspective
-Brittney's mother gives her a piece of candy every time she washes the dishes. At first, she enjoyed the candy but now she does not like it as much as she did before. She has a pile of uneaten candy in her bedroom. What is this called?

A)Negative reinforcement
B)Satiation
C)Deprivation
D)None of the above

Question 8

Behavioral Perspective
-Hoda is teaching her dog a new trick. Every time the dog performs the trick, Hoda feeds him. Hoda does not feed him for several hours before training time. What is this called?

A)Negative reinforcement
B)Satiation
C)Deprivation
D)All of the above

Question 9

Behavioral Perspective
-Coach LaFitte takes his soccer team to the ice cream shop after every game, whether they win or lose. What type of reinforcer is this?

A)Negative reinforcer
B)Contingent reinforcer
C)Non-contingent reinforcer
D)None of the above

Question 10

Behavioral Perspective
-Christine is a three year old who does not want to go to bed. At night, she yells to her parents from her bed, demanding stories and glasses of water. Her parents decide to ignore her nightly outbursts and continue with their evening activities. Eventually, she tires of yelling and falls asleep on her own every night. What is this called?

A)Positive reinforcement
B)Conditioned reinforcer
C)Extinction
D)None of the above

Question 11

Behavioral Perspective
-Casey is the mother of a teenage boy who has been behaving badly at home and at school. After working with her son's therapist, Casey has learned to stop reinforcing her son's undesirable behaviors. A few days after she stopped reinforcing the behavior, it became much worse and her son behaved aggressively, even breaking things in the house and hurting his brothers. What is this called?

A)Positive reinforcement
B)Extinction burst
C)Non-effective reinforcement
D)None of the above

Question 12

Behavioral Perspective
-Janelle's car won't start. She turns the key in the ignition several times with no luck. She stops and calls a friend for a ride, but several minutes later tries to start her car again. What is this called?

A)Spontaneous recovery
B)Extinction
C)Continuous reinforcement
D)All of the above

Question 13

Behavioral Perspective
-Jack has a job washing trucks. He gets paid after every 20 trucks he washes. What reinforcement schedule is this?

A)Continuous reinforcement
B)Intermittent reinforcement
C)Fixed ratio schedule
D)All of the above

Question 14

Behavioral Perspective
-Devin asks several girls on dates. Some girls say yes, some girls say no. What reinforcement schedule is this?

A)Variable ratio schedule
B)Intermittent reinforcement
C)Fixed ratio schedule
D)All of the above

Question 15

Behavioral Perspective
-The dining hall at the university serves meals at 8 am, noon, and 6 pm every day. If students arrive early or late, they must wait until the scheduled meal time to eat. What reinforcement schedule is this?

A)Variable ratio schedule
B)Fixed interval schedule
C)Fixed ratio schedule
D)All of the above

Question 16

Behavioral Perspective
-Erin checks her email several times each day. Sometimes she has email in her inbox, other times she does not. Sometimes she checks every five minutes, other times she goes several hours between checking. What reinforcement schedule is this?

A)Variable ratio schedule
B)Fixed interval schedule
C)Variable interval schedule
D)All of the above

Question 17

Behavioral Perspective
-Marjon practices the piano every day for one hour. Her mother rewards her with a sticker only when she practices continuously for one hour. If she stops early, there is no reward. What reinforcement schedule is this?

A)Fixed duration schedule
B)Fixed interval schedule
C)Variable interval schedule
D)All of the above

Question 18

Behavioral Perspective
-Kim is a two year old who often gets up and runs around at times her parents would like her to sit still, such as at church and on the city bus. Her parents understand that it is normal for small children to get up some of the time, but would like her to do it less. What reinforcement schedule is appropriate?

A)Limited responding differential reinforcement of low rates
B)Extinction
C)Positive reinforcement
D)All of the above

Question 19

Behavioral Perspective
-Hilary is a 28-year old woman who habitually pulls her hair. This has caused damage to her tissue and appearance. Her doctor wants to put her on a reinforcement schedule to eliminate the hair-pulling behavior entirely. What schedule is appropriate?

A)Limited responding differential reinforcement of low rates
B)Extinction
C)Differential reinforcement of zero responding
D)All of the above

Question 20

Behavioral Perspective
-A rat is being trained to run through a maze. If he goes the wrong way, he receives an electric shock. What is this called?

A)Stimulus generalization
B)Punishment
C)Response generalization
D)None of the above

Question 21

Behavioral Perspective
-White wants her son to stop leaving his dirty laundry on the floor. She has created a behavioral plan that includes giving him money for jobs well done. Mrs. White wants to punish her son by taking money away when he leaves dirty laundry on the floor. For this to be a true punishment, when should Mrs. White take the money?

A)Immediately after he places laundry on the floor
B)After he gets home from school, so the punishment does not disrupt his day
C)At the end of the week, so that Mrs. Smith can take the money for all the times he left laundry on the floor
D)Any of the above, as long as Mrs. Smith is consistent

Question 22

Behavioral Perspective
-Punishment, when administered immediately following a behavior, is known to be effective. However, the use of punishment is highly controversial. Which of the following harmful effects are often associated with punishment?

A)Aggressive behavior
B)Emotional behavior
C)Continued use of punishment
D)All of the above

Question 23

Behavioral Perspective
-Jeff's three-year old son begins screaming "Candy! Candy!" when he sees a bag of candy in the kitchen. Annoyed by the screaming, Jeff gives his son the candy to make the screaming stop. Jeff is rewarded by peace and quiet. What is this called?

A)Avoidance conditioning
B)Escape conditioning
C)Positive reinforcement
D)Both A and C

Question 24

Behavioral Perspective
-When Marie's children come home from school, they often whine and beg for a snack. To avoid hearing them whine and beg, Marie prepares snacks before the children arrive home from school. What is this called?

A)Avoidance conditioning
B)Escape conditioning
C)Positive reinforcement
D)Both A and C

Question 25

Behavioral Perspective
-As a child, Claire was attacked by a dog. Now, she is frightened of dogs. Her boyfriend has a new puppy but Claire is afraid to go to his house. To help Claire become comfortable with the small, harmless puppy, he brings the puppy to Claire when she is doing activities she likes, such as hiking and eating ice cream. Eventually, Claire becomes comfortable with the puppy. What is this called?

A)Positive reinforcement
B)Extinction
C)Counter-conditioning
D)All of the above

Question 26

Behavioral Perspective
-Diana overeats because she finds food to be reinforcing. As a result, Diana is obese and her health is in danger. To help her cut down on fatty foods, Diana's doctor gives her a pill that makes her nauseous. Diana takes this before eating fatty food and immediately feels nauseated. Eventually, the sight of fatty foods makes Diana feels ill. What is this called?

A)Negative reinforcement
B)Punishment
C)Aversion therapy
D)All of the above

Question 27

Behavioral Perspective
-Erik is teaching his daughter to ride a bike. First, he walks along with her, holding her on the bike. Later he runs alongside without holding her body or the bike. Eventually, he gives her a little push and she is able to ride alone. What is this called?

A)Fading
B)Shaping
C)Positive reinforcement
D)All of the above

Question 28

Behavioral Perspective
-Desiree works with developmentally disabled adults. She is helping a man learn to put his own pants on. First, she helps him get his pants from the drawer, then to hold them in his hands. He holds them upright and puts one leg in and then the other. Next, Desiree helps him pull his pants up and snap them. These steps cannot be completed in any other order. What is this called?

A)Shaping
B)Fading
C)Forward chaining
D)All of the above

Question 29

Behavioral Perspective
-Brandy is unhappy with her daughter's grades. She is setting goals for better grades. What guidelines should she follow if she hopes to see changes?

A)Set goals that are specific and realistic
B)Identify the specific behaviors she would like to see
C)Be clear about the specific consequences that will occur if goals are not met
D)All of the above

Question 30

Cognitive Perspective
-Bridgette registered for a cognitive psychology course. What can she expect to study?

A)Nature and nurture, and how each affects individuals
B)Perception
C)Memory
D)All of the above

Question 31

Cognitive Perspective
-Edward sees his brother's car parked across the street. His sister's car is parked next to him. Because his brother's car is some distance away, it appears smaller than his sister's car. Edward's brain can determine the approximate distance to the car and its size by using which visual cue?

A)Accommodation
B)Convergence
C)Stereopsis
D)All of the above

Question 32

Cognitive Perspective
-Edward sees his brother's car parked across the street. His sister's car is parked next to him. His brother's car is some distance away, so it appears smaller than his sister's car. What environmental cue can Edward use to determine the size of and distance to his brother's car?

A)Familiar size
B)Occlusion
C)Textured gradients
D)All of the above

Question 33

Cognitive Perspective
-Debbie is driving, looking for an address. As she turns onto the block, she turns down the radio while she looks for the specific address. What property of attention causes this?

A)Attention is limited
B)Attention is selective
C)Attention is unlimited
D)Attention is variable

Question 34

Cognitive Perspective
-Nick is sitting in a chair, reading a book. Although he is sitting in a chair, he doesn't notice the pressure of the chair against his body. He is wearing soft slippers but does not notice them against his feet. What property of attention causes this?

A)Attention is variable
B)Attention is selective
C)Attention is unlimited
D)Attention is invariable

Question 35

Cognitive Perspective
-Maya just learned to tie her shoes. Each time she does so, she concentrates throughout the entire process. Her older brother has been tying his shoes for years. He can talk, sing a song, or even watch a movie while tying his shoes. What is this called?

A)Unlimited attention
B)Variability
C)Multiple attention
D)Automaticity

Question 36

Cognitive Perspective
-Dorien volunteered to participate in a cognitive psychology study at his university. During the study, he was asked to sit in a quiet room and headphones were placed over his ears. In his left ear, he heard a lecture and in his right ear, a song. He was asked to repeat the lyrics of the song. What is this called?

A)Selective listening
B)Repetition
C)Dichotic listening
D)Dichotic communication

Question 37

Cognitive Perspective
-Courtney studies Spanish for one hour, then studies French. After she is done studying French, she takes her final exam in Spanish. She remembers the French words clearly but struggles with the Spanish test. What is this called?

A)Dichotic memory
B)Proactive interference
C)Retroactive interference
D)Multiple attention

Question 38

Cognitive Perspective
-Jenny has studied Spanish for seven years and is now taking a French class for the first time. She studies for the French exam right before class but still thinks of Spanish words before thinking of the correct French answer. What is this called?

A)Dichotic memory
B)Proactive interference
C)Retroactive interference
D)Multiple attention

Question 39

Cognitive Perspective
-Sharon is taking an IQ test. The test moderator reads her single digit numbers and she must repeat the numbers back. She is able to remember seven digits at a time. What part of Sharon's primary memory is this testing?

A)Capacity
B)Dichotic listening
C)Retroactive memory
D)Both B & C

Question 40

Cognitive Perspective
-Paul is taking a memory test. The test moderator reads him the names of several countries and Paul must repeat them. Paul has an easy time retaining and repeating short country names such as China, Chad, Fiji, and Iran. However, he has a much harder time remembering countries with longer names such as Kazakhstan, Papua New Guinea, and Venezuela. What is this called?

A)Short-term memory
B)Word length effect
C)Digit span
D)Long-term memory

Question 41

Cognitive Perspective
-Fred doesn't remember what he did in August of 2001, but he will never forget where he was on September 11, 2001 when he heard about the terrorist attacks in New York City. What is this called?

A)Short-term memory
B)Flashbulb memory
C)Selective memory
D)Long-term memory

Question 42

Cognitive Perspective
-Ingrid is a toddler who has a pet dog. She knows her dog has four legs, a tail, and is covered in hair. When her parents take her to the fair for the first time, she points at a horse and says "dog." Naturally, she believes the horse to be a dog because it has four legs, a tail, and is covered in hair. What is this called?

A)Association
B)Schema
C)Long-term memory
D)Both A & C

Question 43

Cognitive Perspective
-Marilyn is taking a memory test. The test moderator says, "Please remember the words on the list." What type of memory recall is this?

A)Free recall
B)Cued recall
C)Recognition
D)Long-term memory

Question 44

Cognitive Perspective
-Marilyn is taking a memory test. The test moderator says, "Please remember the words on the list. One of the words is a popular sport." What type of memory recall is this?

A)Free recall
B)Cued recall
C)Recognition
D)Both A & C

Question 45

Cognitive Perspective
-Marilyn is taking a memory test. The test moderator asks, "Was the word 'fish' on the list of words?" What type of memory recall is this?

A)Free recall
B)Cued recall
C)Recognition
D)Long-term memory

Question 46

Cognitive Perspective
-Tiffany is learning to play tennis. Her coach explains the rules of the game and several basic techniques. However, once she gets on the court, she has a difficult time remembering what she was taught. What is this called?

A)Context effects
B)Cued effects
C)Recognition
D)Long-term memory

Question 47

Cognitive Perspective
-Dave's mother asks him about a child's birthday party he attended several weeks before. He doesn't remember the party very well, but tells her that cake was served. After all, cake is typically served at a child's birthday party. What is this called?

A)Long-term memory
B)Schema
C)Reconstruction
D)Retrieval-memory

Question 48

Cognitive Perspective
-Alan recently moved to a new city and has a new phone number. Every time somebody asks him for his phone number, his older number comes to mind and he struggles to remember his new phone number. What type of forgetting is this?

A)Occlusion
B)Unlearning
C)Decay
D)All of the above

Question 49

Cognitive Perspective
-Alan moved to a new city five years ago. When trying to access an old account, he is asked for his old phone number. Even though he knew the old phone number for several years, he has a difficult time remembering it now. What type of forgetting is this?

A)Occlusion
B)Unlearning
C)Decay
D)All of the above

Question 50

Cognitive Perspective
-As a child, Robert called his best friend regularly. Several years have passed since he lost touch with his friend and although the phone number was once memorized, he is unable to remember it now. What type of forgetting is this?

A)Occlusion
B)Unlearning
C)Decay
D)All of the above

Question 51

Cognitive Perspective
-Debbie was abused as a child, but did not remember for several years. What type of forgetting is this?

A)Occlusion
B)Repression
C)Decay
D)All of the above

Question 52

Cognitive Perspective
-After several years away, Valerie has an opportunity to visit her childhood home. Walking into her childhood bedroom, she vividly remembers a fun game she played with her sisters as a child that she had completely forgotten about. What type of remembering this?

A)Spontaneous recovery
B)Repression
C)Long-term memory
D)Short-term memory

Question 53

Cognitive Perspective
-In an effort to stock the office refrigerator, Jared asks his co-workers what they prefer to drink. Most of his co-workers say they like water, a few say soft drinks and only one says unsweetened grapefruit juice. What view of categorization does this represent?

A)Typicality
B)Probabilistic view
C)Multiple system view
D)Both B & C

Question 54

Cognitive Perspective
-Bella is a 7th grader who loves to read and share facts with her family. At dinner, she explains historical facts about the signing of the Declaration of Independence. What type of memory is this?

A)Declarative memory
B)Repetition priming
C)Motor skills learning
D)Long-term memory

Question 55

Cognitive Perspective
-Landon is a toddler learning the alphabet. His mother sings the alphabet song with him several times a day until he can recite the alphabet. What type of memory is this?

A)Declarative memory
B)Repetition priming
C)Motor skills learning
D)Long-term memory

Question 56

Cognitive Perspective
-Jamie is a baby. First, she learns to crawl, then walk, then run. What type of learning is this?

A)Declarative memory
B)Repetition priming
C)Motor skills learning
D)Long-term memory

Question 57

Cognitive Perspective
-Wendy wants a sip of her coffee. To pick up the coffee mug, she moves her hand in a straight line to the mug rather than walking her fingers across the table and twisting her arm to lift it. What theory of motor control explains this?

A)Efficiency theory
B)Synergy theory
C)Mass spring model
D)Both B & C

Question 58

Cognitive Perspective
-Kade has a difficult time patting his head while rubbing his belly in a clockwise motion. What theory of motor control explains this?

A)Efficiency theory
B)Synergy theory
C)Mass spring model
D)Dual control conflict

Question 59

Cognitive Perspective
-Roxanna goes to the doctor after feeling ill for a several days. When she comes home after her visit, her mother asks, "What did he say?" Roxanna corrects her mother, explaining that her doctor is a woman. What heuristic did Roxanna's mother use?

A)Representativeness
B)Availability
C)Anchoring
D)Assumption theory

Question 60

Cognitive Perspective
-Kristen is teaching a high school health class. After a lecture about the dangers of smoking cigarettes, a student raises his hand. "I don't think smoking is that bad," says the student, adding "My grandfather smoked three packs a day and lived until he was 92." What heuristic is this student using?

A)Representativeness
B)Availability
C)Anchoring
D)Denial

Question 61

Cognitive Perspective
-George owns a retail store. All of the items in the store have a price. George writes higher prices on each item then places a sign in the window that says "Sale! 30% off!" As George's customers come into the store, they are impressed by his sale and buy several items, even though the prices have not changed. What heuristic is leading George's customer to make this decision?

A)Representativeness
B)Availability
C)Anchoring
D)Calculation

Question 62

Cognitive Perspective
-John lives on a dairy farm. All of the cows on his farm are brown; therefore, he assumes all cows are brown. What type of reasoning does John use to arrive at this conclusion?

A)Deductive reasoning
B)Inductive reasoning
C)Both A & B
D)Familiarity reasoning

Question 63

Cognitive Perspective
-In a 2004 study, a group of American students and a group of Chinese students were told the following story: A treasure hunter is going to explore a cave on a hill near a beach. He suspected there might be many paths inside the cave so he was afraid he might get lost. Obviously, he did not have a map of the cave; all that he had with him were come common items such as a flashlight and a bag. What could he do to make sure he did not get lost trying to get out of the cave later? The majority of Chinese students were unable to solve this problem. However, the majority of American students solved the problem easily, drawing on their memory of the folktale Hansel and Gretel. What problem solving strategy did the American students use to solve this problem?

A)Inductive reasoning
B)Deductive reasoning
C)Analogy
D)Familiarity Reasoning

Question 64

Cognitive Perspective
-Derek Bickerton is a researcher who dedicated his life to studying language. Which of the following properties is used to define language?

A)Language must be used to communicate between individuals
B)Language must be structured
C)Language must be generative
D)All of the above

Question 65

Cognitive Perspective
-Tricia joined an online dating website. She describes herself as "successful, fun and free-spirited." What type of terms does Tricia use to describe herself?

A)Concrete terms
B)Abstract terms
C)General terms
D)All of the above

Question 66

Cognitive Perspective
-Jordan joined an online dating website. He describes himself as "6'1" with brown hair and brown eyes." What type of terms does Jordan use to describe himself?

A)Concrete terms
B)Abstract terms
C)General terms
D)All of the above

Question 67

Cognitive Perspective
-Maura was a good student who graduated college and enjoyed a successful career. After a car accident at the age of 28, she now struggles with reading. Even simple books that she read as a child are challenging. Which term best describes Maura's reading problem?

A)Regression
B)Learning disability
C)Acquired dyslexia
D)Physical disability

Question 68

Cognitive Perspective
-Bryce loves chocolate cake. He enjoys seeing it and especially tasting it. What part of Bryce's brain allows him to enjoy this experience?

A)Hippocampus
B)Thalamus
C)Spinal cord
D)Cortex

Question 69

Cognitive Perspective
-Dennis was injured in an accident and can no longer walk or feel anything below his waist. Which part of his central nervous system was likely damaged?

A)Hippocampus
B)Thalamus
C)Spinal cord
D)Cortex

Question 70

Cognitive Perspective
-Lucy is 100 years old and is having trouble with both her short and long-term memory. She has a hard time remembering things that happened long ago and also has difficulty remembering what she did the day before. Which part of Lucy's brain is likely compromised?

A)Hippocampus
B)Thalamus
C)Spinal cord
D)Cortex

Question 71

Cognitive Perspective
-Andre is studying psychology. He really enjoys learning about mental processes, including thinking, reasoning, memory, and language. He is very interested in the brain and how it functions. Which area of psychology is best suited to Andre's interests?

A)Behavioral psychology
B)Cognitive psychology
C)Clinical psychology
D)Social Psychology

Question 72

Development
-Pat and Helen are having a conversation about moral development. Pat says, "All people are born good and the temptations of the world make some go bad." Helen says, "That is not right, all babies are born neutral and they learn right and wrong as they grow." Which perspective of moral development does Pat subscribe to?

A)Innate goodness
B)Blank slate
C)Lifespan perspective
D)Clinical perspective

Question 73

Development
-Pat and Helen are having a conversation about moral development. Pat says, "All people are born good and the temptations of the world make some go bad." Helen says, "That is not right, all babies are born neutral and they learn right and wrong as they grow." Which perspective of moral development does Helen subscribe to?

A)Innate goodness
B)Blank slate
C)Lifespan perspective
D)Clinical perspective

Question 74

Development
-Pat, Helen and Dana are having a conversation about moral development. Pat says, "All people are born good and the temptations of the world make some go bad." Helen says, "That is not right, all babies are born neutral and they learn right and wrong as they grow." Dana disagrees, saying, "I think people experience changes and development at all stages of life, which can influence their morality." Which perspective of moral development does Dana subscribe to?

A)Innate goodness
B)Blank slate
C)Lifespan perspective
D)Clinical perspective

Question 75

Development
-Thomas is five years old. He is learning to jump rope and tie his shoes. He can also climb the tree in his backyard. Two years ago, he was unable to do these things. In which developmental domain do these changes occur?

A)Cognitive domain
B)Physical domain
C)Social domain
D)Emotional domain

Question 76

Development
-Thomas is five years old. He is learning to read and can write his name. Two years ago, he was unable to do these things. In which developmental domain do these changes occur?

A)Cognitive domain
B)Physical domain
C)Social domain
D)Emotional domain

Question 77

Development
-Thomas is five years old. He remembers to say "please" and "thank you." He washes his hands before dinner and shares with his friends. Two years ago, he was unable to do these things. In which developmental domain do these changes occur?

A)Cognitive domain
B)Physical domain
C)Social domain
D)Emotional domain

Question 78

Development
-Christa and her friends expect to graduate college in their early 20s, get married in their early 30s, and have children. They all expect to retire around the age of 65. What is this called?

A)Universal changes
B)Group-specific changes
C)Individual changes
D)Biological clock

Question 79

Development
-Valerie recently turned 70. She notices that her skin is more wrinkled and much thinner than it was a few years ago. What is this type of change called?

A)Universal changes
B)Group-specific changes
C)Individual changes
D)Biological clock

Question 80

Development
-Herrera is a first grade teacher. He encourages the parents of his students to read to their children and explains that the first grade is a critical period in reading and language development. What does Mr. Herrera mean by this?

A)The children will have learning disabilities if they don't learn to read now
B)The children are in a specific period of development in which they are particularly sensitive to language and reading
C)The children could not pay attention to books when they were younger
D)Both A & C