Deck 1: The Study of the Person

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT part of the psychological triad?

A) behavior
B) thoughts
C) psychological health
D) feelings

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What is a primary goal of the phenomenological approach to personality?

A) understanding mental conflicts
B) measuring and conceptualizing individual differences
C) discovering how conscious awareness produces uniquely human characteristics
D) applying principles of associationism to help reduce negative behaviors

Answer 2

C

Question 3

What two topics are covered under the phenomenological approach?

A) humanistic and cross-cultural perspectives on personality
B) humanistic and social-learning perspectives on personality
C) cross-cultural and cognitive perspectives on personality
D) trait and cross-cultural perspectives on personality

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What is a primary goal of the biological approach to personality?

A) understanding mental conflicts
B) measuring and conceptualizing individual differences
C) understanding the heritability of behavior and personality
D) applying principles of associationism to help reduce negative behaviors

Question 5

Which part of the psychological triad corresponds to cognitions about the self?

A) thoughts
B) traits
C) behaviors
D) disorders

Question 6

Advocates of any particular basic approach to personality historically ________.

A) claimed that their approach explains everything worth explaining
B) admitted that other approaches have their good points
C) proudly asserted that they have deliberately limited what they have chosen to look at
D) claimed that approaches cannot be compared with each other

Question 7

Psychologists following the phenomenological approach ________.

A) focus on the workings of the unconscious mind and the resolution of internal mental conflict
B) study how overt behavior is affected by rewards and punishments
C) build theoretical models of how people process information
D) are concerned with our conscious experience of the world and the consequences of having free will

Question 8

Personality psychologists who adhere to the ________ approach focus on identifying,conceptualizing,and measuring the ways in which people differ psychologically from one another.

A) psychoanalytic
B) trait
C) cognitive
D) phenomenological

Question 9

The unique mandate of personality psychologists is to attempt to ________.

A) identify and measure individual differences in ability and behavior
B) determine the effect of the social environment on behavior
C) explain whole, functioning persons and real life concerns
D) prevent or treat psychological personality disorders

Question 10

The purpose of a basic approach (or paradigm)is to ________.

A) expand the range of data you consider
B) integrate diverse perspectives
C) limit inquiry to certain kinds of observations and patterns
D) resolve contradictions in data

Question 11

Which subfield of psychology has the greatest overlap with personality psychology?

A) social
B) cultural
C) developmental
D) clinical

Question 12

In observing human behavior,it is impossible to ________.

A) understand everything about a person all at once
B) choose to limit what you look at in a person
C) find patterns across different kinds of observation
D) make any real progress toward solving the personality puzzle

Question 13

________ theories of personality apply the insights and methods derived from the study of perception,memory,and thought to the study of personality.

A) Psychoanalytic
B) Trait
C) Cognitive
D) Phenomenological

Question 14

What is a primary goal of the psychoanalytic approach to personality?

A) understanding mental conflicts
B) measuring and conceptualizing individual differences
C) discovering how conscious awareness produces uniquely human characteristics
D) applying principles of associationism to help reduce negative behaviors

Question 15

What is a primary goal of the trait approach to personality?

A) understanding mental conflicts
B) measuring and conceptualizing individual differences
C) understanding the mind in terms of biological mechanisms
D) applying principles of associationism to help reduce negative behaviors

Question 16

Personality psychologists adhering to the ________ approach focus on psychic energy,the workings of the unconscious mind,and the nature and resolution of internal mental conflict.

A) psychoanalytic
B) trait
C) cognitive
D) phenomenological

Question 17

Personality psychology and clinical psychology overlap most often when approaching which topic?

A) personality processes
B) personality disorders
C) personality development
D) none of the above

Question 18

The personality paradigm that focuses on rewards and punishments is known as the ________ paradigm.

A) trait
B) behaviorist
C) phenomenological
D) psychoanalytic

Question 19

Personality is an individual's characteristic patterns of ________.

A) behavior
B) emotion
C) thought
D) all of the above

Question 20

Personality psychology shares with clinical psychology________.

A) an emphasis on mental disorders and the treatment of psychological problems
B) a common obligation to try to understand the whole person
C) a requirement that psychologists be licensed
D) the fact that both personality psychologists and clinical psychologists are usually in private practice rather than employed by universities

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic approaches to personality?

A) psychoanalytic
B) learning
C) assessment
D) phenomenological

Question 22

Jeff suspects that his roommate's sexist jokes may indicate that his roommate has some hidden,unconscious hostility toward women or that he feels very insecure around women.Jeff's analysis suggests a ________ approach to personality.

A) psychoanalytic
B) trait
C) phenomenological
D) behaviorist

Question 23

Match the personality approach with the most applicable research question.
a.Applied d.Phenomenological
b.Biological e.Psychoanalytic
c.Learning f.Trait
How do rewards affect social behavior?

Question 24

Personality psychology has a variety of theoretical perspectives that are sometimes seen as competing with each other.Regarding this diversity,what is a major theme of this textbook?

A) The personality puzzle will never be solved.
B) The One Big Theory (OBT) can account for everything in personality.
C) Great strengths are usually great weaknesses.
D) A single basic approach must be chosen on the basis of rigorous data analysis.

Question 25

Why haven't personality psychologists combined all paradigms into "One Big Theory"?

A) A theory that tries to explain everything would probably not provide the best explanation for any one thing.
B) The manageability of research programs would be lost.
C) The different basic approaches to psychology address the same sets of questions.
D) Applying principles of associationism helps reduce negative behaviors, making the cognitive approach the best one.

Question 26

The task of an employer who attempts to identify dependable,conscientious,and hard-working job applicants is similar to the task of the ________ psychologist,who attempts to identify and assess individual differences.

A) psychoanalytic
B) trait
C) cognitive
D) behavioral

Question 27

Which of the following is an expression of Funder's First Law?

A) People vary in terms of their trait levels.
B) There are no perfect indicators of personality.
C) Characteristics that are strengths in one sense are weaknesses in other ways.
D) Individual differences should not be put into the "error" term in statistical analysis.

Question 28

Match the personality approach with the most applicable research question.
a.Applied d.Phenomenological
b.Biological e.Psychoanalytic
c.Learning f.Trait
How does unconscious conflict affect well-being?

Question 29

What is one of personality psychology's biggest advantages over other areas of psychology?

A) It uses more rigorous methods.
B) It has a mission to account for the psychology of whole persons.
C) It created the One Big Theory to explain whole persons.
D) It focuses on the two most important aspects of the psychological triad.

Question 30

Funder writes that there are good reasons why personality psychologists have distinct theories versus One Big Theory.Which is NOT one of those reasons?

A) One Big Theory would undermine the smaller theories.
B) There is a trade-off between breadth and depth in theories.
C) There is, for now, no accepted One Big Theory.
D) Each theory offers a different perspective on personality.

Question 31

What is a primary goal of the learning and cognitive approaches to personality?

A) understanding mental conflicts
B) measuring and conceptualizing individual differences
C) discovering how conscious awareness produces uniquely human characteristics
D) applying principles of associationism to help reduce negative behaviors

Question 32

According to the text,personality's greatest strength,understanding whole persons,is also its greatest weakness.Which term describes this fundamental observation?

A) pigeonholing
B) psychological triad
C) One Big Theory
D) Funder's First Law

Question 33

One critique of personality psychology is that it "pigeonholes" people.What does "pigeonholing" someone mean?

A) psychoanalyzing people
B) prescribing medication
C) statistically analyzing results
D) categorizing and labeling people

Question 34

Is narcissism always a bad trait to have?

A) No, narcissists make competent leaders.
B) No, narcissists sometimes act kindly toward others.
C) No, narcissists are persuasive, but they also act unethically.
D) Yes, it is associated with negative outcomes like exploitativeness.

Question 35

Match the personality approach with the most applicable research question.
a.Applied d.Phenomenological
b.Biological e.Psychoanalytic
c.Learning f.Trait
What characteristics of individuals predict health?

Question 36

Which of the following is one of the basic approaches to personality?

A) applied
B) psychological triad
C) ethnographical assessment
D) psychoanalytic

Question 37

Match the personality approach with the most applicable research question.
a.Applied d.Phenomenological
b.Biological e.Psychoanalytic
c.Learning f.Trait
Are there differences in neurotransmitter expression between people?

Question 38

The trait approach,the behaviorist approach,and the psychoanalytic approach ________.

A) are irreconcilable and contradictory views of human psychology
B) are all part of the One Big Theory (OBT)
C) all address the biological basis of human psychology
D) address different sets of questions about human psychology

Question 39

Personality psychology emphasizes how people are ________,whereas subfields such as cognitive and social psychology emphasize how people are ________.

A) similar to each other; different from each other
B) different from each other; similar to each other
C) essentially good; essentially bad
D) motivated by unconscious forces; motivated by conscious forces

Question 40

According to Funder,in what way do personality psychologists appreciate individual differences?

A) They categorize and label people; that is, they pigeonhole them.
B) Because they assess people, they appreciate rich individual differences.
C) They psychoanalyze people, because there are important differences in the unconscious.
D) They try to break down individuals and study their components, rather than studying whole persons.

Question 41

Explain the idea of the One Big Theory.Identify three reasons why separate paradigms are useful in personality psychology.

Question 42

Explain why Funder believes that the basic approaches to personality are complementary and not competing explanations for understanding the psychological triad.

Question 43

Match the most relevant term with each definition.
a.Psychological triad d.One Big Theory
b.Funder's First Law e.Paradigm
c.Pigeonholing f.Funder's Second Law
A framework that can predict everything about human behavior

Question 44

Define Funder's First Law and come up with your own example to illustrate it.

Question 45

Identify and describe the basic approaches to personality outlined in Chapter 1.Why is it useful to have a basic approach?

Question 46

Match the most relevant term with each definition.
a.Psychological triad d.One Big Theory
b.Funder's First Law e.Paradigm
c.Pigeonholing f.Funder's Second Law
Labeling and categorizing people

Question 47

Match the most relevant term with each definition.
a.Psychological triad d.One Big Theory
b.Funder's First Law e.Paradigm
c.Pigeonholing f.Funder's Second Law
Thoughts,feelings,and behavior

Question 48

Match the most relevant term with each definition.
a.Psychological triad d.One Big Theory
b.Funder's First Law e.Paradigm
c.Pigeonholing f.Funder's Second Law
A basic approach to personality

Question 49

Funder argues that a basic approach that is good for explaining some elements of personality is usually that poor at explaining other elements of personality.Provide an example of an aspect of personality that is well explained by one basic approach but not the others.Then identify limitations in that basic approach by pointing to other aspects of personality that are better explained by a different approach.

Question 50

Match the personality approach with the most applicable research question.
a.Applied d.Phenomenological
b.Biological e.Psychoanalytic
c.Learning f.Trait
How do people from individualist cultures differ from others?

Question 51

Match the most relevant term with each definition.
a.Psychological triad d.One Big Theory
b.Funder's First Law e.Paradigm
c.Pigeonholing f.Funder's Second Law
Great strengths are often great weaknesses.