Deck 11: Psychoanalysis After Freud: Neo-Freudians, Object Relations, and Current Research

Question 1

Jung's distinction between people who are outwardly oriented toward the world and those who are turned in on themselves corresponds to ________.

A) Erikson's stage of intimacy vs. isolation
B) Freud's ideas of the oral and anal character types
C) Jung's own concept of animus and anima
D) the extraversion-introversion dimension of the Big Five

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Jane feels inferior to the people around her,but she tries to act like she is powerful and in control.Adler would say that Jane is ________.

A) experiencing the masculine protest
B) expressing her animus
C) developing a persona
D) reacting to her social interest

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Javier commonly asserts his dominance to his peers by picking fights or showing off how much weight he can lift at the gym.What kind of overcompensating behavior is Javier displaying?

A) organ inferiority
B) masculine protest
C) inferiority complex
D) basic mistrust

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What is the anima?

A) a man's idealized conception of women
B) a woman's idealized conception of men
C) the idealized conception of a nonhuman animal
D) the idealized conception of humankind

Question 5

Tom was a sickly child and always felt helpless.According to Adler,as an adult Tom will probably ________.

A) be a complete invalid
B) lose all interest in his social environment
C) attempt to overcompensate
D) become obsessed with his persona

Question 6

From a Jungian perspective,a reoccurring image of a snake as the villain in myths and literature is an example of a(n)________.

A) anima
B) social interest
C) persona
D) archetype

Question 7

All of the following Freudian ideas were reinterpreted by David Funder in the textbook EXCEPT ________.

A) identification with parents during the phallic stage
B) the stages of psychosexual development
C) the definition of libido
D) the concept of defense mechanisms

Question 8

The idea that men and women each have a masculine and a feminine side is linked to Jung's ideas about ________.

A) intimacy and isolation
B) inferiority and compensation
C) the collective unconscious
D) animus and anima

Question 9

Most neo-Freudians rely on information from ________ to test or verify their ideas.

A) controlled experiments
B) archival and field studies
C) Freud's original case descriptions
D) patient histories and introspection

Question 10

Jung believed that we all share inborn,species-specific ideas and memories.This is Jung's idea of ________.

A) social interests
B) collective unconscious
C) anima
D) animus

Question 11

In order for a person to develop an inferiority complex,he or she must ________.

A) actually have some disability that makes him or her inferior to others
B) developed narcissistic tendencies as a child.
C) have feelings of inferiority as a child.
D) have a particularly strong superego

Question 12

Modern psychoanalytic theory deviates from Freudian theory because it focuses less on ________ and more on ________.

A) sex; ego
B) adults; children
C) attachment; development
D) mothers; fathers

Question 13

Most neo-Freudians differ from Freud in three major respects.Which of the following is NOT one of these differences?

A) They emphasize a more scientific approach than Freud did.
B) Sexuality is less emphasized by neo-Freudians.
C) Conscious processes are emphasized more by neo-Freudians.
D) They describe interpersonal relationships as the source of psychological health.

Question 14

What is the animus?

A) a man's idealized conception of women
B) a woman's idealized conception of men
C) the idealized conception of a nonhuman animal
D) the idealized conception of humankind

Question 15

One difference between the neo-Freudians and Freud is that nearly all neo-Freudians ________.

A) place more emphasis on early childhood development
B) put more emphasis on interpersonal relationships
C) adhere to evolutionary theory and emphasize the importance of sex as a motivator
D) emphasize the importance of unconscious processes in the determination of behavior

Question 16

Adler felt that ________ was an important motivator of human thought and behavior.

A) the collective unconscious
B) animus
C) social interest
D) anxiety

Question 17

Compared to Freud,ego psychologists pay a good deal of attention to ________.

A) conscious thought
B) unconscious thought
C) relationships with fathers
D) the Big Five traits

Question 18

In general,neo-Freudians ________.

A) are strict followers of Freudian ideas
B) represent the majority of psychologists working in universities today
C) use the same research methods Freud advocated
D) rarely practice psychoanalysis

Question 19

Which of the following concepts is NOT associated with Adler?

A) feminine protest
B) inferiority complex
C) masculine protest
D) organ inferiority

Question 20

According to Adler,social interest is ________.

A) the tendency to observe other people in their natural environments
B) his personal measure of sociability
C) an interest in dominance
D) the desire to relate productively to others

Question 21

Throughout his childhood,in line with Horney's theory,George developed the basic anxiety of being alone and helpless.As an adult,George has most likely developed a neurotic need for all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) finding a partner who will solve all of his problems
B) being loved by everybody
C) feeling accepted and secure
D) being independent of everybody

Question 22

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator measures ________.

A) the Jungian classification of the four basic ways of thinking
B) prototypical images of women and men
C) the Big Five traits
D) aspects of Erikson's psychosocial stages of development

Question 23

Mike's ideal mate is sensitive and intelligent.Mike's idealized image of a woman is his ________.

A) unconscious compensation
B) animus
C) anima
D) feminine persona

Question 24

Jamal is entering his freshman year of high school.According to Erikson's psychosocial stages,Jamal is likely to face a(n)________.

A) inferiority complex
B) struggle for intimacy
C) identity crisis
D) sense of shame and doubt

Question 25

Freud's oral stage corresponds to Erikson's stage of ________.

A) generativity vs. stagnation
B) basic trust vs. mistrust
C) initiative vs. guilt
D) autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Question 26

Katie begins online dating hoping she will meet her future husband and avoid becoming an old maid.Her attempt to avoid being alone is an example of ________.

A) a neurotic need
B) a defense mechanism
C) a depressive position
D) an attachment style

Question 27

Horney's major deviation from traditional Freudian ideas was her ________.

A) emphasis on anxiety
B) view of penis envy
C) ideas about the development of neurotic needs
D) link between adult functioning and childhood struggles

Question 28

Freud's phallic stage corresponds to Erikson's stage of ________.

A) industry vs. inferiority
B) basic trust vs. mistrust
C) initiative vs. guilt
D) autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Question 29

Paul is always concerned about how he appears to others and thus wears a carefully chosen public "face" in every situation.According to Jung,Paul has ________.

A) effectively mediated the tension between the animus and anima
B) become obsessed with his persona
C) created a false archetype
D) overcompensated for his sense of inferiority

Question 30

Horney felt that when women experience penis envy,it symbolizes their ________.

A) desire to actually possess a penis
B) lack of power and control in society
C) rejection of motherhood
D) dissatisfaction with their own bodies

Question 31

What neo-Freudian concept or theory did Erik Erikson develop?

A) attachment theory
B) psychosocial stages of development
C) the animus and anima
D) object relations theory

Question 32

Adult behavior,according to Horney,is based on efforts to ________.

A) overcome the fear of being alone in a hostile world
B) deal with recurring Oedipal crises
C) resolve interpersonal conflicts with significant others
D) repress the collective unconscious

Question 33

Freud's anal stage corresponds to Erikson's stage of ________.

A) generativity vs. stagnation
B) basic trust vs. mistrust
C) initiative vs. guilt
D) autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Question 34

Which sequence represents the correct order for Erikson's first three psychosocial stages?

A) basic trust vs. mistrust; initiative vs. guilt; autonomy vs. shame and doubt
B) basic trust vs. mistrust; autonomy vs. shame and doubt; initiative vs. guilt
C) basic trust vs. mistrust; initiative vs. guilt; identity vs. identity confusion
D) identity vs. identity confusion; intimacy vs. isolation; basic trust vs. mistrust

Question 35

In Erikson's scheme,we progress from one crisis to another according to ________.

A) processes of physical maturation
B) developmental tasks at different times of life
C) the successful repression of inappropriate id impulses
D) the physical location of libido at each stage

Question 36

Freud's latency period corresponds to Erikson's stage of ________.

A) generativity vs. stagnation
B) identity vs. identity confusion
C) initiative vs. guilt
D) industry vs. inferiority

Question 37

Erikson's view is distinct from Freudian theory in that he believed psychological development ________.

A) occurs primarily in early childhood
B) continues to change throughout the life span
C) depends on the resolution of the Oedipal complex
D) involves the investment of the libido at each stage

Question 38

Major differences between Erikson's theory of personality development and Freud's theory are Erikson's ideas regarding ________.

A) the functioning of the id and the physical location of libido
B) development as occurring in a series of stages and the existence of the id
C) the role and pervasiveness of conscious conflict
D) the importance of parents to a child's development

Question 39

Ellen is a 50-year-old woman who is raising her two grandchildren,is active in her community,and is learning how to paint.According to Erikson's theory,Ellen has chosen ________.

A) industry
B) initiative
C) integrity
D) generativity

Question 40

Martha just turned 55 years old and is about to see her last born off to college.According to Erikson,what psychosocial crisis is Martha likely to experience?

A) generativity vs. stagnation
B) intimacy vs. isolation
C) integrity vs. despair
D) industry vs. inferiority

Question 41

In psychoanalytic terms,objects are ________.

A) pieces of unconscious material against which the ego defends itself
B) patients undergoing psychoanalytic therapy
C) emotionally important people and relationships in one's life
D) created by emotionally unimportant people in one's life

Question 42

According to Melanie Klein,the ________ position refers to a child's desire to worship and protect the good parts of an object because he or she fears losing them.

A) depressive
B) constructive
C) enhancing
D) paranoid

Question 43

What is the overarching principle of object relations theory?

A) Dream objects have a special significance to the person's waking life.
B) Every object we encounter reflects our unconscious experience.
C) We relate to others through our mental images of them.
D) We project psychological characteristics on physical objects.

Question 44

According to Drew Westen,all of the following studies might be described as psychoanalytic research EXCEPT a study ________.

A) about genetic contributions to infant attachment
B) about the impact of sexual and aggressive wishes on behavior
C) to determine the impact of early child-rearing practices on adult personality characteristics
D) about self-deception and self-defensive thought

Question 45

According to Melanie Klein,a child who idealizes a parent also ________.

A) feels hatred toward that parent
B) feels unconditional love toward that parent
C) desires to have all of that parent's traits
D) feels very ambivalent toward that parent

Question 46

Which statement is most true regarding the influence of Freud?

A) Freud's ideas about the Oedipal crisis have empirical support.
B) Freud's ideas no longer hold any influence in current psychoanalysis.
C) Few people find psychoanalytic theory interesting or insightful.
D) Freudian ideas continue to influence psychology today.

Question 47

Dr.Ders is a psychotherapist who emphasizes the importance of relating to others as real people who have mixtures of virtues and vices.Dr.Ders is most likely a therapist in the tradition of ________.

A) Freudian theory
B) neo-Freudian theory
C) Eriksonian theory
D) object relations theory

Question 48

According to the object relations theorist D.W.Winnicott,the purpose of a transitional object is to ________.

A) compensate for an inferiority complex
B) defend the superego from unconscious urges
C) protect the true self by keeping it invisible
D) compensate for the fact that we cannot have our loved ones with us all of the time

Question 49

A key theme of object relations theory is that ________.

A) every relationship has elements of satisfaction and frustration
B) every relationship is either pleasurable or frustrating
C) unconscious processes determine the conflict among one's objects
D) we are often able to overcome early maladaptive relationships and form mature love relationships

Question 50

The object relations theorist Melanie Klein suggests that important love relationships are mixed with emotions such as envy,fear,and guilt.People react to these emotions by ________.

A) avoiding close relationships
B) resorting to idealizations of relationships
C) regressing to early stages of psychosexual development
D) adopting a new object

Question 51

According to Winnicott,a niffle is transitional because ________.

A) it helps the child shift from a time when adults constantly took care of him or her
B) it is useful when moving from place to place
C) it is an object that is personified by children
D) it enables a child to put on a false self

Question 52

From the perspective of object relations theory,what is the purpose of psychotherapy?

A) to enable an individual to come to terms with his or her phobias and irrational fears
B) to help minimize use of defense mechanisms
C) to encourage free expression of hate, anger, love and fear
D) to help minimize the difference between the true and false selves

Question 53

According to Melanie Klein,the ________ position refers to a child's desire to destroy the bad parts of an object because he or she fears being destroyed by them.

A) depressive
B) destructive
C) psychotic
D) paranoid

Question 54

According to D.W.Winnicott,a niffle is a(n)________.

A) affectionate name for a friend who helps children cope with separation from parents
B) transitional object that helps children bridge the gap between fantasy and reality
C) imaginary friend that helps children cope with separation from parents
D) technique to measure objects in children

Question 55

Modern developmental psychology has been most influenced by Erikson's idea that psychological development ________.

A) occurs in stages
B) is influenced by parents
C) happens across the life span
D) is dependent on physical maturation

Question 56

According to the object relations theorist D.W.Winnicott,the purpose of a false self is to ________.

A) compensate for an inferiority complex
B) defend the superego from unconscious urges
C) protect the true self by keeping it invisible
D) motivate us to perform moral behavior

Question 57

Some psychologists maintain that your relationships with other people are based on the images of them that you hold in your mind.Psychologists who emphasize this idea are known as ________ theorists.

A) object relations
B) Eriksonian
C) Adlerian
D) ego

Question 58

According to the text,what is one reason why psychoanalytic theory is NOT advancing in academic departments?

A) Research psychologists are often ignorant of psychoanalytic thinking.
B) No one is interested in psychoanalytic thinking, not even psychoanalysts.
C) Psychoanalytic thinking has been perfected with object relations theory, so there is no room for advancement.
D) Neo-Freudians respect Freud too much to contradict his theory.

Question 59

Which of the following Freudian ideas is NOT supported by modern research?

A) Denial is a defense mechanism that the unconscious mind uses to keep a perception from emerging into consciousness.
B) The Oedipal crisis occurs in the phallic stage.
C) Much of what the mind does is unconscious.
D) There is evidence of conflict between different mental processes.

Question 60

Jimmy is a 5-year-old boy.When his parents leave him with a babysitter,he latches onto his stuffed animal,Tim.In the terminology of the object relations theorist D.W.Winnicott,Tim is a(n)________.

A) transitional object
B) ego object
C) institutional object
D) archetype

Question 61

Match each central theoretical viewpoint with its associated neo-Freudian psychologist.
a.People are motivated as adults to overcome feelings of inferiority they developed as a child.
b.Human beings are a part of the collective unconscious, which includes inborn memories, ideas, and images.
c.Women lack confidence due to the structure of society rather than the biological differences between men and women.
d.People develop socially acceptable false selves to maintain smooth interpersonal relationships.
e.People relate to other people through the images of them we hold in our minds.
f.People develop through their confrontation with various conflicts throughout their life spans.
g.Psychological development is the story of ego development because the function of ego is to make sense of everything a person experiences.
h.Individuals' early experiences with love shapes their future outlook on life and other people.
i.Any psychological research is at least "a little" psychoanalytic.
D.W.Winnicott

Question 62

According to the text,a neo-Freudian would most likely believe the following EXCEPT ________.

A) much of mental life (i.e. thoughts, feelings, motives) is unconscious
B) childhood experiences shape the personality developed in adulthood
C) relationships formed with parents repeat later in adulthood
D) young boys are shaped by the experience of admiration and love for their mother and bitter jealousy for their father

Question 63

What are the three types of attachment in children,according to attachment theory?

A) anxious-ambivalent, avoidant, dependent
B) anxious-ambivalent, avoidant, secure
C) anxious-ambivalent, dependent, secure
D) avoidant, dependent, secure

Question 64

Match each central theoretical viewpoint with its associated neo-Freudian psychologist.
a.People are motivated as adults to overcome feelings of inferiority they developed as a child.
b.Human beings are a part of the collective unconscious, which includes inborn memories, ideas, and images.
c.Women lack confidence due to the structure of society rather than the biological differences between men and women.
d.People develop socially acceptable false selves to maintain smooth interpersonal relationships.
e.People relate to other people through the images of them we hold in our minds.
f.People develop through their confrontation with various conflicts throughout their life spans.
g.Psychological development is the story of ego development because the function of ego is to make sense of everything a person experiences.
h.Individuals' early experiences with love shapes their future outlook on life and other people.
i.Any psychological research is at least "a little" psychoanalytic.
Erik Erikson

Question 65

According to Bowlby,the basis of love is ________.

A) friendship
B) attachment
C) fear
D) security

Question 66

Susie is an infant participating in a strange situation.When her mother leaves the room,Susie does not seem to care.Upon her mother's return,Susie ignores her.What kind of attachment does Susie have to her mother?

A) anxious-ambivalent
B) avoidant
C) rejecting
D) depressive

Question 67

Match each central theoretical viewpoint with its associated neo-Freudian psychologist.
a.People are motivated as adults to overcome feelings of inferiority they developed as a child.
b.Human beings are a part of the collective unconscious, which includes inborn memories, ideas, and images.
c.Women lack confidence due to the structure of society rather than the biological differences between men and women.
d.People develop socially acceptable false selves to maintain smooth interpersonal relationships.
e.People relate to other people through the images of them we hold in our minds.
f.People develop through their confrontation with various conflicts throughout their life spans.
g.Psychological development is the story of ego development because the function of ego is to make sense of everything a person experiences.
h.Individuals' early experiences with love shapes their future outlook on life and other people.
i.Any psychological research is at least "a little" psychoanalytic.
Alfred Adler

Question 68

Classic psychoanalytic theory assumes development ________ whereas contemporary developmental psychology assumes development ________.

A) relies on nature; relies on nurture
B) stops after adolescence; continues throughout adulthood
C) continues throughout adulthood; stops after adolescence
D) relies on nurture; relies on nature

Question 69

Match each central theoretical viewpoint with its associated neo-Freudian psychologist.
a.People are motivated as adults to overcome feelings of inferiority they developed as a child.
b.Human beings are a part of the collective unconscious, which includes inborn memories, ideas, and images.
c.Women lack confidence due to the structure of society rather than the biological differences between men and women.
d.People develop socially acceptable false selves to maintain smooth interpersonal relationships.
e.People relate to other people through the images of them we hold in our minds.
f.People develop through their confrontation with various conflicts throughout their life spans.
g.Psychological development is the story of ego development because the function of ego is to make sense of everything a person experiences.
h.Individuals' early experiences with love shapes their future outlook on life and other people.
i.Any psychological research is at least "a little" psychoanalytic.
Carl Jung

Question 70

Match each central theoretical viewpoint with its associated neo-Freudian psychologist.
a.People are motivated as adults to overcome feelings of inferiority they developed as a child.
b.Human beings are a part of the collective unconscious, which includes inborn memories, ideas, and images.
c.Women lack confidence due to the structure of society rather than the biological differences between men and women.
d.People develop socially acceptable false selves to maintain smooth interpersonal relationships.
e.People relate to other people through the images of them we hold in our minds.
f.People develop through their confrontation with various conflicts throughout their life spans.
g.Psychological development is the story of ego development because the function of ego is to make sense of everything a person experiences.
h.Individuals' early experiences with love shapes their future outlook on life and other people.
i.Any psychological research is at least "a little" psychoanalytic.
John Bowlby

Question 71

An element of Freudian theory that has been most supported in modern attachment theory and research is that ________.

A) attachments can form only between mothers and infants
B) the attachment bond is formed by the caregiver meeting the child's oral needs
C) early relationships with parents form models for later romantic attachments
D) attachment styles are determined by the successful resolution of the Oedipal crisis

Question 72

Match each central theoretical viewpoint with its associated neo-Freudian psychologist.
a.People are motivated as adults to overcome feelings of inferiority they developed as a child.
b.Human beings are a part of the collective unconscious, which includes inborn memories, ideas, and images.
c.Women lack confidence due to the structure of society rather than the biological differences between men and women.
d.People develop socially acceptable false selves to maintain smooth interpersonal relationships.
e.People relate to other people through the images of them we hold in our minds.
f.People develop through their confrontation with various conflicts throughout their life spans.
g.Psychological development is the story of ego development because the function of ego is to make sense of everything a person experiences.
h.Individuals' early experiences with love shapes their future outlook on life and other people.
i.Any psychological research is at least "a little" psychoanalytic.
Drew Westen

Question 73

Match each central theoretical viewpoint with its associated neo-Freudian psychologist.
a.People are motivated as adults to overcome feelings of inferiority they developed as a child.
b.Human beings are a part of the collective unconscious, which includes inborn memories, ideas, and images.
c.Women lack confidence due to the structure of society rather than the biological differences between men and women.
d.People develop socially acceptable false selves to maintain smooth interpersonal relationships.
e.People relate to other people through the images of them we hold in our minds.
f.People develop through their confrontation with various conflicts throughout their life spans.
g.Psychological development is the story of ego development because the function of ego is to make sense of everything a person experiences.
h.Individuals' early experiences with love shapes their future outlook on life and other people.
i.Any psychological research is at least "a little" psychoanalytic.
Karen Horney

Question 74

Research suggests that avoidant children are likely to become adults who tend to________.

A) be obsessed with their romantic partners
B) be relatively uninterested in romantic relationships
C) have high self-esteem and confidence
D) enjoy long, stable romantic relationships

Question 75

What question is most useful to ask when evaluating the psychoanalytic approach?

A) Is this approach scientific?
B) Is this approach morally wrong?
C) Does this approach raise unanswered questions about human behavior?
D) How would Freud use this approach to evaluate the behavior of his patients?

Question 76

Gee is entering his senior year of high school and has successfully moved through Erikson's psychosocial stages of development to this point.Explain which of Erikson's stages Gee will confront as an adult.What will need to happen for him to continue through Erikson's stages successfully?

Question 77

Match each central theoretical viewpoint with its associated neo-Freudian psychologist.
a.People are motivated as adults to overcome feelings of inferiority they developed as a child.
b.Human beings are a part of the collective unconscious, which includes inborn memories, ideas, and images.
c.Women lack confidence due to the structure of society rather than the biological differences between men and women.
d.People develop socially acceptable false selves to maintain smooth interpersonal relationships.
e.People relate to other people through the images of them we hold in our minds.
f.People develop through their confrontation with various conflicts throughout their life spans.
g.Psychological development is the story of ego development because the function of ego is to make sense of everything a person experiences.
h.Individuals' early experiences with love shapes their future outlook on life and other people.
i.Any psychological research is at least "a little" psychoanalytic.
Melanie Klein

Question 78

The psychological goal of attachment is to ________.

A) feel secure
B) possess the parent sexually
C) avoid conflict with authority figures
D) manipulate others

Question 79

Match each central theoretical viewpoint with its associated neo-Freudian psychologist.
a.People are motivated as adults to overcome feelings of inferiority they developed as a child.
b.Human beings are a part of the collective unconscious, which includes inborn memories, ideas, and images.
c.Women lack confidence due to the structure of society rather than the biological differences between men and women.
d.People develop socially acceptable false selves to maintain smooth interpersonal relationships.
e.People relate to other people through the images of them we hold in our minds.
f.People develop through their confrontation with various conflicts throughout their life spans.
g.Psychological development is the story of ego development because the function of ego is to make sense of everything a person experiences.
h.Individuals' early experiences with love shapes their future outlook on life and other people.
i.Any psychological research is at least "a little" psychoanalytic.
Jane Loevinger

Question 80

Research suggests that anxious-ambivalent children are relatively likely to become adults who tend to ________.

A) be obsessed with their romantic partners
B) be relatively uninterested in romantic relationships
C) have high self-esteem and confidence
D) enjoy long, stable romantic relationships