Deck 10: Helping Others

Question 1

Warneken and Tomasello (2006)studied the helping behavior of 18-month-old infants with an adult experimenter.They found that

A) infants this young didn't demonstrate empathy or helping of any kind.
B) infants this young understood when the experimenter needed help and, in the majority of cases, attempted to help.
C) infants this young didn't seem to sense when the experimenter needed help.
D) infants this young understood when the experimenter needed help but did not know how to offer help.

Answer 1

infants this young understood when the experimenter needed help and, in the majority of cases, attempted to help.

Question 2

When Jo witnessed a serious plane crash, she felt compassion, sympathy, and tenderness for the victims.Her feelings are indicative of

A) anxious introspection.
B) perspective taking.
C) personal distress.
D) empathic concern.

Answer 2

empathic concern.

Question 3

Abigail ran back into the burning house to rescue her sister, Sophia, but when she found out that her neighbor, Mitchell, was also in the house, she just waited for the firemen to arrive.According to the study by Fitzgerald and others (2010), which of the following best explains Abigail's actions?

A) In high-risk scenarios, we are motivated to help anyone.
B) In low-risk scenarios, we are willing to help friends and relatives
C) In all scenarios, we are unlikely to help someone not genetically related to us.
D) In high-risk scenarios, we are more willing to help only our closest relatives.

Answer 3

In high-risk scenarios, we are more willing to help only our closest relatives.

Question 4

Actions intended to benefit others are called

A) prosocial behaviors.
B) altruistic.
C) egoistic.
D) aggressive.

Question 5

Which hormone has been implicated by neuroscientists in empathy and prosocial behaviors?

A) Oxytocin
B) Cortisol
C) Estrogen
D) Testosterone

Question 6

Online file-sharing websites depend on the idea of

A) reciprocal altruism.
B) kin selection.
C) audience inhibition.
D) the arousal: cost-reward model.

Question 7

Madsen et al.(2007)found that participants showed a greater willingness to suffer longer for a close relative than for a distant relative.This finding is consistent with

A) kin selection.
B) the bystander effect.
C) pluralistic ignorance.
D) the negative-state relief model.

Question 8

The cognitive component of empathy that involves seeing the world through someone else's eyes is called

A) anxious introspection.
B) personal distress.
C) perspective taking.
D) empathic affect.

Question 9

The proposition that people react to emergency situations by acting in the most cost-effective way to reduce the arousal of shock and alarm is called the _____ model.

A) arousal: cost-reward
B) negative state relief
C) empathy-altruism
D) five-step

Question 10

Joey and Chandler are not related to each other, yet Chandler goes out of his way to leave work early so he can give Joey a ride to the airport.Ross, who is a scientist, suggests that he can account for Chandler's helping behavior using an evolutionary perspective.Which concept could he cite in doing so in this case?

A) Kin selection
B) Reciprocal altruism
C) The arousal: cost-reward model
D) Moral hypocrisy

Question 11

Kelli always tries to be very helpful because she believes it increases her chances of receiving help at a future time.Kelli's thinking most closely reflects the concept of

A) reciprocal altruism.
B) empathy.
C) egoism.
D) audience exhibition.

Question 12

Helping behavior is adaptive from an evolutionary standpoint if

A) it contributes to the survival of the fittest individual.
B) the economic rewards of helping are greater than the costs.
C) it helps to secure propagation of an individual's genes.
D) it is performed for altruistic rather than egoistic motives.

Question 13

Which of the following would be most consistent with the negative state relief model?

A) Shoppers who are given a free gift are more likely to donate money to a solicitor as they leave the store.
B) Students who feel guilty about falling asleep in class are more likely to volunteer to help a professor by completing a questionnaire.
C) Professional athletes are more likely to sign autographs for fans following a win than following a loss.
D) People who win the lottery are more likely to give money to charity than those who have not won the lottery.

Question 14

Evolutionary perspectives on helping behavior suggest that individuals

A) sometimes offer assistance to others even when doing so puts their own survival at great risk.
B) are more likely to offer help to attractive others who seem to be good potential mates.
C) are more likely to offer help to distant versus close relatives.
D) who only look out for themselves tend to be most successful from a reproductive standpoint.

Question 15

The negative state relief model of helping behavior

A) supports the existence of altruism in the real world.
B) applies more to emergencies than to non-emergency situations.
C) identifies yet another way in which helping can be egoistic.
D) All of these

Question 16

The evolutionary principle of kin selection dictates that we are more likely to help someone who is

A) a potential mate.
B) likely to return the favor.
C) physically attractive.
D) genetically similar to us.

Question 17

As compared to feelings of personal distress, empathic concern

A) is more likely in emergency situations.
B) does not directly impact helping behavior.
C) is more cognitive in nature.
D) is other-oriented rather than self-oriented.

Question 18

The principle of kin selection is based on the assumption that

A) although it is sometimes beneficial to help our kin, we must focus primarily on helping ourselves if we are to survive danger.
B) it is the survival of genes that matters most from an evolutionary perspective.
C) we will help those who are likely to reciprocate that help regardless of whether or not they are genetically related to us.
D) those who have the greatest reproductive fitness share more genes with their kin.

Question 19

The concept of empathy is defined by all of the following except which?

A) It may not be uniquely human.
B) It involves an emotional component known as empathic concern.
C) It involves feeling sympathy and compassion for another individual.
D) It does not include a cognitive component.

Question 20

Scientists have found evidence of reciprocal altruism in

A) fish.
B) monkeys.
C) chimpanzees.
D) All of these

Question 21

Ferguson and others (2008)found that ________ rewards were the best motivator to convince students to give blood.

A) egoistic
B) selfish
C) altruistic
D) selfless

Question 22

Research on the empathy-altruism model has demonstrated that individuals _____ in empathic concern offer help _____.

A) high; when escape from the situation is difficult, but not when escape is easy
B) low; if they can easily escape from the situation, but not if escape is difficult
C) high; regardless of the ease of escape from a situation
D) low; regardless of the ease of escape from a situation

Question 23

The proposition that people help others in order to counteract their own feelings of sadness is called the _____ model.

A) arousal: cost-reward
B) negative state relief
C) empathy-altruism
D) diffusion-of-responsibility

Question 24

The pleasure one has at seeing another person experience relief is called

A) empathic joy.
B) altruism.
C) arousal.
D) egoism.

Question 25

Helping in the face of _____ costs is called _____.

A) enormous; altruism
B) small; altruism
C) enormous; courageous resistance
D) small; courageous resistance

Question 26

The empathy-altruism hypothesis maintains that, regardless of how easy it is to escape from a situation, people will help someone else if their motives are

A) altruistic.
B) simplistic.
C) idiosyncratic.
D) egoistic.

Question 27

Research conducted by Wayment (2004)in the wake of the 9/11 terrorist attacks reveals that

A) people derive more satisfaction from helping strangers than from helping close others.
B) giving help to others often leads to increase in mental and physical well-being.
C) in an emergency, bystanders often do not have the time to weigh the costs and benefits of helping.
D) women are more likely to help strangers than are men.

Question 28

When Christine sees how upset Jim is about his father's death, she, too, becomes upset.As a result, she goes out of her way to console Jim.Christine's actions are consistent with the

A) empathy-altruism hypothesis.
B) mood maintenance model.
C) norm of reciprocity.
D) threat to self-esteem model.

Question 29

"Good Samaritan" laws

A) encourage bystanders to intervene in emergencies.
B) increase the cost of failing to help.
C) are fairly rare in the United States.
D) All of these

Question 30

The primary distinction between altruistic and egoistic helping concerns the

A) motivations of the helper.
B) ratio of rewards to costs.
C) number of bystanders present.
D) mood of the helper.

Question 31

Kirk passes a homeless person on the street.Kirk is most likely to help this person if the costs of

A) not helping are small, and Kirk will gain nothing from helping.
B) not helping are small, and Kirk will feel better about himself by helping.
C) helping are large, and Kirk will feel better about himself by helping.
D) helping are small, and Kirk will feel better about himself by helping.

Question 32

Giles volunteers his time to his local community center because he thinks it will look good on his college applications.Giles's behavior would best be described as

A) democratic.
B) egoistic.
C) altruistic.
D) realistic.

Question 33

The idea that people respond to emergency situations by acting to reduce their personal distress in the most cost-effective way is most consistent with the

A) negative state relief model.
B) attribution-affect-action model.
C) norm of social responsibility.
D) arousal: cost-reward model.

Question 34

Sandhya missed class because she is sick, but Luis did attend the lecture.Sandhya asks Luis if she can borrow his notes.If Luis considers Sandhya's situation from her point of view and decides to offer help, he is most likely

A) invoking the norm of reciprocal altruism.
B) operating under an altruistic motive.
C) operating under an egoistic motive.
D) following the negative state relief model.

Question 35

The empathy-altruism model suggests that when escape from a situation is easy, people will

A) offer help only when they have empathic concern.
B) offer help only when they are in a good mood.
C) almost always exhibit altruism.
D) be likely to experience empathic concern.

Question 36

Arianna notices that her neighbor's house is on fire.According to the arousal: cost-reward model, her initial reaction should be

A) feelings of personal distress.
B) feelings of empathetic concern.
C) a consideration of the rewards of helping.
D) a consideration of the costs of helping.

Question 37

Charlene volunteers one afternoon each week at the local soup kitchen because she is genuinely concerned about the welfare of the less fortunate citizens in her community.Charlene's behavior would best be characterized as

A) egoistic.
B) altruistic.
C) affective.
D) evolutionary.

Question 38

Research by Rilling et al.(2002)suggests that ________ behavior is linked to activation of the brain in areas associated with processing rewards.

A) selfish
B) dangerous
C) evolutionarily adaptive
D) mutually cooperative

Question 39

According to the empathy-altruism hypothesis, altruistic behavior is primarily the result of

A) taking another's perspective.
B) rewards and costs.
C) personal distress.
D) evolution.

Question 40

Research by Batson on the empathy-altruism hypothesis suggests that

A) all helping is altruistic.
B) most helping is egoistic.
C) helping is affected by many motives, including sometimes altruism.
D) helping is affected by many motives, but rarely altruism.

Question 41

Latané and Darley's (1968)"smoke-filled room" study demonstrated the concept of

A) diffusion of responsibility.
B) pluralistic ignorance.
C) audience inhibition.
D) negative state relief.

Question 42

For doctors and nurses, too much empathy can be

A) essential to effective job performance.
B) a risk factor for depression.
C) a risk factor for anxiety.
D) a way to retain one's humanity.

Question 43

Many different factors contribute to the bystander effect.Which of the following is not one of them?

A) Audience inhibition
B) Time pressure
C) Pluralistic ignorance
D) Diffusion of responsibility

Question 44

Which of the following factors will lead to greater helping in an emergency situation?

A) A large group of bystanders witnesses the emergency
B) The emergency occurs in a busy environment
C) The emergency involves two people who are clearly related
D) The situation is clearly an emergency

Question 45

Kramer was on the subway during rush hour and failed to offer assistance to a woman who fell down and lost consciousness.One explanation for why he might not have noticed the emergency would be

A) audience inhibition.
B) pluralistic ignorance.
C) diffusion of responsibility.
D) stimulus overload.

Question 46

Newman notices that the passenger seated across from him on the subway has his eyes closed and hasn't moved in a while.But he looks around and sees that no one else, including those passengers who were on the train when he boarded, seems too concerned about this man.He decides that this probably means there isn't an emergency and the man is not in need of help.This line of thinking epitomizes which of the following concepts?

A) Stimulus overload
B) Pluralistic ignorance
C) Audience inhibition
D) Diffusion of responsibility

Question 47

The belief that others will or should take the responsibility for providing assistance to a person in need is called

A) the bystander effect.
B) diffusion of responsibility.
C) pluralistic ignorance.
D) audience inhibition.

Question 48

Research by Omoto and Snyder (1995)found that volunteers who decided to help AIDS victims had _____ service if their motives were _____.

A) longer; self-oriented
B) longer; other-oriented
C) shorter; religious
D) shorter; egoistic

Question 49

During his statistics class this morning, Stuart was completely confused.He considered asking questions during the lecture, but because nobody else asked questions, he did not want to raise his hand and make a fool of himself in front of everyone.Stuart's failure to ask questions most likely stems from

A) diffusion of responsibility.
B) stimulus overload.
C) pluralistic ignorance.
D) audience inhibition.

Question 50

Benny has a heart attack while riding a crowded city bus and nobody on the bus attempts to help him.This exemplifies

A) the bystander effect.
B) the good mood effect.
C) moral hypocrisy.
D) the norm of social responsibility.

Question 51

Cosmo is walking home on a busy downtown street when he notices a woman lying on the sidewalk who appears to have lost consciousness.Which of the following obstacles to helping would best explain why he did not interpret the event as an emergency?

A) Audience inhibition
B) Pluralistic ignorance
C) Diffusion of responsibility
D) Stimulus overload

Question 52

The belief that one's own thoughts and feelings differ from those of others, even though everyone is behaving in the same way, is called

A) stimulus overload.
B) pluralistic ignorance.
C) courageous resistance.
D) diffusion of responsibility.

Question 53

The bystander effect does not occur when

A) the bystanders are all friends.
B) the bystanders are all strangers.
C) the bystanders are only in one's mind.
D) the bystanders are on the Internet.

Question 54

The bystander effect refers to the tendency for

A) the presence of others inhibits helping.
B) the presence of others promotes helping.
C) bystander helping to be motivated more by egoistic concerns than altruistic ones.
D) bystander helping to be motivated more by altruistic concerns than egoistic ones.

Question 55

Having struggled with panhandlers on the subway, hassles at the office, and telephone calls at dinner, Allison retreats to her bedroom rather than noticing that her daughter needs help with a homework assignment.She is probably reacting to

A) social norms.
B) bystander calculus.
C) stimulus overload.
D) reactance.

Question 56

Which of the following is not one of the five steps to helping proposed by Latané and Darley (1970)?

A) Interpret the event as an emergency
B) Invoke the norm of reciprocity
C) Take responsibility for providing help
D) Notice that something is happening

Question 57

Darley and Latané's (1968)"epileptic seizure" study demonstrated that

A) helping is primarily egoistic.
B) helping is primarily altruistic.
C) helping is inversely related to group size.
D) helping is positively related to group size.

Question 58

Dewanto hears what sounds like gunshots coming from the school parking lot.None of his classmates appears concerned, so Dewanto assumes that they know the sound was only a car backfiring or someone playing with firecrackers.Dewanto's beliefs illustrate

A) diffusion of responsibility.
B) empathic concern.
C) audience inhibition.
D) pluralistic ignorance.

Question 59

What explanation does research give for the finding that volunteers with egoistic motives tend to remain active volunteers longer than those with more altruistic motives?

A) Altruistic motives do not stand up against the personal costs of helping for long.
B) Altruistic motives are not genuinely felt.
C) Altruistic motives create more personal cost for the volunteer.
D) Altruistic motives help one manage the personal costs of helping.

Question 60

Which of the following situational changes would not have made it more likely that someone would've acted to help Kitty Genovese during her attack?

A) If some of her neighbors had been police officers
B) If there had been 76 witnesses instead of 38
C) If some of her neighbors had experienced audience inhibition
D) If some of the witnesses had just heard a lecture on the situational influences on helping behavior

Question 61

Research suggests that the bystander effect

A) has become much less pronounced in our modern, technology-driven era.
B) is more common among women than men.
C) happens more often among friends than among strangers.
D) can occur with online and virtual groups as well as in-person groups.

Question 62

Which of the following would be the most effective way for a person to secure help in an emergency situation?

A) Make a very loud general plea for help
B) Ask a specific individual for help
C) Request help from those who are more psychologically distant from the situation
D) Appear to have the situation entirely under control

Question 63

Diffusion of responsibility can be reduced if

A) a bystander's training is relevant to the emergency at hand.
B) there are many bystanders.
C) the bystanders do not know each other.
D) the bystanders do not know the victim.

Question 64

Darley and Batson (1973)found that the helping behavior of seminary students was best predicted by

A) how religious they were.
B) the type of speech they were about to give.
C) how much time they had.
D) the sex of the person being helped.

Question 65

Research by Fischer and others (2011)indicates that in dangerous situations, the bystander effect is

A) stronger than in non-dangerous situations.
B) weaker than in non-dangerous situations.
C) stronger in mixed-gender situations.
D) weaker in mixed-gender situations.

Question 66

Fiona needs to get people to fill out her survey.The likelihood that people will help Fiona will increase if she approaches all of the following people except those who

A) live in the country rather than the city.
B) seem to be in a good mood.
C) just passed by a bakery.
D) are in a hurry.

Question 67

Research on culture and helping indicates that collectivist cultures are more likely to help their _____ and less likely to help their _____.

A) ingroup; outgroup
B) outgroup; ingroup
C) children; parents
D) parents; children

Question 68

An important element of helping in Spanish and Latin-American cultures is called

A) simpatía.
B) déja vu.
C) je ne sais quoi.
D) enfermo.

Question 69

Research on situational factors that influence helping demonstrates that

A) the lower the overall population, the more likely people are to help.
B) the higher the cost of living, the more likely people are to help.
C) the greater the population density, the more likely people are to help.
D) the lower the time pressure, the less likely people are to help.

Question 70

Research by Garcia and colleagues (2002)suggests that imagining you are in a group with other people

A) makes you more likely to engage in helping behavior.
B) makes you less likely to engage in helping behavior.
C) only influences altruistic helping behavior.
D) does not affect helping behavior.

Question 71

According to Latané and Darley's (1970)five-step model of helping, analysis of costs and rewards occurs at what step?

A) Noticing the event
B) Interpreting the event as an emergency
C) Taking responsibility to help
D) Providing help

Question 72

Stimulus overload would interfere with potential helping behavior at which step of Latané and Darley's (1970)five-step model of helping?

A) Noticing the event
B) Interpreting the event as an emergency
C) Taking responsibility to help
D) Providing help

Question 73

Reluctance to help for fear of making a bad impression on observers is called

A) kin selection.
B) audience inhibition.
C) arousal inhibition.
D) pluralistic reluctance.

Question 74

Kemmelmeier and colleagues (2006)found that residents of more individualistic states in the United States are _____ than residents of more collectivist states.

A) less likely to offer assistance in an emergency
B) more likely to give to charity
C) more susceptible to the bystander effect
D) less generous

Question 75

Ginny thinks she hears a husband physically abusing his wife.However, she does not call the police because she is afraid that her neighbors will ostracize her if she is wrong.Ginny's failure to act is a case of

A) negative state relief.
B) audience inhibition.
C) empathic concern.
D) pluralistic ignorance.

Question 76

People are less likely to notice an emergency if they

A) display empathic concern for others.
B) are aware of their surroundings.
C) are in a good mood.
D) are under time pressure.

Question 77

Asuni hears her neighbor's burglar alarm go off in the middle of the night, but she doesn't call the police because she assumes that one of the other neighbors will do so.Asuni's failure to call the police is the result of

A) pluralistic ignorance.
B) audience inhibition.
C) diffusion of responsibility.
D) stimulus overload.

Question 78

In their famous Good Samaritan study, Darley and Batson (1973)found that

A) students studying to become ministers were more likely to offer assistance to a stranger than college students.
B) seminary students on their way to give a sermon involving the Good Samaritan parable were more likely to offer assistance to a stranger than students preparing sermons on other topics.
C) the more religious seminary students were, the more likely they were to stop to offer assistance to a stranger as they walked across campus.
D) None of these

Question 79

People are probably most helpful when the weather is

A) sunny.
B) snowy.
C) rainy.
D) cloudy.

Question 80

When people think they will be scorned by others for failing to help, audience inhibition

A) increases.
B) decreases.
C) remains the same as it would in any situation.
D) escalates.