Deck 12: Law

Question 1

Recent DNA exoneration cases have revealed the most common cause of mistaken convictions to be

A) a coerced confession.
B) false alibis.
C) racially biased juries.
D) inaccurate eyewitnesses.

Answer 1

inaccurate eyewitnesses.

Question 2

Research concerning eyewitness testimony has demonstrated that

A) confident eyewitnesses are more accurate.
B) while some eyewitnesses are better than others, eyewitness identifications are generally not susceptible to situational biases.
C) juries are not well-informed about many of the factors that influence eyewitness accuracy.
D) judges and lawyers are well aware of the limitations of eyewitness testimony.

Answer 2

juries are not well-informed about many of the factors that influence eyewitness accuracy.

Question 3

The tendency for people to be more accurate at recognizing members of their own racial group than of other groups is called the

A) ingroup homogeneity effect.
B) outgroup homogeneity effect.
C) own-race identification bias.
D) cross-race identification bias.

Answer 3

own-race identification bias.

Question 4

Among the following, which most accurately summarizes an important point of controversy that has been debated among researchers who study reconstructive memory?

A) Some believe that post-event information actually alters a witness's real memory, whereas others believe it affects only the reporting of the memory.
B) Some believe that post-event information can bias an eyewitness's reporting of an event, whereas others believe that only information that is learned during acquisition can bias an eyewitness's reporting.
C) Some believe that scientific jury selection is an effective way to reduce the chances that jurors will be biased by reconstructive memory, whereas others believe that this strategy is unethical.
D) Some believe that the use of peremptory challenges leads to false memories, whereas others believe it helps ensure accurate memories.

Question 5

Prida has witnessed a violent crime involving a knife.Research suggests that he will be less likely to identify the culprit than in a situation where no knife was present because Prida will

A) be less aroused.
B) focus more on the victim.
C) spend more time looking at the knife.
D) be too afraid to remember anything accurately.

Question 6

After Natalie testifies in court that she witnessed the defendant committing the crime in question, a memory expert is called to testify on behalf of the defense.The expert testifies that Natalie's ability to encode the information accurately was probably impaired.Which of the following circumstances did the expert most likely have in mind when he questioned Natalie's ability to acquire the information accurately?

A) The weapon-focus effect
B) Reconstructive memory
C) Misleading questions
D) Leniency bias

Question 7

Research on children's memory for events demonstrates that

A) they may be especially susceptible to the effects of repetitive questions.
B) they are particularly resistant to the effects of suggestive questions and misinformation.
C) children witnesses often completely fabricate events in order to deceive adults.
D) children usually make better witnesses because they are more honest than adults.

Question 8

When Valentine and Mesout (2009)fitted visitors to the London Dungeon with a wireless heat monitor, they found that

A) higher heart rates were associated with more accurate eyewitness identification.
B) higher heart rates were associated with less accurate eyewitness identification.
C) heart rate corresponded to arousal level.
D) heart rate corresponded to the number of perpetrators encountered.

Question 9

Eyewitnesses' reports of crime details can be altered by exposure to post-event information.This results from

A) the reliance on peremptory challenges.
B) the reconstructive nature of memory.
C) normative influence pressures.
D) the positive coercion bias.

Question 10

Emily has just witnessed a violent crime.She is very worked up about it.In this physiological state, Emily is likely to focus on all of the following except the

A) weapon.
B) culprit.
C) setting.
D) victim.

Question 11

The own-race identification bias

A) results mainly from problems with memory retrieval.
B) is consistent in many ways with the concept of outgroup homogeneity.
C) has been observed among Caucasian but not African-American eyewitnesses.
D) is reduced by the presence of a weapon during the crime in question.

Question 12

Loftus and Palmer (1974)manipulated the wording of questions posed to participants who witness a filmed traffic accident.Their findings suggest that

A) the wording affected the participants' memory for the accident.
B) the wording did not affect the participants' memory for the accident.
C) witnesses often store multiple, contradictory memories for a single event.
D) most eyewitness errors have to do with problems that arise during encoding.

Question 13

Cathy witnesses a carjacking.A few days later, she is called to the police station to identify the culprit from a lineup.Cathy is most likely to be accurate if

A) the police tell her that the culprit is in the lineup.
B) one of the men in the lineup resembles the description that Cathy had given the police, while the other men in the lineup look very different from that description.
C) she is first presented with some mug shots and then views a lineup containing one of the men whose mug shot she has seen.
D) she observes the suspects and foils one at a time rather than together in a single lineup.

Question 14

Stark and colleagues (2010)showed participants slides of a man stealing a woman's wallet and slipping it in his jacket.Then an auditory recording recounted the event, stating that the wallet had been slipped into his pants.The results showed that

A) false memories tended to occur in the visual cortex.
B) false memories tended to occur in the auditory cortex.
C) false memories rarely occurred.
D) memories could be accurately retrieved if participants visualized the crime.

Question 15

Which of the following has not been shown to bias a child's memory report?

A) Repeating the question
B) Introducing misinformation
C) Leading questions
D) Questioning in a group setting

Question 16

A witness's consumption of alcohol is most likely to pose problems for the _____ of memory.

A) encoding
B) storage
C) retrieval
D) All of these

Question 17

The tendency for the presence of a weapon to draw attention and impair a witness's ability to identify a culprit is called the

A) weapon-focus effect.
B) distraction effect.
C) inattention phenomenon.
D) CSI effect.

Question 18

The tendency for false post-event information to become integrated into a person's memory for the event is called the

A) misinformation effect.
B) familiarity-induced bias.
C) leniency bias.
D) positive coercion bias.

Question 19

Waleska is a social psychologist who studies the legal system.Which of the following objectives would she be least likely to pursue in her research?

A) Improving the ability of police officers to determine when a criminal suspect is lying
B) Determining under what circumstances jurors are best able to understand and follow a judge's instructions
C) Assessing how judges apply sentencing guidelines to complex cases
D) Identifying the types of psychological disorders most likely to lead people to engage in criminal behavior

Question 20

Tony, Silvio, Paulie, and Christopher were all in the convenience store when it was robbed.Who is likely to be the most reliable eyewitness?

A) Tony, who was the only one to notice that the thief was brandishing a gun
B) Silvio, who was extremely aroused by the whole incident
C) Paulie, who was drunk at the time of the crime
D) Christopher, who is the same race as the thief

Question 21

With respect to social influence processes in interrogations, internalization refers to the process in which

A) innocent suspects come to believe that they have committed the crimes for which they are being interrogated.
B) suspects confess to crimes that they did not commit in order to escape aversive interrogations.
C) accused suspects are offered lighter sentences in exchange for important information.
D) juries are able to disregard confession testimony that was extracted through coercion.

Question 22

Guilty suspects can fool a polygraph test if they

A) simply deny any and all involvement in the crime for which they are being questioned.
B) meditate prior to the administration of the test.
C) lie in response to any crime-relevant questions, but tell the truth in response to the control questions.
D) artificially inflate their arousal to control questions by tensing their muscles.

Question 23

With respect to lineup identification, eyewitnesses tend to be less accurate when

A) there are six foils present in the lineup.
B) the suspect is of the same race as the witness.
C) the witness is informed that the suspect may be in the lineup.
D) the suspect and the foils are viewed one at a time.

Question 24

In theory, when innocent suspects are subjected to a polygraph test, they

A) are more aroused by crime-relevant questions than control questions.
B) are more aroused by control questions than crime-relevant questions.
C) exhibit overall lower levels of arousal than guilty suspects.
D) exhibit overall higher levels of arousal than guilty suspects.

Question 25

Polygraph tests

A) are extremely effective in detecting guilt in those who are guilty and innocence in those who are innocent.
B) are difficult to fake.
C) can be fairly accurate when the suspect is naive and the examiner is competent.
D) can be admitted into evidence in all district courts throughout the United States.

Question 26

Which of the following is not currently being investigated by researchers as a potential alternative to traditional polygraph tests?

A) Hypnosis
B) fMRI assessment of blood oxygen in the brain
C) Thermal imaging to detect rises in skin temperature.
D) Pupil dilation

Question 27

Kobayashi describes to police the man who attacked him as follows: 6 feet tall, Caucasian, gray hair, close to 200 pounds.The lineup that the police put together to present to Kobayashi includes eight individuals, four with brown hair and two who are bald.In this instance, the police have done a poor job

A) selecting the foils for the lineup.
B) guarding against the misinformation effect.
C) avoiding bias in their lineup instructions to the witness.
D) All of these

Question 28

Manisha witnesses a crime and is brought to the police station for an interview about what she saw.She is given a face construction booklet and asked to pick which of the 100 hairstyles looks most like the culprit's.Then she does the same for eyes, nose, mouth, ears, etc.Research suggests that this process is likely to lead Manisha to

A) perform more accurately if she is shown a lineup including the culprit several days later.
B) perform less accurately if she is shown a lineup including the culprit several days later.
C) become more confident in her ability to identify the culprit.
D) become less confident in her ability to identify the culprit.

Question 29

Wells and Bradfield (1998)found that feedback can influence an eyewitness's confidence and memory when

A) he or she makes an accurate identification.
B) the feedback confirms the identification.
C) when the suspect is of a different race.
D) the feedback disconfirms the identification.

Question 30

Kwame, a noted psychologist, has been called as an expert witness in a trial.Kwame is likely to provide testimony concerning all of the following except

A) alcoholic intoxication can impair ability to recall events.
B) police instructions can influence an eyewitness's confidence.
C) eyewitness confidence is not a good predictor of accuracy.
D) hypnosis increases the accuracy of eyewitness memory.

Question 31

One way in which expert testimony may increase the competence of jurors is by

A) facilitating judges' use of scientific jury selection.
B) leading jurors to be more critical of eyewitness testimony.
C) eliciting sentencing disparity.
D) modeling confidence, thus providing the jurors with a standard against which they can assess the confidence of non-expert witnesses.

Question 32

Police interrogations are often conducted in small, bare, soundproof rooms so that

A) distractions will be minimized and the suspect will be better able to focus on the interrogation.
B) suspects feel socially isolated and powerless.
C) police operating costs will be kept to a minimum.
D) other police officers will not become biased against particular suspects.

Question 33

Harwin is hooked up to a mechanical instrument that records his heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, and sweat gland activity.Harwin is being subjected to

A) a polygraph test.
B) an internalized interrogation.
C) the voir dire process.
D) a show up.

Question 34

A major problem with using the polygraph as a lie detector is that

A) truthful people often fail the test.
B) arousal cannot be measured with the polygraph.
C) it measures only the vocal channel, ignoring all other channels.
D) control questions do not evoke arousal in innocent people.

Question 35

An eyewitness identified Ashtok from a lineup as the man who robbed the bookstore.As an employee of the store, Ashtok was present during the crime but was not the person who committed the crime.The eyewitness's false identification was most likely the result of

A) the leniency bias.
B) the misinformation effect.
C) a familiarity-induced bias.
D) the fundamental attribution error.

Question 36

After a 36-hour interrogation, Liz just wanted to make it end so she confessed to the kidnapping even though she knew she had not committed the crime.Liz's confession would be labeled as

A) internalized.
B) compliant.
C) reactive.
D) misinformed.

Question 37

Research on lineup administration by Greathouse and Kovera (2009)suggests that the police officer who conducts a lineup

A) can affect the actual identification that a witness makes.
B) can impact how confident an eyewitness is.
C) will not unduly bias an eyewitness as he or she makes a conscious effort not to.
D) None of these

Question 38

Which of the following is not one of the five factors that influence eyewitness accuracy in lineup identifications?

A) Lineup format
B) Lineup construction
C) Lineup instructions
D) Lineup lighting

Question 39

Kirby is a juror in a rape trial in which both the prosecution and defense are relying on eyewitnesses.It is likely that Kirby will

A) be able to determine which eyewitnesses are accurate.
B) use eyewitness confidence as a cue to eyewitness accuracy.
C) underestimate the accuracy of all of the eyewitnesses.
D) understand the factors that influence eyewitness accuracy enough to determine whether an eyewitness is biased.

Question 40

Martha is accused of insider trading.During a polygraph test, she is asked if she ever littered as a child.This question is an example of a

A) control question.
B) crime-relevant question.
C) peremptory challenge.
D) reconstructive memory.

Question 41

One criticism of scientific jury selection is that it

A) focuses jury selection on the question of whether or not a juror will be able to be impartial in evaluating the case.
B) does not make use of empirical data.
C) can only be afforded by the wealthiest of defendants and plaintiffs.
D) is used in civil trials, but not in criminal cases.

Question 42

Which of the following is not a component of jury selection?

A) Compiling a list of potential jurors from sources such as voter registration lists
B) Using random selection to obtain a representative sample of community members who will be summoned for jury duty
C) Making sure that every single 12-person jury is representative of the community from which it is drawn
D) Subjecting those individuals who appear for jury duty to a pre-trial interview to exclude those who might be biased

Question 43

Among the following, which conclusion is not consistent with research on confessions?

A) Confessions are discounted more by jurors who see a videotape that focuses on the interrogator instead of the defendant.
B) When false evidence is presented by an interrogator, suspects are not only more likely to confess to a crime they did not commit but also to believe this confession.
C) Jurors often fully discount a defendant's confession if they learn that the confession was obtained while the defendant was being physically threatened by police.
D) Police detectives use an average of five to six tactics when trying to obtain a confession.

Question 44

Litigants at trial may remove prospective jurors from their jury through the use of peremptory challenges.Traditionally, no explanation has to be given for the use of a peremptory, but within the past few decades, the U.S.Supreme Court has ruled that peremptories may not be based on a juror's

A) education level.
B) race.
C) physical appearance.
D) All of these

Question 45

Jurors in criminal trials often fail to fully discount coerced confessions.In what sense can the fundamental attribution error explain this tendency?

A) People often overlook the situational factors that lead others to commit criminal acts.
B) We tend to think that no situational influences could be strong enough to lead someone to confess to something they did not do.
C) Jurors usually think that false confessions result from certain personality characteristics, such as passivity or lack of education.
D) Few people think that they themselves would ever admit to a crime they did not commit.

Question 46

Miguel will be using scientific jury selection in an upcoming trial.The first step of this process will be to

A) ask prospective jurors personal questions during the voir dire.
B) assess demographic characteristics and trial-relevant attitudes of the community in which the trial will take place.
C) submit a motion to the judge to allow an independent consulting firm to interview prospective jurors.
D) meet with the judge and opposing counsel to discuss the range of questions that will be permitted during the voir dire.

Question 47

Jurors often fail to adequately discount coerced confessions because of

A) the positive coercion bias.
B) the fundamental attribution error.
C) a sentencing disparity.
D) reconstructive memory.

Question 48

The defense attorney asks Twila, a prospective juror, if she knows the prosecuting attorney.This illustrates what process?

A) Voir dire
B) Normative influence
C) Informational influence
D) Jury nullification

Question 49

From the court's perspective, the voir dire process is intended to

A) allow the lawyers to present evidence to the judge without the jurors present.
B) identify and dismiss prospective jurors who may be biased.
C) familiarize prospective jurors with one another before they begin deliberation.
D) familiarize prospective jurors with the facts of the case prior to the actual trial.

Question 50

Jonnie is a defense attorney representing a client charged with drug offenses.He conducts a survey in the community and discovers that residents with conservative politics are particularly unsympathetic to defendants in drug cases.He therefore decides to use his peremptory challenges during jury selection to remove from the panel prospective jurors with a history of voting for conservative political candidates.Jonnie is making use of

A) scientific jury selection.
B) an implicit personality theory.
C) trial attorney intuition.
D) jury consultants.

Question 51

A police officer testifies that the defendant in a murder trial confessed to the crime.Under cross-examination, the officer reveals details of the interrogation that suggest it is likely that the defendant was coerced into confessing.How are jurors likely to react to the confession evidence?

A) Jurors will discount the confession because it was coerced.
B) Jurors will accept the confession because as a general rule jurors don't believe that people would confess to a crime that they did not commit.
C) Jurors will believe that they have discounted the confession, but will vote to convict anyway.
D) If the judge instructs jurors to disregard the confession evidence, then they will discount it, but otherwise, they will not.

Question 52

The use of community surveys to identify correlations between demographics and attitudes relevant to the trial is called

A) scientific jury selection.
B) implicit personality theories.
C) jury nullification.
D) the leniency bias.

Question 53

Kassin, Meisner, and Norwick (2005)videotaped male inmates confessing to crimes that they did and did not commit and showed these videos to college students and police officers, asking them to judge which of the two confessions was true for ten inmates.They found that

A) college students were more accurate than police officers, but less confident.
B) college students were less accurate than police officers, and less confident.
C) college students and police officers were both inaccurate and confident.
D) college students and police officers were equally inaccurate, but police officers were more confident.

Question 54

The pre-trial interview of prospective jurors conducted by the judge and lawyers is called

A) decision control.
B) jury nullification.
C) scientific jury selection.
D) voir dire.

Question 55

Henry is a Caucasian male and the foreman of a criminal jury.The defendant in the trial is also a Caucasian male, and the evidence against him is quite strong.Research suggests that Henry is likely to be

A) harsher in his judgments than he would have been if the defendant were not Caucasian.
B) more lenient in his judgments than he would have been if the defendant were not Caucasian.
C) more forceful than the other jurors in making his arguments about the case.
D) less concerned with procedural aspects of the deliberations than other jurors.

Question 56

Lawyers may dismiss prospective jurors without having to justify their dismissal by using

A) jury nullification.
B) sentencing disparity.
C) peremptory challenges.
D) normative influence.

Question 57

Claire, a district attorney, believes that elderly women are likely to be sympathetic to criminal defendants.She, therefore, summarily dismisses elderly prospective jurors during voir dire.This exemplifies the

A) use of peremptory challenges.
B) advantages of scientific jury selection.
C) process of jury nullification.
D) power of informational influence.

Question 58

Which of the following best describes the conclusions reached by Kassin and Kiechel (1996)concerning false confessions?

A) People are highly unlikely to confess to crimes they did not commit.
B) Internalized false confessions are most likely to occur when a suspect is intimidated with bright lights and physical threats.
C) Compliant false confessions are most likely to occur when a friendly interrogator offers sympathy and advice to a suspect.
D) Internalized false confessions are most likely to occur when false evidence of guilt is presented.

Question 59

Research on race and jury decision making indicates that jurors are

A) always more lenient toward defendants of their same race.
B) more likely to discriminate by race when race is a prominent issue during the trial.
C) not influenced by race when evidence in a case is strong.
D) None of these

Question 60

Research by Sommers and Norton (2007)on the impact of race on the use of peremptory challenges indicates that attorneys

A) are equally likely to remove from the jury African-American and Caucasian individuals.
B) do not always give accurate explanations when asked to justify a peremptory challenge.
C) are impacted by prospective jurors' gender more so than their race.
D) are influenced by race more so in civil trials as opposed to criminal trials.

Question 61

Death qualification refers to

A) pre-trial hearings that are conducted to determine whether a defendant should receive the death penalty.
B) a procedure used during voir dire to ensure that jurors are prepared for potentially graphic testimony concerning violence, usually involving murder.
C) a jury selection procedure that permits judges to exclude from capital cases all prospective jurors who say they would refuse to vote for the death penalty under any circumstance.
D) jurors' decision to recommend the death penalty even if the prosecution has not asked for it.

Question 62

In what way is pre-trial publicity dangerous?

A) It creates a first impression of innocence.
B) It creates a first impression of guilt.
C) It glamorizes the defendant.
D) It exploits the victim.

Question 63

In the case of Lockhart v.McCree, what issue did the U.S.Supreme Court consider?

A) Whether the death qualification violates a defendant's right to a fair trial
B) Whether scientific jury selection should be legal or not
C) Whether a jury should have six or 12 members
D) Whether a jury must have a unanimous verdict or not

Question 64

Kara sees a news story on television about an upcoming criminal defendant who was previously charged with similar crimes.If Kara is selected to serve as a juror for this defendant's trial, it is likely that

A) the information concerning the defendant's prior criminal activity will have no impact on her verdict as long as she agrees to be objective and impartial.
B) the information concerning the defendant's prior criminal record may bias her impression of the defendant, but instructions from the judge can counteract such a bias.
C) Kara will interpret the facts of the case in a way that is consistent with the information about the defendant's prior criminal record.
D) the pre-trial publicity will make the defendant seem more familiar to Kara and so she will be less likely to convict.

Question 65

Prospective jurors who indicate a willingness to vote for the death penalty typically exhibit all of the following except

A) a greater concern with crime.
B) more negative attitudes toward defense attorneys.
C) a greater suspiciousness of police officers.
D) a greater tendency to convict.

Question 66

If the CSI effect is real, then it would make juries

A) more likely to convict.
B) less likely to convict.
C) deliberate for a longer period of time.
D) deliberate for a shorter period of time.

Question 67

Franklin, an African-American male, is on trial for attempted murder.The study conducted by Sommers (2006)regarding jury racial composition suggests which of the following jurors would be most likely to vote to convict Franklin?

A) Jerry, a Caucasian male on an all-Caucasian jury
B) Robin, a Caucasian male on a racially-diverse jury
C) Eddie, an African-American male on an all-African-American jury
D) Dave, an African-American male on a racially-diverse jury

Question 68

Death qualification has been criticized on all but one of the following grounds.Which is the exception?

A) Death-qualified juries are overly skeptical of prosecutorial procedures.
B) Death-qualified jurors are more likely to vote for conviction.
C) The questions used to assess death qualification bias jurors.
D) Death qualification excludes jurors who would be willing to vote for the death penalty in some situations but not others.

Question 69

Sommers and Ellsworth (2001)found that when a crime involves race, Caucasian jurors

A) discriminated against an African-American defendant.
B) avoided discrimination against an African-American defendant.
C) were particularly motivated to be elected foreperson of the jury.
D) processed trial evidence less carefully than when the crime was race-neutral.

Question 70

Kalven and Zeisel (1966)found that _____ percent of judges agreed with the verdicts juries rendered in all cases.

A) 45
B) 60
C) 78
D) 92

Question 71

Research on inadmissible evidence suggests that, contrary to the judge's instructions, juries often pay attention to such information

A) even when it is unreliable.
B) when it is reliable but inadmissible because of a legal "technicality."
C) when it is emotional in content.
D) All of these

Question 72

Which of the following is an example of a source of nonevidentiary influence?

A) Pre-trial publicity
B) The testimony of expert witnesses
C) Fingerprint evidence
D) Eyewitness testimony

Question 73

As described in your book, Sommers's (2006)study examining the influence of a jury's racial composition indicates that

A) Caucasian and African-American jurors are often equally likely to vote to convict an African-American defendant.
B) African-American jurors often successfully convince Caucasian jurors to change their votes during deliberations, particularly when they offer multiple arguments for doing so.
C) Caucasian jurors often evaluate a trial differently when their jury is diverse versus all-Caucasian.
D) diverse juries have a harder time coming to a unanimous decision than do all-Caucasian juries.

Question 74

All of the following are potential explanations for the finding that jurors often fail to comply with a judge's instruction to disregard inadmissible evidence except

A) they do not like being told what they can and cannot pay attention to.
B) the judge's instruction often draws greater attention to the evidence in question.
C) jurors are primarily motivated to reach the "right" decision.
D) judicial instructions do not make it clear precisely which information should be disregarded and which should not.

Question 75

Tyson sits on a jury.Tyson is more likely to believe the defendant is guilty if

A) Tyson has an authoritarian personality.
B) the defendant is of the same race as Tyson and the evidence is weak.
C) Tyson has principled objections to the death penalty.
D) Tyson is a young adult.

Question 76

Pre-trial publicity tends to produce a bias against defendants because

A) people assume that defendants are guilty until proven innocent.
B) information in news reports usually comes from police or district attorneys.
C) most people charged with crimes really are guilty.
D) the publicity makes the defendant seem more familiar, resulting in a familiarity-induced bias.

Question 77

According to research findings, which of the following individuals is most likely to be an opponent of the death penalty?

A) Michael, who scores low on a self-report measure of authoritarianism
B) Buster, who holds fundamentalist religious beliefs
C) Lindsey, who believes that the world is a fair place in which you get what you deserve
D) Gob, who believes in the deterrent potential of capital punishment

Question 78

In a murder trial, Bob was selected to serve on a death-qualified jury.Given his attitude toward the death penalty, he is probably ______ than the average U.S.citizen.

A) less likely to vote for acquittal
B) more likely to recommend the death penalty
C) less tolerant of procedures that protect the accused
D) All of these

Question 79

Saul is a prospective juror in a mass murder case who, when asked by an attorney, says that he opposes the death penalty.The presiding judge then excludes him from the jury.This is an example of

A) leniency bias.
B) death qualification.
C) scientific jury selection.
D) jury nullification.

Question 80

During a trial, the prosecution refers to an illegally obtained tape recording of a phone call that makes the defendant appear guilty.Research suggests that after hearing this information, jurors are most likely to

A) disregard the information if the defense attorney objects, even if the judge rules that the information is admissible.
B) vote guilty, unless the judge rules that the information is inadmissible.
C) vote guilty, even if the judge rules that the information is inadmissible.
D) vote guilty if the judge rules the information is admissible, but vote not guilty if the judge rules that the information is inadmissible.