Deck 7: Exercise and Sport Nutrition

Question 1

Nutrition is defined as the science that interprets the connection between food and the function of the living organism.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Nutritional intake strongly influences the development and progression of chronic diseases and poor health conditions such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, osteoporosis, a variety of cancers, and obesity.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Carbohydrate loading has been shown to increase muscle glycogen levels and improve certain types of aerobic endurance exercise performance.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Epidemiologic studies such as the Framingham Heart Study and the Harvard Alumni Study have helped identify specific dietary factors that are associated with cardiovascular disease including the consumption of high levels of saturated fat and cholesterol.

Question 5

The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is designed to obtain information about the health status of the U.S. citizens.

Question 6

Below-normal levels of blood glucose are referred to as hyperglycemia.

Question 7

Dietary fat and cholesterol are critical to the normal functioning of body tissues and overall good health of the body.

Question 8

Fat-soluble vitamins are not stored in the body and therefore must be consumed in the diet on a regular basis.

Question 9

A primary challenge for obtaining accurate nutritional information lies in the interpretation of the item from the dietary record or recall and the selection of the matching food item from the nutrition database.

Question 10

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans summarize and synthesize knowledge regarding nutrient and food components into recommendations for a pattern of eating that can be adapted by the general public.

Question 11

Through daily dietary manipulation, the storage of muscle glycogen can be returned to normal levels or elevated above normal levels, and this helps improve performance in certain types of sport and athletic competitions.

Question 12

During prolonged exercise, the body uses up its available stores of muscle glycogen and increasingly relies on blood glucose supplied by the liver.

Question 13

Both vitamins and minerals can be used to directly produce energy during exercise.

Question 14

Antioxidant vitamins are needed in sufficient quantities in the diet because of their ability to protect the body from damage caused by oxygen-free radicals.

Question 15

In general, athletes do not require more minerals than healthy physically active people, but athletes who do not receive sufficient minerals from foods may be at risk for certain disease conditions.

Question 16

Electrolytes are lost predominately in sweat and a significant reduction in electrolytes can impair both sport and athletic performance.

Question 17

Creatine is an ergogenic aid that improves exercise performance by increasing energy production during high-intensity exercise.

Question 18

Direct calorimetry is the level of metabolism, as measured by energy expenditure, required to maintain the normal physiologic functions of the body.

Question 19

The development of the muscle biopsy procedure led to the understanding of how protein metabolism influences long-duration exercise.

Question 20

Micronutrients such as protein are only required in small quantities in an individual's diet.

Question 21

Dietary protein can come from both animal and plant sources.

Question 22

Consuming only water during long-duration training and competition will help maintain euhydration, but it will not replace the electrolytes lost in sweat.

Question 23

Drinking to thirst and planning to drink are the primary strategies for maintaining appropriate hydration during training and competition.

Question 24

Excess sodium and alcohol consumption has been shown to increase a person's risk of developing:

A) hypertension.
B) osteoporosis.
C) breast cancer.
D) colon cancer.

Question 25

One of the early experiments in nutrition demonstrated that dogs fed only with ______ would die prematurely.

A) carbohydrates and protein
B) carbohydrates and fat
C) protein and fat
D) protein and carbohydrates

Question 26

The development and use of the muscle biopsy procedure by Swedish researchers in the 1960s allowed for the original determination of how:

A) fast muscle glycogen was depleted during exercise.
B) quickly protein was used during resistance exercise.
C) vitamins and minerals are used to produce energy.
D) much water is needed to prevent dehydration during exercise.

Question 27

Which of the following nutrients is predominately responsible for providing energy during moderate to high-intensity physical activity or exercise?

A) Carbohydrates
B) Fats
C) Proteins
D) Minerals

Question 28

The condition of ______ occurs when blood glucose cannot be taken into the cells of the body as a result of insufficient insulin production.

A) Type 1 diabetes
B) Type 2 diabetes
C) hypocholesterolemia
D) hyperlipidemia

Question 29

During _________, the body breaks down tissue proteins, typically skeletal muscle, to ensure the formation of the essential proteins of the body.

A) anabolism
B) catabolism
C) hypertrophy
D) hyperplasia

Question 30

One of the main disadvantages to using the dietary record to measure food intake is:

A) that it does not rely on short-term memory.
B) that accurate estimates of portion sizes with the use of food models can be made.
C) it allows for the inclusion of culture-specific foods.
D) that it requires motivation for a prolonged period of record keeping.

Question 31

An increased daily consumption of fruits and vegetables can result in:

A) an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
B) an increased risk of hypertension.
C) a decreased risk of colon cancer.
D) a decreased level of HDL cholesterol.

Question 32

Athletes participating in sports that require high levels of muscular strength require:

A) more protein than the recommended daily intake.
B) less carbohydrates than endurance athletes.
C) less protein than endurance athletes.
D) fewer vitamins and minerals than the recommended daily intake.

Question 33

Which of the following factors would require an increased daily protein intake?

A) Exercise lasting less than 15 minutes
B) Good protein quality in the daily diet
C) Reduced carbohydrate intake in the daily diet
D) Female athlete compared to a male athlete

Question 34

Which of the following conditions may result from too much water intake without sufficient electrolyte replacement?

A) Euhydration
B) Hyponatremia
C) Hyperinsulinemia
D) Hypohydration

Question 35

Nutritional ergogenic aids may work to enhance sport and athletic performance by:

A) reducing energy production during exercise.
B) enhancing catabolic activities in the body.
C) aiding in recovery from exercise.
D) promoting a reduction in work performed by the body.

Question 36

The measurement of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production to determine energy expenditure is called:

A) basal metabolic rate
B) direct calorimetry
C) indirect calorimetry
D) basal human proportion

Question 37

Data from NHANES and other epidemiologic studies have demonstrated the relationships between:

A) anabolic and catabolic actions within the body.
B) diet and increased risk for certain disease conditions.
C) Type 1 and Type 2 insulin resistance.
D) dietary recall and dietary record assessments of food intake.

Question 38

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans are designed to:

A) promote health and to reduce risk for chronic diseases.
B) identify areas of food swamps.
C) determine where food stores should be placed.
D) reduce the risk of food deserts.

Question 39

The consumption of carbohydrate during long-duration exercise is designed to:

A) increase muscle and liver glycogen concentrations.
B) maintain the blood glucose concentration.
C) improve recovery following exercise.
D) promote the use of amino acids.

Question 40

The use of a high-fat diet to improve performance may be effective for:

A) strength-power athletes.
B) team sport athletes.
C) endurance athletes.
D) high-intensity, short-duration athletes.

Question 41

Antioxidant vitamins are important for athletes to consume, because the vitamins:

A) reduce the formation of oxygen-free radicals.
B) promote the development of muscle strength.
C) increase the energy formed from protein metabolism.
D) decrease the loss of bone mass from the skeleton.

Question 42

Which of the following ergogenic aids has the greatest potential to increase performance during competition?

A) Sodium bicarbonate
B) Omega-3 fatty acids
C) L-carnitine
D) Caffeine