Deck 7: Minorities in Policing

Question 1

The book Black in Blue found that black police officers suffered from ____________________.

A) double marginality
B) double taxability
C) singular marginality
D) all of these choices

Answer 1

A

Question 2

A substantially different rate of selection resulting from hiring, promotion, and other employment decisions that work to the disadvantage of members of a particular race, gender, or ethnic group is called ____________________.

A) reverse discrimination
B) reverse impact
C) cultural discrimination
D) adverse impact

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Before the 1940s, no black police officers worked in the Deep South; they were eliminated from the hiring process because they:

A) posed a threat to white supremacy
B) did not have a high school diploma
C) were involved in too many use-of-force issues
D) refused to work under white commanders

Answer 3

A

Question 4

An agreement between parties in a court action before, and instead of, a decision by a judge is called a:

A) consent agreement
B) consent decree
C) lawsuit
D) modus operandi

Question 5

The most controversial method of ending job discrimination is:

A) reverse employment
B) affirmative action
C) de facto hiring
D) equal employment opportunity

Question 6

The concept that employers must take active steps to ensure equal employment opportunity and to redress past discrimination is called:

A) reverse discrimination
B) adverse impact
C) affirmative action
D) de facto opportunity

Question 7

Which of the following is not consistent with the findings of Professor Sean Grennan in his study of patrol teams in New York City?

A) There were no basic differences between the way males and females working as a patrol team reacted to violent confrontations.
B) Female police officers, in most cases, were far more emotionally stable than their male counterparts.
C) Female officers were more likely to calm a potentially violent situation.
D) Female officers were more likely to suffer on-the-job injuries.

Question 8

Alice Stebbins Wells was the first woman appointed to the ____________________ Police Department.

A) Dallas
B) New York
C) Los Angeles
D) Chicago

Question 9

In the early 1900s, policewomen were often called ____________________ and were employed to bring order and assistance to the lives of women and children.

A) city mothers
B) mother McCredies
C) matrons
D) mother superiors

Question 10

The most prevalent form of discrimination has been ____________________.

A) separate job titles
B) disparate recruiting
C) de facto discrimination
D) standard discrimination

Question 11

The Supreme Court case that established the concept that hiring requirements must be job related was:

A) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
B) Brown v. Mississippi
C) Griggs v. Duke Power Company
D) United States v. Paradise

Question 12

Stephen Leinen attributed the disappearance of institutional discrimination against African Americans in police departments in recent years to all of the following except:

A) legal events of the civil rights era
B) the urban riots of the 1960s
C) efforts of black police officer organizations
D) social and political events of the civil rights era

Question 13

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was designed to prohibit job discrimination based on all but which of the following?

A) race and color
B) sexual orientation
C) national origin
D) gender

Question 14

In 1910, what city appointed the first "officially designated" policewoman?

A) Los Angeles
B) Seattle
C) New York
D) Cleveland

Question 15

Which of the following was not one of the duties relegated to early female police officers?

A) issuing parking tickets
B) guarding female prisoners
C) performing routine clerical tasks
D) patrolling

Question 16

Which of the following is not one of the possible causes for the acceptance of women in police departments in the late 1960s and early 1970s?

A) the women's rights movement
B) efforts by females officers to gain the right to perform patrol duty to achieve equality with male officers
C) pressure applied on behalf of women by the International Association of Chiefs of Police
D) 1964 Civil Rights Act

Question 17

The first African American police officers were appointed in what city?

A) Chicago
B) New York
C) New Orleans
D) Miami

Question 18

Which of the following is not an example of discrimination against African American police officers in the early 1900s?

A) only assigned to patrol black neighborhoods
B) were not allowed to arrest whites
C) received a lower salary than white officers
D) chances of promotion to higher ranks were limited

Question 19

What organization represented African American police officers in New York City?

A) Guardian Angels
B) Guardians Association
C) American Civil Liberties Union
D) African American Equalization Association

Question 20

The academic studies of women on patrol indicate that women:

A) can perform patrol duties as well as men can
B) perform in a less satisfactory manner than men on patrol
C) perform as well as men on patrol but only when teamed with a male partner
D) usually do not want to work patrol

Question 21

The Indianapolis Police Department assigned ____________________ and ____________________ to patrol in 1968. They were the first females to wear a uniform and a gunbelt and to drive a marked patrol car responding to calls for service on an equal basis with men.

A) Lari Rollings, Jenny White
B) Melissa Idol, Cynthia Lockhart
C) Susan Smith, Jamie Wilson
D) Betty Blankenship, Elizabeth Coffal

Question 22

The simultaneous expectation by white officers that African American officers will give members of their own race better treatment and hostility from members of the African American community who consider black officers to be traitors to their race is known as ____________________.

A) double marginality
B) de facto discrimination
C) adverse impact
D) reverse discrimination

Question 23

____________________ agencies tend to lead the way with the employment of Asian Americans in law enforcement.

A) Texas
B) California
C) New York
D) Arizona

Question 24

The National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders is also known as the:

A) Warren Commission
B) O'Connor Commission
C) Kerner Commission
D) Johnson Commission

Question 25

What act was enacted with the goal of assisting local governments in reducing the incidence of crime by increasing the effectiveness, fairness, and coordination of law enforcement and the criminal justice system?

A) Civil Rights Act of 1964
B) Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968
C) Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972
D) Civil Rights Act of 1991

Question 26

Until the 1970s, it was presumed that women were not as capable of performing the same type of patrol duty as men because:

A) of their gender and size
B) they could not testify in court
C) they were not good drivers
D) they would side with women in domestic disputes

Question 27

_____ is the unequal treatment of persons in personnel decisions (hiring, promotion, and firing) on the basis of their race, religion, national origin, gender, or sexual orientation.

Question 28

The primary instrument governing employment equality, as well as all equality, in U.S. society is the ____________________ Amendment to the United States Constitution.

A) First
B) Second
C) Fourteenth
D) Twenty-first

Question 29

Kristen Leger found that there has been a growing acceptance by the public for ____________________ in the law enforcement role.

A) women
B) Hispanics
C) African Americans
D) gay people

Question 30

Title ____________________ of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was designed to prohibit all job discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

A) I
B) III
C) IV
D) VII

Question 31

A study conducted by James David in Texas and Oklahoma revealed that arrest rates for men and women police officers are:

A) almost identical
B) slightly higher for men
C) significantly higher for women
D) slightly higher for women

Question 32

The Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 (EEOA):

A) expanded the jurisdiction and strengthened the powers of the EEOC
B) allowed employees of state and local governments to file employment discrimination suits with the EEOC
C) made the provisions of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, including Title VII, applicable to state and local governments
D) all of these choices

Question 33

According to the Department of Justice, ____________________ percent of sworn personnel in local police departments in 2007 were African Americans.

A) 19.5
B) 22.7
C) 11.9
D) l.8

Question 34

In the early days of female policing, women were normally used in only three actual police-related jobs. They were __________, __________, and __________.

Question 35

The __________ was enacted with the goal of assisting local governments in reducing the incidence of crime by increasing the effectiveness, fairness, and coordination of law enforcement and the criminal justice system.

Question 36

The type of discrimination that is the indirect result of policies or practices that are not intended to discriminate but do, in fact, discriminate is called ____________________ discrimination.

A) de facto
B) by-product
C) reverse
D) circumlocutory

Question 37

The simultaneous expectation by white officers that African American officers will give members of their own race better treatment and hostility that African American officers receive from the African American community because they are perceived as traitors to their race is known as __________.

Question 38

A Bureau of Justice Statistics publication reported that in 2007, ____________________ percent of sworn personnel in local police departments were women.

A) 11.9
B) 15.3
C) 3.9
D) 21.2

Question 39

What city has actively recruited openly gay police officers and has a large number of openly gay officers relative to the city's population?

A) San Francisco
B) Milwaukee
C) San Diego
D) Key West

Question 40

What was the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Ricci v. DeStefano?

A) The city's decision to invalidate the promotion test violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
B) The city did not violate any constitutional protections.
C) The city approved an invalid test due to disparate impact, so the court reversed the decision of the district court.
D) The city was in violation of the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 for discriminating against African American employees who took the promotion exam.

Question 41

Previous forms of physical ability testing for police jobs generally have been replaced by __________ tests.

Question 42

In 1969, the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) confirmed its policy of opposing the employment of gay officers.

Question 43

A major concept behind the affirmative action movement, and possibly the most disturbing concept to many, is the establishment of __________

Question 44

Homosexuals have not been discriminated against in police hiring practices.

Question 45

The United States has a long history of job discrimination against women and minorities.

Question 46

The Supreme Court decision in Griggs v. Duke Power Company established the concept that job requirements must be job related-they must be necessary for the performance of the job a person is applying for.

Question 47

Prior to the 1960s, African American police officers employed by the NYPD were assigned only to African American neighborhoods and were not assigned to specialized, high-profile units.

Question 48

The primary instrument governing employment equality, as well as all equality, in U.S. society is the __________ Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

Question 49

As late as the mid-1970s, female officers in some jurisdictions experienced different sets of rules from those for male officers.

Question 50

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited all job discrimination based on: __________, __________, __________, __________, or __________

Question 51

__________ is the indirect result of policies or practices that are not intended to discriminate but do, in fact, discriminate.

Question 52

If a certain examination results in the vast majority of females failing that test while the vast majority of males pass it, that exam can be said to have __________ on females.

Question 53

The job analysis must include the __________, __________, and abilities needed to perform the tasks of the job being tested for.

Question 54

In __________ the court ruled that the Baltimore Police Department's height requirement of 5 feet 7 inches was a prima facie case of sex discrimination.

Question 55

The most controversial method of ending job discrimination is the concept of affirmative action.

Question 56

__________ means that employers must take active steps to ensure equal employment opportunity and to redress past discrimination.

Question 57

The first important job discrimination case was __________.

Question 58

The vision requirement was probably the strongest example of discrimination against female candidates in police tests.

Question 59

The National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders stated that discriminatory police employment practices did not contribute to the riots of the middle and late 1960s.

Question 60

The __________ extended the 1964 Civil Rights Act and made its provisions applicable to state and local governments.

Question 61

Describe the methods used by women and other minorities to earn their proper place in U.S. police departments.

Question 62

Discuss the many ways that African Americans and women have been discriminated against in policing.

Question 63

How effective are women as patrol officers as compared to their male counterparts?

Question 64

In a 1995 case, a state police agency agreed to provide back pay to white male troopers who claimed they were unfairly passed over for promotions in favor of minority troopers.

Question 65

Detail the Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA) and explain its impact on how police departments handle female officers who are pregnant.

Question 66

Detail the case of Griggs v. Duke Power Company and explain the impact that this case has had on police hiring.

Question 67

Describe the role the federal government played in removing equal employment opportunity barriers to women and minorities in policing.

Question 68

How have affirmative action policies affected white males in hiring and promotional policies?

Question 69

What percentage of our police departments today consists of women? African Americans? Hispanics? How do these numbers compare to earlier years?

Question 70

How have police standards and testing procedures changed in recent years to enable more women and minorities to enter policing?

Question 71

Critics of affirmative action argue that it is unfair to select police officers based on their race or gender even though such a practice does not actually violate the 1964 Civil Rights Act and is not discriminatory.

Question 72

Discuss the problems women and other minorities still face in policing.

Question 73

Academic research has shown that female officers can do patrol work effectively and are well received by the public.