Deck 16: Mindfulness in Sport

Question 1

What steps should not be taken when engaging in mindful breathing?

A) initially engage in this practice for only one minute
B) initially engage in this type of breathing for 5-10 minutes
C) notice where the breath is coming from and feel it expanding and relaxing
D) avoid trying to breathe in a special way, simply notice the flow of breath

Answer 1

initially engage in this type of breathing for 5-10 minutes

Question 2

Mindfulness-based approaches offer an alternative to traditional mental skills training.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Mindful athletes have shown which of the following?

A) decreased ability to focus
B) increased sense of control and coping skills
C) decreased emotional regulation
D) increased hostility

Answer 3

increased sense of control and coping skills

Question 4

Which of the following benefits of mindfulness have been empirically proven?

A) all of these benefits are accurate
B) improved interpersonal relationship satisfaction and closeness
C) increased positive affect and decreased anger and worry
D) improved attention and working memory

Question 5

When considering traditional mental skills approaches to the process of achieving a desired mental state, the following is true:

A) when experiencing stress, attempting to control or suppress undesirable thoughts can make them hyperaccessible
B) meta-cognitive processes (thinking about thinking) can bring unwanted thoughts into awareness
C) anxiety can make it challenging for performers to find thoughts that are consistent with the mental state they want to cultivate
D) all of these answers are accurate

Question 6

The humanist perspective suggests that athletes will prefer different approaches; therefore, sport psychology consultants should be educated and trained to approach situations from multiple perspectives and approaches in the field.

Question 7

One of the first peer-reviewed applications of mindfulness in sport psychology (Kabat-Zinn, Beall, & Rippe, 1985) found:

A) mindfulness meditation was perceived as a factor that enhanced the performance of collegiate and Olympic rowers
B) all of these results were found in this study
C) mindfulness meditation enhanced psychological skills
D) positive feedback from coaches and athletes regarding mindfulness

Question 8

Mindfulness suggests that thoughts match reality and learning to control them is a differentiating factor between highly successful and less successful athletes.

Question 9

Mindfulness is a synonym for mindlessness or a state in which someone automatically responds to their environment without conscious thought.

Question 10

______ refers to separating oneself from one's thoughts.

A) Cognitive defusion
B) Reactive processing
C) Awareness
D) Emotional thinking

Question 11

Which of the following is not a mindfulness-based program specifically designed for use in sport?

A) mindful sport performance enhancement
B) mindfulness meditation training in sport 2.0
C) mindful performance enhancement, awareness and knowledge
D) mindfulness-based stress reduction

Question 12

What did Gardner and Moore (2004) find about the effect of traditional mental skills training attempts to control or replace thoughts and emotions?

A) some athletes experienced other task-irrelevant thoughts and diminished performance
B) many athletes and coaches wanted to learn about mindfulness-based approaches
C) the vast majority of elite athletes were productively implementing self-talk strategies
D) attempts to stop or alter internal dialogue allows athletes to maintain an external attentional focus

Question 13

Gardner and Moore (2004) argued that high performance in sport does not require:

A) controlling or eliminating thoughts
B) nonjudgmental and nonreactive awareness of thoughts and feelings
C) mindful awareness of task-relevant, external cues
D) none of these answers is correct

Question 14

Emotion charades is a useful strategy for developing:

A) interpersonal mindfulness
B) intrapersonal mindfulness
C) coach mindfulness
D) mindfulness after committing an error

Question 15

Which of the following is a comprehensive, formal strategy for training mindfulness in sport?

A) mindful body scan
B) MAC approach
C) mindful breathing
D) mindful stretching

Question 16

Mindfulness-based strategies are often considered the second-wave of behavioral and cognitive therapies as they actually pre-date more commonly applied techniques associated with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).

Question 17

What does the MAC program acronym consist of?

A) mindfulness-acceptance-commitment
B) mindfulness-association-centeredness
C) mindfulness-acceptance-countering
D) mindfulness-awareness-centeredness

Question 18

"Maintaining attention without the need to reduce, limit, or otherwise control thoughts, emotions and physical sensations" is the primary goal of which program?

A) self-talk
B) cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
C) MAC
D) buddhism

Question 19

Which of the following practices emphasizes active attempts to control inner experiences (e.g., thoughts, feelings, body sensations)?

A) traditional mental skills training
B) cultural sport psychology
C) mindfulness-based approaches
D) multidimensional model of leadership